# Go SQLite VFS API

This package implements the SQLite [OS Interface](https://sqlite.org/vfs.html) (aka VFS).

It replaces the default SQLite VFS with a **pure Go** implementation,
and exposes [interfaces](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs#VFS)
that should allow you to implement your own [custom VFSes](#custom-vfses).

Since it is a from scratch reimplementation,
there are naturally some ways it deviates from the original.

The main differences are [file locking](#file-locking) and [WAL mode](#write-ahead-logging) support.

### File Locking

POSIX advisory locks, which SQLite uses on Unix, are
[broken by design](https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/blob/b74eb0/src/os_unix.c#L1073-L1161).

On Linux and macOS, this module uses
[OFD locks](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Open-File-Description-Locks.html)
to synchronize access to database files.
OFD locks are fully compatible with POSIX advisory locks.

This module can also use
[BSD locks](https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=flock&sektion=2),
albeit with reduced concurrency (`BEGIN IMMEDIATE` behaves like `BEGIN EXCLUSIVE`).
On BSD, macOS, and illumos, BSD locks are fully compatible with POSIX advisory locks;
on Linux and z/OS, they are fully functional, but incompatible;
elsewhere, they are very likely broken.
BSD locks are the default on BSD and illumos,
but you can opt into them with the `sqlite3_flock` build tag.

On Windows, this module uses `LockFileEx` and `UnlockFileEx`,
like SQLite.

Otherwise, file locking is not supported, and you must use
[`nolock=1`](https://sqlite.org/uri.html#urinolock)
(or [`immutable=1`](https://sqlite.org/uri.html#uriimmutable))
to open database files.
To use the [`database/sql`](https://pkg.go.dev/database/sql) driver
with `nolock=1` you must disable connection pooling by calling
[`db.SetMaxOpenConns(1)`](https://pkg.go.dev/database/sql#DB.SetMaxOpenConns).

You can use [`vfs.SupportsFileLocking`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs#SupportsFileLocking)
to check if your build supports file locking.

### Write-Ahead Logging

On 64-bit little-endian Unix, this module uses `mmap` to implement
[shared-memory for the WAL-index](https://sqlite.org/wal.html#implementation_of_shared_memory_for_the_wal_index),
like SQLite.

To allow `mmap` to work, each connection needs to reserve up to 4GB of address space.
To limit the address space each connection reserves,
use [`WithMemoryLimitPages`](../tests/testcfg/testcfg.go).

With [BSD locks](https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=flock&sektion=2)
a WAL database can only be accessed by a single proccess.
Other processes that attempt to access a database locked with BSD locks,
will fail with the `SQLITE_PROTOCOL` error code.

Otherwise, [WAL support is limited](https://sqlite.org/wal.html#noshm),
and `EXCLUSIVE` locking mode must be set to create, read, and write WAL databases.
To use `EXCLUSIVE` locking mode with the
[`database/sql`](https://pkg.go.dev/database/sql) driver
you must disable connection pooling by calling
[`db.SetMaxOpenConns(1)`](https://pkg.go.dev/database/sql#DB.SetMaxOpenConns).

You can use [`vfs.SupportsSharedMemory`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs#SupportsSharedMemory)
to check if your build supports shared memory.

### Batch-Atomic Write

On 64-bit Linux, this module supports [batch-atomic writes](https://sqlite.org/cgi/src/technote/714)
on the F2FS filesystem.

### Build Tags

The VFS can be customized with a few build tags:
- `sqlite3_flock` forces the use of BSD locks; it can be used on z/OS to enable locking,
  and elsewhere to test BSD locks.
- `sqlite3_nosys` prevents importing [`x/sys`](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/sys);
  disables locking _and_ shared memory on all platforms.
- `sqlite3_noshm` disables shared memory on all platforms.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> The default configuration of this package is compatible with the standard
> [Unix and Windows SQLite VFSes](https://sqlite.org/vfs.html#multiple_vfses);
> `sqlite3_flock` builds are compatible with the
> [`unix-flock` VFS](https://sqlite.org/compile.html#enable_locking_style).
> If incompatible file locking is used, accessing databases concurrently with
> _other_ SQLite libraries will eventually corrupt data.

### Custom VFSes

- [`github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/adiantum`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/adiantum)
  wraps a VFS to offer encryption at rest.
- [`github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/memdb`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/memdb)
  implements an in-memory VFS.
- [`github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/readervfs`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/readervfs)
  implements a VFS for immutable databases.