Merge pull request #73 from ucan-wg/dlg-constructor

delegation: WIP harmonisation of the constructors, issuer verification

.github/workflows/bench.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: go continuous benchmark
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - v1
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+  deployments: write
+
+jobs:
+  benchmark:
+    name: Run Go continuous benchmark
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
+        with:
+          go-version: "stable"
+      - name: Run benchmark
+        run: go test -v ./... -bench=. -run=xxx -benchmem | tee output.txt
+
+      - name: Store benchmark result
+        uses: benchmark-action/github-action-benchmark@v1
+        with:
+          name: Go Benchmark
+          tool: 'go'
+          output-file-path: output.txt
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          # Push and deploy GitHub pages branch automatically
+          auto-push: true
+          # Show alert with commit comment on detecting possible performance regression
+          alert-threshold: '200%'
+          comment-on-alert: true

.github/workflows/gotest.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ "ubuntu" ]
-        go: [ "1.21.x", "1.22.x", "1.23.x", ]
+        go: [ "1.22.x", "1.23.x", ]
     env:
       COVERAGES: ""
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}-latest
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ jobs:
           go version
           go env
       - name: Run tests
-        run: go test -v ./...
+        run: go test -v ./... -tags jwx_es256k
       - name: Check formatted
         run: gofmt -l .

LICENSE.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Verbatim copies of both licenses are included below:
 ```
                                  Apache License
                            Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+                        https://www.apache.org/licenses/
 
    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
 

Readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/v1/assets/logo.png" alt="go-ucan Logo" height="250"></img>
+  </a>
+
+  <h1 align="center">go-ucan</h1>
+
+  <p>
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/UCAN-v1.0.0--rc.1-blue" alt="UCAN v1.0.0-rc.1">
+    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tags">
+        <img alt="GitHub Tag" src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/tag/ucan-wg/go-ucan">
+    </a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/actions?query=">
+      <img src="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/actions/workflows/gotest.yml/badge.svg" alt="Build Status">
+    </a>
+    <a href="https://ucan-wg.github.io/go-ucan/dev/bench/">
+        <img alt="Go benchmarks" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Benchmarks-go-blue">
+    </a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md">
+        <img alt="Apache 2.0 + MIT License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0+MIT-green">
+    </a>
+    <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan">
+      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Docs-godoc-blue" alt="Docs">
+    </a>
+    <a href="https://discord.gg/JSyFG6XgVM">
+      <img src="https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Discord&message=join%20us!&color=mediumslateblue" alt="Discord">
+    </a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+This is a go library to help the next generation of web and decentralized applications make use
+of UCANs in their authorization flows.
+
+User Controlled Authorization Networks (UCANs) are a way of doing authorization where users are fully in control. OAuth is designed for a centralized world, UCAN is the distributed user controlled version.
+
+## Resources
+
+### Specifications
+
+The UCAN specification is separated in multiple sub-spec:
+- [Main specification](https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec)
+- [Delegation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld)
+- [Invocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/invocation)
+
+Not implemented yet:
+- [Revocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/revocation/tree/first-draft)
+- [Promise](https://github.com/ucan-wg/promise/tree/v1-rc1)
+
+### Talks
+
+- [Decentralizing Auth, and UCAN Too - Brooklyn Zelenka (2023)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuHfrqw9gQA)
+- [What's New in UCAN 1.0 - Brooklyn Zelenka (2024)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uohQzZcwF4)
+
+## Status
+
+`go-ucan` currently support the required parts of the UCAN specification: the main specification, delegation and invocation.
+
+Besides that, `go-ucan` also includes:
+- a simplified [DID](https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/) and [did-key](https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/) implementation
+- a [token container](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tree/v1/pkg/container) with CBOR and CAR format, to package and carry tokens together
+- support for encrypted values in token's metadata
+
+## Getting Help
+
+For usage questions, usecases, or issues reach out to us in our `go-ucan`
+[Discord channel](https://discord.gg/3EHEQ6M8BC).
+
+We would be happy to try to answer your question or try opening a new issue on
+Github.
+
+## UCAN Gopher
+
+Artwork by [Bruno Monts](https://www.instagram.com/bruno_monts). Thank you [Renee French](http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/) for creating the [Go Gopher](https://blog.golang.org/gopher)
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the double license [Apache 2.0 + MIT](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md).

did/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+## did
+
+### Testing
+
+The test suite for this package includes test vectors provided by the
+authors of the [`did:key` method specification](https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/).
+Some of these tests provide the public key associated with a `did:key`
+as JWKs and an extra (test-only) dependency has been added to unmarshal
+the JWK into a Go `struct`.  Support for the `secp256k1` encryption
+algorithm is experimental (but stable in my experience) and requires the
+addition of the following build tag to properly run:
+
+```
+// go:build jwx_es256k
+```
+
+WARNING: These tests will not run by default!
+
+To include these tests from the CLI, execute the following command:
+
+```
+go test -v ./did -tags jwx_es256k
+```
+
+It should also be possible to configure your IDE to run these tests.  For
+instance, in Codium, add the following JSON snippet to your local project
+configuration:
+
+```
+"go.testTags": "jwx_es256k",
+```

did/crypto.go

@@ -1,43 +1,171 @@
 package did
 
 import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
 	crypto "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto/pb"
 	"github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec"
 	"github.com/multiformats/go-varint"
 )
 
+// GenerateEd25519 generates an Ed25519 private key and the matching DID.
+// This is the RECOMMENDED algorithm.
+func GenerateEd25519() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateRSA generates a RSA private key and the matching DID.
+func GenerateRSA() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	// NIST Special Publication 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5
+	// Section 5.6.1.1 (Table 2)
+	// Paraphrased: 2048-bit RSA keys are secure until 2030 and 3072-bit keys are recommended for longer-term security.
+	const keyLength = 3072
+
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateRSAKeyPair(keyLength, rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateEd25519 generates a Secp256k1 private key and the matching DID.
+func GenerateSecp256k1() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateSecp256k1Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateECDSA generates an ECDSA private key and the matching DID
+// for the default P256 curve.
+func GenerateECDSA() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	return GenerateECDSAWithCurve(P256)
+}
+
+// GenerateECDSAWithCurve generates an ECDSA private key and matching
+// DID for the user-supplied curve
+func GenerateECDSAWithCurve(code multicodec.Code) (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	var curve elliptic.Curve
+
+	switch code {
+	case P256:
+		curve = elliptic.P256()
+	case P384:
+		curve = elliptic.P384()
+	case P521:
+		curve = elliptic.P521()
+	default:
+		return nil, Undef, errors.New("unsupported ECDSA curve")
+	}
+
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(curve, rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, err
+	}
+
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// FromPrivKey is a convenience function that returns the DID associated
+// with the public key associated with the provided private key.
 func FromPrivKey(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (DID, error) {
 	return FromPubKey(privKey.GetPublic())
 }
 
+// FromPubKey returns a did:key constructed from the provided public key.
 func FromPubKey(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (DID, error) {
-	code, ok := map[pb.KeyType]multicodec.Code{
+	var code multicodec.Code
-		pb.KeyType_Ed25519:   multicodec.Ed25519Pub,
+
-		pb.KeyType_RSA:       multicodec.RsaPub,
+	switch pubKey.Type() {
-		pb.KeyType_Secp256k1: multicodec.Secp256k1Pub,
+	case pb.KeyType_Ed25519:
-		pb.KeyType_ECDSA:     multicodec.Es256,
+		code = multicodec.Ed25519Pub
-	}[pubKey.Type()]
+	case pb.KeyType_RSA:
-	if !ok {
+		code = RSA
-		return Undef, errors.New("Blah")
+	case pb.KeyType_Secp256k1:
+		code = Secp256k1
+	case pb.KeyType_ECDSA:
+		var err error
+		if code, err = codeForCurve(pubKey); err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return Undef, errors.New("unsupported key type")
 	}
 
-	buf := varint.ToUvarint(uint64(code))
+	if pubKey.Type() == pb.KeyType_ECDSA && code == Secp256k1 {
+		var err error
 
-	pubBytes, err := pubKey.Raw()
+		pubKey, err = coerceECDSAToSecp256k1(pubKey)
-	if err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
-		return Undef, err
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var bytes []byte
+
+	switch pubKey.Type() {
+	case pb.KeyType_ECDSA:
+		pkix, err := pubKey.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(pkix)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		ecdsaPublicKey := publicKey.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+
+		bytes = elliptic.MarshalCompressed(ecdsaPublicKey.Curve, ecdsaPublicKey.X, ecdsaPublicKey.Y)
+	case pb.KeyType_Ed25519, pb.KeyType_Secp256k1:
+		var err error
+
+		if bytes, err = pubKey.Raw(); err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	case pb.KeyType_RSA:
+		var err error
+
+		pkix, err := pubKey.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(pkix)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		bytes = x509.MarshalPKCS1PublicKey(publicKey.(*rsa.PublicKey))
 	}
 
 	return DID{
-		str:  string(append(buf, pubBytes...)),
+		code:  code,
-		code: uint64(code),
+		bytes: string(append(varint.ToUvarint(uint64(code)), bytes...)),
-		key:  true,
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// ToPubKey returns the crypto.PubKey encapsulated in the DID formed by
+// parsing the provided string.
 func ToPubKey(s string) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
 	id, err := Parse(s)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -46,3 +174,58 @@ func ToPubKey(s string) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
 
 	return id.PubKey()
 }
+
+func codeForCurve(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (multicodec.Code, error) {
+	stdPub, err := crypto.PubKeyToStdKey(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return multicodec.Identity, err
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPub, ok := stdPub.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return multicodec.Identity, errors.New("failed to assert type for code to curve")
+	}
+
+	switch ecdsaPub.Curve {
+	case elliptic.P256():
+		return P256, nil
+	case elliptic.P384():
+		return P384, nil
+	case elliptic.P521():
+		return P521, nil
+	case secp256k1.S256():
+		return Secp256k1, nil
+	default:
+		return multicodec.Identity, fmt.Errorf("unsupported ECDSA curve: %s", ecdsaPub.Curve.Params().Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// secp256k1.S256 is a valid ECDSA curve, but the go-libp2p/core/crypto
+// package treats it as a different type and has a different format for
+// the raw bytes of the public key.
+//
+// If a valid ECDSA public key was created using the secp256k1.S256 curve,
+// this function will "convert" it from a crypto.ECDSAPubKey to a
+// crypto.Secp256k1PublicKey.
+func coerceECDSAToSecp256k1(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	stdPub, err := crypto.PubKeyToStdKey(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPub, ok := stdPub.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("failed to assert type for secp256k1 coersion")
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPubBytes := append([]byte{0x04}, append(ecdsaPub.X.Bytes(), ecdsaPub.Y.Bytes()...)...)
+
+	secp256k1Pub, err := secp256k1.ParsePubKey(ecdsaPubBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cryptoPub := crypto.Secp256k1PublicKey(*secp256k1Pub)
+
+	return &cryptoPub, nil
+}

did/crypto_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 package did_test
 
 import (
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto/pb"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 )
 
@@ -16,9 +23,59 @@ const (
 func TestFromPubKey(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	id, err := did.FromPubKey(examplePubKey(t))
+	_, ecdsaP256, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, exampleDID(t), id)
+	_, ecdsaP384, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P384(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ecdsaP521, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P521(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ecdsaSecp256k1, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(secp256k1.S256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ed25519, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, rsa, err := crypto.GenerateRSAKeyPair(2048, rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, secp256k1PubKey1, err := crypto.GenerateSecp256k1Key(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	test := func(pub crypto.PubKey, code multicodec.Code) func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		return func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			id, err := did.FromPubKey(pub)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			p, err := id.PubKey()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, pub, p)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P256 curve", test(ecdsaP256, did.P256))
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P384 curve", test(ecdsaP384, did.P384))
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P521 curve", test(ecdsaP521, did.P521))
+	t.Run("Ed25519", test(ed25519, did.Ed25519))
+	t.Run("RSA", test(rsa, did.RSA))
+	t.Run("secp256k1", test(secp256k1PubKey1, did.Secp256k1))
+
+	t.Run("ECDSA with secp256k1 curve (coerced)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		id, err := did.FromPubKey(ecdsaSecp256k1)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		p, err := id.PubKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pb.KeyType_Secp256k1, p.Type())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unmarshaled example key (secp256k1)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		id, err := did.FromPubKey(examplePubKey(t))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, exampleDID(t), id)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestToPubKey(t *testing.T) {

did/did.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package did
 
 import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -10,113 +13,61 @@ import (
 	varint "github.com/multiformats/go-varint"
 )
 
-const Prefix = "did:"
+// Signature algorithms from the [did:key specification]
-const KeyPrefix = "did:key:"
-
-const DIDCore = 0x0d1d
-const Ed25519 = 0xed
-const RSA = uint64(multicodec.RsaPub)
-
-var MethodOffset = varint.UvarintSize(uint64(DIDCore))
-
 //
-// [did:key format]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/
+// [did:key specification]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/#signature-method-creation-algorithm
-type DID struct {
+const (
-	key  bool
+	X25519    = multicodec.X25519Pub
-	code uint64
+	Ed25519   = multicodec.Ed25519Pub // UCAN required/recommended
-	str  string
+	P256      = multicodec.P256Pub    // UCAN required
-}
+	P384      = multicodec.P384Pub
+	P521      = multicodec.P521Pub
+	Secp256k1 = multicodec.Secp256k1Pub // UCAN required
+	RSA       = multicodec.RsaPub
+)
 
 // Undef can be used to represent a nil or undefined DID, using DID{}
 // directly is also acceptable.
 var Undef = DID{}
 
-func (d DID) Defined() bool {
+// DID is a Decentralized Identifier of the did:key type, directly holding a cryptographic public key.
-	return d.str != ""
+// [did:key format]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/
+type DID struct {
+	code  multicodec.Code
+	bytes string // as string instead of []byte to allow the == operator
 }
 
-func (d DID) Bytes() []byte {
+// Parse returns the DID from the string representation or an error if
-	if !d.Defined() {
+// the prefix and method are incorrect, if an unknown encryption algorithm
-		return nil
+// is specified or if the method-specific-identifier's bytes don't
-	}
+// represent a public key for the specified encryption algorithm.
-	return []byte(d.str)
+func Parse(str string) (DID, error) {
-}
+	const keyPrefix = "did:key:"
 
-func (d DID) Code() uint64 {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(str, keyPrefix) {
-	return d.code
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("must start with 'did:key'")
-}
-
-func (d DID) DID() DID {
-	return d
-}
-
-func (d DID) Key() bool {
-	return d.key
-}
-
-func (d DID) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {
-	if !d.key {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported did type: %s", d.String())
 	}
 
-	unmarshaler, ok := map[multicodec.Code]crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller{
+	baseCodec, bytes, err := mbase.Decode(str[len(keyPrefix):])
-		multicodec.Ed25519Pub:   crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey,
+	if err != nil {
-		multicodec.RsaPub:       crypto.UnmarshalRsaPublicKey,
+		return Undef, err
-		multicodec.Secp256k1Pub: crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey,
-		multicodec.Es256:        crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey,
-	}[multicodec.Code(d.code)]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported multicodec: %d", d.code)
 	}
-
+	if baseCodec != mbase.Base58BTC {
-	return unmarshaler(d.Bytes()[varint.UvarintSize(d.code):])
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("not Base58BTC encoded")
-}
-
-// String formats the decentralized identity document (DID) as a string.
-func (d DID) String() string {
-	if d.key {
-		key, _ := mbase.Encode(mbase.Base58BTC, []byte(d.str))
-		return "did:key:" + key
 	}
-	return "did:" + d.str[MethodOffset:]
-}
-
-func Decode(bytes []byte) (DID, error) {
 	code, _, err := varint.FromUvarint(bytes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return Undef, err
 	}
-	if code == Ed25519 || code == RSA {
+	switch multicodec.Code(code) {
-		return DID{str: string(bytes), code: code, key: true}, nil
+	case Ed25519, P256, Secp256k1, RSA:
-	} else if code == DIDCore {
+		return DID{bytes: string(bytes), code: multicodec.Code(code)}, nil
-		return DID{str: string(bytes)}, nil
+	default:
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("unsupported did:key multicodec: 0x%x", code)
 	}
-	return Undef, fmt.Errorf("unsupported DID encoding: 0x%x", code)
-}
-
-func Parse(str string) (DID, error) {
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(str, Prefix) {
-		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("must start with 'did:'")
-	}
-
-	if strings.HasPrefix(str, KeyPrefix) {
-		code, bytes, err := mbase.Decode(str[len(KeyPrefix):])
-		if err != nil {
-			return Undef, err
-		}
-		if code != mbase.Base58BTC {
-			return Undef, fmt.Errorf("not Base58BTC encoded")
-		}
-		return Decode(bytes)
-	}
-
-	buf := make([]byte, MethodOffset)
-	varint.PutUvarint(buf, DIDCore)
-	suffix, _ := strings.CutPrefix(str, Prefix)
-	buf = append(buf, suffix...)
-	return DID{str: string(buf), code: DIDCore}, nil
 }
 
+// MustParse is like Parse but panics instead of returning an error.
 func MustParse(str string) DID {
 	did, err := Parse(str)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -124,3 +75,66 @@ func MustParse(str string) DID {
 	}
 	return did
 }
+
+// Defined tells if the DID is defined, not equal to Undef.
+func (d DID) Defined() bool {
+	return d.code != 0 || len(d.bytes) > 0
+}
+
+// PubKey returns the public key encapsulated by the did:key.
+func (d DID) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	unmarshaler, ok := map[multicodec.Code]crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller{
+		X25519:    crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey,
+		Ed25519:   crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey,
+		P256:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P256()),
+		P384:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P384()),
+		P521:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P521()),
+		Secp256k1: crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey,
+		RSA:       rsaPubKeyUnmarshaller,
+	}[d.code]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported multicodec: %d", d.code)
+	}
+
+	codeSize := varint.UvarintSize(uint64(d.code))
+	return unmarshaler([]byte(d.bytes)[codeSize:])
+}
+
+// String formats the decentralized identity document (DID) as a string.
+func (d DID) String() string {
+	key, _ := mbase.Encode(mbase.Base58BTC, []byte(d.bytes))
+	return "did:key:" + key
+}
+
+func ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(curve elliptic.Curve) crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller {
+	return func(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+		x, y := elliptic.UnmarshalCompressed(curve, data)
+
+		ecdsaPublicKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{
+			Curve: curve,
+			X:     x,
+			Y:     y,
+		}
+
+		pkix, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(ecdsaPublicKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(pkix)
+	}
+}
+
+func rsaPubKeyUnmarshaller(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	rsaPublicKey, err := x509.ParsePKCS1PublicKey(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pkix, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(rsaPublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalRsaPublicKey(pkix)
+}

did/did_test.go

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import (
 func TestParseDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
 	str := "did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z"
 	d, err := Parse(str)
-	if err != nil {
+	require.NoError(t, err)
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	require.Equal(t, str, d.String())
-	}
-	if d.String() != str {
-		t.Fatalf("expected %v to equal %v", d.String(), str)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestMustParseDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
@@ -29,65 +25,17 @@ func TestMustParseDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func TestDecodeDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
-	str := "did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z"
-	d0, err := Parse(str)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
-	}
-	d1, err := Decode(d0.Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
-	}
-	if d1.String() != str {
-		t.Fatalf("expected %v to equal %v", d1.String(), str)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParseDIDWeb(t *testing.T) {
-	str := "did:web:up.web3.storage"
-	d, err := Parse(str)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
-	}
-	if d.String() != str {
-		t.Fatalf("expected %v to equal %v", d.String(), str)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDecodeDIDWeb(t *testing.T) {
-	str := "did:web:up.web3.storage"
-	d0, err := Parse(str)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
-	}
-	d1, err := Decode(d0.Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
-	}
-	if d1.String() != str {
-		t.Fatalf("expected %v to equal %v", d1.String(), str)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestEquivalence(t *testing.T) {
-	u0 := DID{}
+	undef0 := DID{}
-	u1 := Undef
+	undef1 := Undef
-	if u0 != u1 {
-		t.Fatalf("undef DID not equivalent")
-	}
 
-	d0, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
+	did0, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
-	if err != nil {
+	require.NoError(t, err)
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	did1, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	d1, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
+	require.True(t, undef0 == undef1)
-	if err != nil {
+	require.False(t, undef0 == did0)
-		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	require.True(t, did0 == did1)
-	}
+	require.False(t, undef1 == did1)
-
-	if d0 != d1 {
-		t.Fatalf("two equivalent DID not equivalent")
-	}
 }

did/didtest/crypto.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Package didtest provides Personas that can be used for testing.  Each
+// Persona has a name, crypto.PrivKey and associated crypto.PubKey and
+// did.DID.
+package didtest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+)
+
+const (
+	alicePrivKeyB64 = "CAESQHdNJLBBiuc1AdwPHBkubB2KS1p0cv2JEF7m8tfwtrcm5ajaYPm+XmVCmtcHOF2lGDlmaiDA7emfwD3IrcyES0M="
+	bobPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQHBz+AIop1g+9iBDj+ufUc/zm9/ry7c6kDFO8Wl/D0+H63V9hC6s9l4npf3pYEFCjBtlR0AMNWMoFQKSlYNKo20="
+	carolPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQPrCgkcHnYFXDT9AlAydhPECBEivEuuVx9dJxLjVvDTmJIVNivfzg6H4mAiPfYS+5ryVVUZTHZBzvMuvvvG/Ks0="
+	danPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQCgNhzofKhC+7hW6x+fNd7iMPtQHeEmKRhhlduf/I7/TeOEFYAEflbJ0sAhMeDJ/HQXaAvsWgHEbJ3ZLhP8q2B0="
+	erinPrivKeyB64  = "CAESQKhCJo5UBpQcthko8DKMFsbdZ+qqQ5oc01CtLCqrE90dF2GfRlrMmot3WPHiHGCmEYi5ZMEHuiSI095e/6O4Bpw="
+	frankPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQDlXPKsy3jHh7OWTWQqyZF95Ueac5DKo7xD0NOBE5F2BNr1ZVxRmJ2dBELbOt8KP9sOACcO9qlCB7uMA1UQc7sk="
+)
+
+// Persona is a generic participant used for cryptographic testing.
+type Persona int
+
+// The provided Personas were selected from the first few generic
+// participants listed in this [table].
+//
+// [table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob#Cryptographic_systems
+const (
+	PersonaAlice Persona = iota
+	PersonaBob
+	PersonaCarol
+	PersonaDan
+	PersonaErin
+	PersonaFrank
+)
+
+var privKeys map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey
+
+func init() {
+	privKeys = make(map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey, 6)
+	for persona, privKeyCfg := range privKeyB64() {
+		privKeyMar, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(privKeyCfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		privKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(privKeyMar)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		privKeys[persona] = privKey
+	}
+}
+
+// DID returns a did.DID based on the Persona's Ed25519 public key.
+func (p Persona) DID() did.DID {
+	d, err := did.FromPrivKey(p.PrivKey())
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// Name returns the username of the Persona.
+func (p Persona) Name() string {
+	name, ok := map[Persona]string{
+		PersonaAlice: "Alice",
+		PersonaBob:   "Bob",
+		PersonaCarol: "Carol",
+		PersonaDan:   "Dan",
+		PersonaErin:  "Erin",
+		PersonaFrank: "Frank",
+	}[p]
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown persona: %v", p))
+	}
+
+	return name
+}
+
+// PrivKey returns the Ed25519 private key for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PrivKey() crypto.PrivKey {
+	return privKeys[p]
+}
+
+// PubKey returns the Ed25519 public key for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PubKey() crypto.PubKey {
+	return p.PrivKey().GetPublic()
+}
+
+// PubKeyConfig returns the marshaled and encoded Ed25519 public key
+// for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PubKeyConfig(t *testing.T) string {
+	pubKeyMar, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(p.PrivKey().GetPublic())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(pubKeyMar)
+}
+
+func privKeyB64() map[Persona]string {
+	return map[Persona]string{
+		PersonaAlice: alicePrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaBob:   bobPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaCarol: carolPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaDan:   danPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaErin:  erinPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaFrank: frankPrivKeyB64,
+	}
+}
+
+// Personas returns an (alphabetically) ordered list of the defined
+// Persona values.
+func Personas() []Persona {
+	return []Persona{
+		PersonaAlice,
+		PersonaBob,
+		PersonaCarol,
+		PersonaDan,
+		PersonaErin,
+		PersonaFrank,
+	}
+}

did/key_spec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//go:build jwx_es256k
+
+package did_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/testvectors"
+)
+
+// TestDidKeyVectors executes tests read from the [test vector files] provided
+// as part of the DID Key method's [specification].
+//
+// [test vector files]: https://github.com/w3c-ccg/did-method-key/tree/main/test-vectors
+// [specification]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key
+func TestDidKeyVectors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, f := range []string{
+		// TODO: These test vectors are not supported by go-libp2p/core/crypto
+		// "bls12381.json",
+		"ed25519-x25519.json",
+		"nist-curves.json",
+		"rsa.json",
+		"secp256k1.json",
+		// This test vector only contains a DID Document
+		// "x25519.json",
+	} {
+		vectors := loadTestVectors(t, f)
+
+		t.Run(f, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			for k, vector := range vectors {
+				t.Run(k, func(t *testing.T) {
+					// round-trip pubkey-->did-->pubkey, verified against the test vectors.
+
+					exp := vectorPubKey(t, vector)
+
+					id, err := did.FromPubKey(exp)
+					require.NoError(t, err, f, k)
+					act, err := id.PubKey()
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+
+					assert.Equal(t, k, id.String(), f, k)
+					assert.Equal(t, exp, act)
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func loadTestVectors(t *testing.T, filename string) testvectors.Vectors {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testvectors", filename))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var vs testvectors.Vectors
+
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &vs))
+
+	return vs
+}
+
+func vectorPubKey(t *testing.T, v testvectors.Vector) crypto.PubKey {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	pubKey, err := v.PubKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotZero(t, pubKey)
+
+	return pubKey
+}

did/testvectors/bls12381.json

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "25EEkQtcLKsEzQ6JTo9cg4W7NHpaurn4Wg6LaNPFq6JQXnrP91SDviUz7KrJVMJd76CtAZFsRLYzvgX2JGxo2ccUHtuHk7ELCWwrkBDfrXCFVfqJKDootee9iVaF6NpdJtBE",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "8TXrPTbhefHvcz2vkGsDLBZT2UMeemveLKbdh5JZCvvn"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "25EEkQtcLKsEzQ6JTo9cg4W7NHpaurn4Wg6LaNPFq6JQXnrP91SDviUz7KrJVMJd76CtAZFsRLYzvgX2JGxo2ccUHtuHk7ELCWwrkBDfrXCFVfqJKDootee9iVaF6NpdJtBE"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "t5QqHdxR4C6QJWJAnk3qVd2DMr4MVFEefdP43i7fLbR5A2qJkE5bqgEtyzpNsDViGEsMKHMdpo7fKbPMhGihbfxz3Dv2Hw36XvprLHBA5DDFSphmy91oHQFdahQMei2HjoE",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "URWBZN9g2ZfKVdAz1L8pvVwEBqCbGBozt4p8Cootb35"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
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+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
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+      ],
+      "authentication": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
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+      ]
+    }
+  },
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+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
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+      "privateKeyBase58": "48FTGTBBhezV7Ldk5g392NSxP2hwgEgWiSZQkMoNri7E"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
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+      "verificationMethod": [
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+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
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+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
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+      ],
+      "authentication": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
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+      ],
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+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU": {
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+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
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+    },
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+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+      "verificationMethod": [
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+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
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+        }
+      ],
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+      ],
+      "authentication": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
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+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
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+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "21XhJ3o4ZSgDgRoyP4Pp8agXMwLycuRa1U6fM4ZzJBxH3gJEQbiuwP3Qh2zNoofNrBKPqp3FgXxGvW84cFwMD29oA7Q9w3L8Sjcc3e9mZqFgs8iWxSsDNRcbQdoYtGaxu11r",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "5LjJ3yibKGP4zKbNgqeiQ284g8LJYnbF7ZBve7Ke9qZ5"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
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+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
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+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
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+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+        "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+        "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe",
+        "d": "S7Z1TuL05WHge8od0_mW8b3sRM747caCffsLwS6JZ-c"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+            "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

did/testvectors/ed25519-x25519.json

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+{
+  "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "4zvwRjXUKGfvwnParsHAS3HuSVzV5cA4McphgmoCtajS"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "7By6kV2t2d188odEM4ExAve1UithKT6dLva4dwsDT3ak",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "6QN8DfuN9hjgHgPvLXqgzqYE3jRRGRrmJQZkd5tL8paR"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "4zvwRjXUKGfvwnParsHAS3HuSVzV5cA4McphgmoCtajS"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "7By6kV2t2d188odEM4ExAve1UithKT6dLva4dwsDT3ak"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "6ASf5EcmmEHTgDJ4X4ZT5vT6iHVJBXPg5AN5YoTCpGWt"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "FcoNC5NqP9CePWbhfz95iHaEsCjGkZUioK9Ck7Qiw286",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "HBTcN2MrXNRj9xF9oi8QqYyuEPv3JLLjQKuEgW9oxVKP"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "6ASf5EcmmEHTgDJ4X4ZT5vT6iHVJBXPg5AN5YoTCpGWt"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "FcoNC5NqP9CePWbhfz95iHaEsCjGkZUioK9Ck7Qiw286"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "8pM1DN3RiT8vbom5u1sNryaNT1nyL8CTTW3b5PwWXRBH"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "A5fe37PAxhX5WNKngBpGHhC1KpNE7nwbK9oX2tqwxYxU",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "ACa4PPJ1LnPNq1iwS33V3Akh7WtnC71WkKFZ9ccM6sX2"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "8pM1DN3RiT8vbom5u1sNryaNT1nyL8CTTW3b5PwWXRBH"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "A5fe37PAxhX5WNKngBpGHhC1KpNE7nwbK9oX2tqwxYxU"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "HPYVwAQmskwT1qEEeRzhoomyfyupJGASQQtCXSNG8XS2"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "7ocvdvQinfqtyQ3Dh9aA7ggoVCQkmfaoueZazHETDv3B",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "FZrzd1osCnbK6y6MJzMBW1RcVfL524sNKhSbqRwMuwHT"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "HPYVwAQmskwT1qEEeRzhoomyfyupJGASQQtCXSNG8XS2"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "7ocvdvQinfqtyQ3Dh9aA7ggoVCQkmfaoueZazHETDv3B"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "Ed25519",
+        "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "Ed25519",
+        "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8",
+        "d": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAU"
+      }
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "X25519",
+        "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "X25519",
+        "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs",
+        "d": "aEAAB3VBFPCQtgF3N__wRiXhMOgeiRGstpPC3gnJ1Eo"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "Ed25519",
+            "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "X25519",
+            "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

did/testvectors/nist-curves.json

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+        "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+        "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM",
+        "d": "gPh-VvVS8MbvKQ9LSVVmfnxnKjHn4Tqj0bmbpehRlpc"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-256",
+            "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+            "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "fyNYMN0976ci7xqiSdag3buk-ZCwgXU4kz9XNkBlNUI",
+        "y": "hW2ojTNfH7Jbi8--CJUo3OCbH3y5n91g-IMA9MLMbTU"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "fyNYMN0976ci7xqiSdag3buk-ZCwgXU4kz9XNkBlNUI",
+        "y": "hW2ojTNfH7Jbi8--CJUo3OCbH3y5n91g-IMA9MLMbTU",
+        "d": "YjRs6vNvw4sYrzVVY8ipkEpDAD9PFqw1sUnvPRMA-WI"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-256",
+            "x": "fyNYMN0976ci7xqiSdag3buk-ZCwgXU4kz9XNkBlNUI",
+            "y": "hW2ojTNfH7Jbi8--CJUo3OCbH3y5n91g-IMA9MLMbTU"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169#zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-384",
+        "x": "lInTxl8fjLKp_UCrxI0WDklahi-7-_6JbtiHjiRvMvhedhKVdHBfi2HCY8t_QJyc",
+        "y": "y6N1IC-2mXxHreETBW7K3mBcw0qGr3CWHCs-yl09yCQRLcyfGv7XhqAngHOu51Zv"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-384",
+        "x": "lInTxl8fjLKp_UCrxI0WDklahi-7-_6JbtiHjiRvMvhedhKVdHBfi2HCY8t_QJyc",
+        "y": "y6N1IC-2mXxHreETBW7K3mBcw0qGr3CWHCs-yl09yCQRLcyfGv7XhqAngHOu51Zv",
+        "d": "hAyGZNj9031guBCdpAOaZkO-E5m-LKLYnMIq0-msrp8JLctseaOeNTHmP3uKVWwX"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-384",
+            "x": "lInTxl8fjLKp_UCrxI0WDklahi-7-_6JbtiHjiRvMvhedhKVdHBfi2HCY8t_QJyc",
+            "y": "y6N1IC-2mXxHreETBW7K3mBcw0qGr3CWHCs-yl09yCQRLcyfGv7XhqAngHOu51Zv"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9#z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-384",
+        "x": "CA-iNoHDg1lL8pvX3d1uvExzVfCz7Rn6tW781Ub8K5MrDf2IMPyL0RTDiaLHC1JT",
+        "y": "Kpnrn8DkXUD3ge4mFxi-DKr0DYO2KuJdwNBrhzLRtfMa3WFMZBiPKUPfJj8dYNl_"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-384",
+        "x": "CA-iNoHDg1lL8pvX3d1uvExzVfCz7Rn6tW781Ub8K5MrDf2IMPyL0RTDiaLHC1JT",
+        "y": "Kpnrn8DkXUD3ge4mFxi-DKr0DYO2KuJdwNBrhzLRtfMa3WFMZBiPKUPfJj8dYNl_",
+        "d": "Xe1HHeh-UsrJPRNLR_Y06VTrWpZYBXi7a7kiRqCgwnAOlJZPwE-xzL3DIIVMavAL"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-384",
+            "x": "CA-iNoHDg1lL8pvX3d1uvExzVfCz7Rn6tW781Ub8K5MrDf2IMPyL0RTDiaLHC1JT",
+            "y": "Kpnrn8DkXUD3ge4mFxi-DKr0DYO2KuJdwNBrhzLRtfMa3WFMZBiPKUPfJj8dYNl_"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54#z82LkvCwHNreneWpsgPEbV3gu1C6NFJEBg4srfJ5gdxEsMGRJUz2sG9FE42shbn2xkZJh54"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
+        "x": "ASUHPMyichQ0QbHZ9ofNx_l4y7luncn5feKLo3OpJ2nSbZoC7mffolj5uy7s6KSKXFmnNWxGJ42IOrjZ47qqwqyS",
+        "y": "AW9ziIC4ZQQVSNmLlp59yYKrjRY0_VqO-GOIYQ9tYpPraBKUloEId6cI_vynCzlZWZtWpgOM3HPhYEgawQ703RjC"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
+        "x": "ASUHPMyichQ0QbHZ9ofNx_l4y7luncn5feKLo3OpJ2nSbZoC7mffolj5uy7s6KSKXFmnNWxGJ42IOrjZ47qqwqyS",
+        "y": "AW9ziIC4ZQQVSNmLlp59yYKrjRY0_VqO-GOIYQ9tYpPraBKUloEId6cI_vynCzlZWZtWpgOM3HPhYEgawQ703RjC",
+        "d": "AHwRaNaGs0jkj_pT6PK2aHep7dJK-yxyoL2bIfVRAceq1baxoiFDo3W14c8E2YZn1k5S53r4a11flhQdaB5guJ_X"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-521",
+            "x": "ASUHPMyichQ0QbHZ9ofNx_l4y7luncn5feKLo3OpJ2nSbZoC7mffolj5uy7s6KSKXFmnNWxGJ42IOrjZ47qqwqyS",
+            "y": "AW9ziIC4ZQQVSNmLlp59yYKrjRY0_VqO-GOIYQ9tYpPraBKUloEId6cI_vynCzlZWZtWpgOM3HPhYEgawQ703RjC"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
+        "x": "AQgyFy6EwH3_u_KXPw8aTXTY7WSVytmbuJeFpq4U6LipxtSmBJe_jjRzms9qubnwm_fGoHMQlvQ1vzS2YLusR2V0",
+        "y": "Ab06MCcgoG7dM2I-VppdLV1k3lDoeHMvyYqHVfP05Ep2O7Zu0Qwd6IVzfZi9K0KMDud22wdnGUpUtFukZo0EeO15"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
+        "x": "AQgyFy6EwH3_u_KXPw8aTXTY7WSVytmbuJeFpq4U6LipxtSmBJe_jjRzms9qubnwm_fGoHMQlvQ1vzS2YLusR2V0",
+        "y": "Ab06MCcgoG7dM2I-VppdLV1k3lDoeHMvyYqHVfP05Ep2O7Zu0Qwd6IVzfZi9K0KMDud22wdnGUpUtFukZo0EeO15",
+        "d": "AbheZ-AA58LP4BpopCGCLH8ZoMdkdJaVOS6KK2NNmDCisr5_Ifxl-qcunrkOJ0CSauA4LJyNbCWcy28Bo6zgHTXQ"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-521",
+            "x": "AQgyFy6EwH3_u_KXPw8aTXTY7WSVytmbuJeFpq4U6LipxtSmBJe_jjRzms9qubnwm_fGoHMQlvQ1vzS2YLusR2V0",
+            "y": "Ab06MCcgoG7dM2I-VppdLV1k3lDoeHMvyYqHVfP05Ep2O7Zu0Qwd6IVzfZi9K0KMDud22wdnGUpUtFukZo0EeO15"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "type": "P256Key2021",
+      "controller": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "ekVhkcBFq3w7jULLkBVye6PwaTuMbhJYuzwFnNcgQAPV",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "9p4VRzdmhsnq869vQjVCTrRry7u4TtfRxhvBFJTGU2Cp"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/multikey-2021/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+          "type": "P256Key2021",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "ekVhkcBFq3w7jULLkBVye6PwaTuMbhJYuzwFnNcgQAPV"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

did/testvectors/rsa.json

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+{
+  "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i": {
+    "publicKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+      "e": "AQAB"
+    },
+    "privateKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+      "e": "AQAB",
+      "d": "Eym3sT4KLwBzo5pl5nY83-hAti92iLQRizkrKe22RbNi9Y1kKOBatdtGaJqFVztZZu5ERGKNuTd5VdsjJeekSbXviVGRtdHNCvgmRZlWA5261AgIUPxMmKW062GmGJbKQvscFfziBgHK6tyDBd8cZavqMFHi-7ilMYF7IsFBcJKM85x_30pnfd4YwhGQIc9hzv238aOwYKg8c-MzYhEVUnL273jaiLVlfZWQ5ca-GXJHmdOb_Y4fE5gpXfPFBseqleXsMp0VuXxCEsN30LIJHYscdPtbzLD3LFbuMJglFbQqYqssqymILGqJ7Tc2mB2LmXevfqRWz5D7A_K1WzvuoQ",
+      "p": "ANwlk-eVXPQplCmr7VddX8MAlN5YWvfXkbJe2KOhyS7naSlfMyeW6I0z6q6MAI4h8cs9yEzwmN1oEl_6tZ_-NPd1Oda2Hq5jHx0Jq2P5exIMMbzTTHbB-LjMB4c-b1DZLOrL7ZpCS-CcEHvBz4phzHa7gqz2SrNIGozufbjS_tK5",
+      "q": "AM6nKRFqRgHiUtGc0xJawpXJeokGhJQFfinDlakjkptuRQNv0BOz8fRUxk6zwwYrx-T_Yk-0oAFsD8qWIgiXg8Wf0bdRW0L0dIH4c6ff3mSREXeAT2h3XDaF0F1YKns08WyYWtOuIiYWChyO9sweK7AUuaOJ-6lr6lElzTGHVf-l",
+      "dp": "AIHFBPK2cRzchaIq3rVpLVHdveNzYexG_nOOxVVvwRANCUiB_b2Qj3Ts7aIGlS0zhTyxJql0Cig5eNtrBjVRvBdC2t1ebaeOdoC_enBsV8fDuG3-gExg-ySz4JwwiZ2252tg2qbb_a5hULYjARwpmkVDMzyR0mbsUfpRe3q_pcbB",
+      "dq": "Id2bCVOVLXHdiKReor9k7A8cmaAL0gYkasu2lwVRXU9w1-NXAiOXHydVaEhlSXmbRJflkJJVNmZzIAwCf830tko-oAAhKJPPFA2XRoeVdn2fkynf2YrV_cloICP2skI23kkJeW8sAXnTJmL3ZvP6zNxYn8hZCaa5u5qqSdeX7FE",
+      "qi": "WKIToXXnjl7GDbz7jCNbX9nWYOE5BDNzVmwiVOnyGoTZfwJ_qtgizj7pOapxi6dT9S9mMavmeAi6LAsEe1WUWtaKSNhbNh0PUGGXlXHGlhkS8jI1ot0e-scrHAuACE567YQ4VurpNorPKtZ5UENXIn74DEmt4l5m6902VF3X5Wo"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "RSA",
+            "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+            "e": "AQAB"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zgghBUVkqmWS8e1ioRVp2WN9Vw6x4NvnE9PGAyQsPqM3fnfPf8EdauiRVfBTcVDyzhqM5FFC7ekAvuV1cJHawtfgB9wDcru1hPDobk3hqyedijhgWmsYfJCmodkiiFnjNWATE7PvqTyoCjcmrc8yMRXmFPnoASyT5beUd4YZxTE9VfgmavcPy3BSouNmASMQ8xUXeiRwjb7xBaVTiDRjkmyPD7NYZdXuS93gFhyDFr5b3XLg7Rfj9nHEqtHDa7NmAX7iwDAbMUFEfiDEf9hrqZmpAYJracAjTTR8Cvn6mnDXMLwayNG8dcsXFodxok2qksYF4D8ffUxMRmyyQVQhhhmdSi4YaMPqTnC1J6HTG9Yfb98yGSVaWi4TApUhLXFow2ZvB6vqckCNhjCRL2R4MDUSk71qzxWHgezKyDeyThJgdxydrn1osqH94oSeA346eipkJvKqYREXBKwgB5VL6WF4qAK6sVZxJp2dQBfCPVZ4EbsBQaJXaVK7cNcWG8tZBFWZ79gG9Cu6C4u8yjBS8Ux6dCcJPUTLtixQu4z2n5dCsVSNdnP1EEs8ZerZo5pBgc68w4Yuf9KL3xVxPnAB1nRCBfs9cMU6oL1EdyHbqrTfnjE8HpY164akBqe92LFVsk8RusaGsVPrMekT8emTq5y8v8CabuZg5rDs3f9NPEtogjyx49wiub1FecM5B7QqEcZSYiKHgF4mfkteT2": {
+    "publicKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+      "e": "AQAB"
+    },
+    "privateKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+      "e": "AQAB",
+      "d": "TMq1H-clVG7PihkjCqJbRFLMj9wmx6_qfauYwPBKK-HYfWujdW5vxBO6Q-jpqy7RxhiISmxYCBVuw_BuKMqQtR8Q_G9StBzaWYjHfn3Vp6Poz4umLqOjbI2NWNks_ybpGbd30oAK8V5ZkO04ozJpkN4i92hzK3mIc5-z1HiTNUPMn6cStab0VCn6em_ylltV774CEcRJ3OLgid7OUspRt_rID3qyreYbOulTu5WXHIGEnZDzrciIlz1dbcVldpUhD0VAP5ZErD2uUP5oztBNcTTn0YBF8CrOALuQVdaz_t_sNS3P0kWeT1eQ0QwDskO5Hw-Aey2tFeWk1bQyLoQ1A0jsw8mDbkO2zrGfJoxmVBkueTK-q64_n1kV7W1aeJFRj4NwEWmwcrs8GSOGOn38fGB_Y3Kci04qvD6L0QZbFkAVzcJracnxbTdHCEX0jsAAPbYC8M_8PyrPJvPC4IAAWTRrSRbysb7r7viRf4A1vTK9VT7uYyxj7Kzx2cU12d9QBXYfdQ2744bUE7HqN-Vh2rHvv2l5v6vzBRoZ5_OhHHVeUYwC9LouE9lSVAObbFM-Qe1SvzbbwN91LziI7UzUc_xMAEiNwt6PpnIAWAhdvSRawEllTwUcn89udHd5UhiAcm-RQOqXIdA9Aly6d8TT8R1p-ZnQ_gbZyBZeS39AuvU=",
+      "p": "1p4cypsJeTyVXXc5bQpvzVenPy78OHXtGcFQnbTjW8x1GsvJ-rlHAcjUImd44pgNQNe-iYpeUg3KqfONeedNgQCFd8kP7GoVAd45mEvsGBXvjoCXOBMQlsf8UU_hm_LKhVvTvTmMGoudnNv5qYNDMCGJGzwoG-aSvROlIoXzHmDnusZ-hKsDxM9j0PPz21t99Y_Fr30Oq3FIWXPVmLYmfyZYQkxm9a9WNMkqRbwJuMwGI6V9ABsQ1dW_KJzp_aEBbJLcDr9DsWhm9ErLeAlzyaDYEai6wCtKm9em4LDwCbKhJq3hWEp1sIG-hwx1sk7N4i-b8lBijjEQE-dbSQxUlw==",
+      "q": "yUqMejfrttGujadj7Uf7q91KM7nbQGny4TjD-CqibcFE-s2_DExCgP1wfhUPfJr2uPQDIe4g12uaNoa5GbCSDaQwEmQpurC_5mazt-z-_tbI24hoPQm5Hq67fZz-jDE_3OccLPLIWtajJqmxHbbB5VqskMuXo8KDxPRfBQBhykmb9_5M8pY2ggZOV4shCUn5E9nOnvibvw5Wx4CBtWUtca4rhpd3mVen1d8xCe4xTG_ni_w1lwdxzU1GmRFqgTuZWzL0r2FKzJg7hju1SOEe4tKMxQ-xs2HyNaMM__SLsNmS3lsYZ8r2hqcjEMQQZI0T_O-3BjIpyg986P8j055E0w==",
+      "dp": "DujzJRw6P0L3OYQT6EBmXgSt6NTRzvZaX4SvnhU4CmOc6xynTpTamwQhwLYhjtRzb0LNyO5k-RxeLQpvlL1-A-1OWHEOeyUvim6u36a-ozm659KFLu8cIu2H2PpMuTHX4gXsIuRBmIKEk6YwpRcqbsiVpt-6BZ4yKZKY0Vou9rhSwQYTOhJLc7vYumaIVX_4szumxzdP8pcvKI_EkhRtfj3iudBnAsCIo6gqGKgkoMMD1iwkEALRW5m66w5jrywlVi6pvRiKkmOna2da1V8KvUJAYJGxT7JyP3tu64M_Wd0gFvjTg_fAT1_kJau27YlOAl2-Xso43poH_OoAzIVfxw==",
+      "dq": "XI6Z76z9BxB9mgcpTLc3wzw63XQNnB3bn7JRcjBwhdVD2at3uLjsL5HaAy-98kbzQfJ56kUr9sI0o_Po8yYc0ob3z80c3wpdAx2gb-dbDWVH8KJVhBOPestPzR--cEpJGlNuwkBU3mgplyKaHZamq8a46M-lB5jurEbN1mfpj3GvdSYKzdVCdSFfLqP76eCI1pblinW4b-6w-oVdn0JJ1icHPpkxVmJW-2Hok69iHcqrBtRO9AZpTsTEvKekeI4mIyhYGLi9AzzQyhV0c3GImTXFoutng5t7GyzBUoRpI0W4YeQzYa6TEzGRTylIfGPemATF_OReENp0TlLbb3gsHw==",
+      "qi": "m7uZk4AsOfJ1V2RY8lmEF518toCV7juKuS_b_OUx8B0dRG0_kbF1cH-Tmrgsya3bwkYx5HeZG81rX7SRjh-0nVPOMW3tGqU5U9f59DXqvOItJIJ6wvWvWXnuna2-NstYCotFQWadIKjk4wjEKj-a4NJt4D_F4csyeyqWOH2DiUFzBGGxxdEoD5t_HEeNXuWQ6-SiV0x5ZVMln3TSh7IOMl70Smm8HcQF5mOsWg3N0wIg-yffxPrs6r15TRuW1MfT-bZk2GLrtHF1TkIoT1e00jWK4eBl2oRxiJGONUBMTEHV85Fr0yztnA99AgHnrMbE_4ehvev4h5DEWvFyFuJN_g=="
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key: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",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key: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#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",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key: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",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "RSA",
+            "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+            "e": "AQAB"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

did/testvectors/secp256k1.json

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme": {
+    "seed": "9085d2bef69286a6cbb51623c8fa258629945cd55ca705cc4e66700396894e0c",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "23o6Sau8NxxzXcgSc3PLcNxrzrZpbLeBn1izfv3jbKhuv",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "AjA4cyPUbbfW5wr6iZeRbJLhgH3qDt6q6LMkRw36KpxT"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "23o6Sau8NxxzXcgSc3PLcNxrzrZpbLeBn1izfv3jbKhuv"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2": {
+    "seed": "f0f4df55a2b3ff13051ea814a8f24ad00f2e469af73c363ac7e9fb999a9072ed",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "291KzQhqCPC18PqH83XKhxv1HdqrdnxyS7dh15t2uNRzJ",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "HDbR1D5W3CoNbUKYzUbHH2PRF1atshtVupXgXTQhNB9E"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "291KzQhqCPC18PqH83XKhxv1HdqrdnxyS7dh15t2uNRzJ"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N": {
+    "seed": "6b0b91287ae3348f8c2f2552d766f30e3604867e34adc37ccbb74a8e6b893e02",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "oesQ92MLiAkt2pjBcJFbW7H4DvzKJv22cotjYbmC2JEe",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "8CrrWVdzDnvaS7vS5dd2HetFSebwEN46XEFrNDdtWZSZ"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "oesQ92MLiAkt2pjBcJFbW7H4DvzKJv22cotjYbmC2JEe"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy": {
+    "seed": "c0a6a7c560d37d7ba81ecee9543721ff48fea3e0fb827d42c1868226540fac15",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "pg3p1vprqePgUoqfAQ1TTgxhL6zLYhHyzooR1pqLxo9F",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "Dy2fnt8ba4NmbRBXas9bo1BtYgpYFr6ThpFhJbuA3PRn"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "pg3p1vprqePgUoqfAQ1TTgxhL6zLYhHyzooR1pqLxo9F"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj": {
+    "seed": "175a232d440be1e0788f25488a73d9416c04b6f924bea6354bf05dd2f1a75133",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "24waDFAUAS16UpZwQQTXVEAmm17rQRjadjuAeBDW8aqL1",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "2aA6WgZnPiVMBX3LvKSTg3KaFKyzfKpvEacixB3yyTgv"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "24waDFAUAS16UpZwQQTXVEAmm17rQRjadjuAeBDW8aqL1"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "secp256k1",
+        "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+        "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "secp256k1",
+        "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+        "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc",
+        "d": "J5yKm7OXFsXDEutteGYeT0CAfQJwIlHLSYkQxKtgiyo"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "secp256k1",
+            "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+            "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

did/testvectors/vectors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+//go:build jwx_es256k
+
+package testvectors
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/mr-tron/base58"
+)
+
+type Vectors map[string]Vector
+
+// This is pretty gross but the structure allows the repeated Verifier,
+// PublicKeyJwk and PublicKeyBase58 account for the fact that the test
+// files are very inconsistent.
+type Vector struct {
+	VerificationKeyPair Verifier
+	VerificationMethod  Verifier
+	PublicKeyJwk        json.RawMessage
+	DidDocument         json.RawMessage // TODO: if we start producing DID documents, we should test this too
+}
+
+type Verifier struct {
+	ID              string
+	Type            string
+	PublicKeyBase58 string
+	PublicKeyJwk    json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	// If the public key is in base58
+	if pubB58 := v.PubKeyBase58(); len(pubB58) > 0 {
+		pubBytes, err := base58.Decode(pubB58)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		t, err := v.PubKeyType()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var unmarshaler crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller
+
+		switch t {
+		case "Ed25519VerificationKey2018":
+			unmarshaler = crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey
+		case "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019":
+			unmarshaler = crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey
+		// This is weak as it assumes the P256 curve - that's all the vectors contain (for now)
+		case "P256Key2021":
+			unmarshaler = compressedEcdsaPublicKeyUnmarshaler
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.New("failed to resolve unmarshaler")
+		}
+
+		return unmarshaler(pubBytes)
+	}
+
+	// If the public key is in a JWK
+	if pubJwk := v.PubKeyJwk(); len(pubJwk) > 0 {
+		key, err := jwk.ParseKey(pubJwk)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var a any
+
+		if err := key.Raw(&a); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		switch a.(type) {
+		case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
+			epub := a.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+
+			if epub.Curve == secp256k1.S256() {
+				bytes := append([]byte{0x04}, append(epub.X.Bytes(), epub.Y.Bytes()...)...)
+
+				return crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey(bytes)
+			}
+
+			asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(epub)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(asn1)
+		case ed25519.PublicKey:
+			return crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey(a.(ed25519.PublicKey))
+		case *rsa.PublicKey:
+			asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(a.(*rsa.PublicKey))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			return crypto.UnmarshalRsaPublicKey(asn1)
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.New("unsupported key type")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If we don't find a public key at all
+	return nil, errors.New("vector's public key not found")
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyBase58() string {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyBase58) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyBase58
+	}
+
+	return v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyBase58
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyJwk() json.RawMessage {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyJwk) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyJwk
+	}
+
+	if len(v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyJwk) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyJwk
+	}
+
+	return v.PublicKeyJwk
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyType() (string, error) {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.Type) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.Type, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(v.VerificationMethod.Type) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationMethod.Type, nil
+	}
+
+	return "", errors.New("vector's type not found")
+}
+
+func compressedEcdsaPublicKeyUnmarshaler(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	x, y := elliptic.UnmarshalCompressed(elliptic.P256(), data)
+
+	ecdsaPublicKey := ecdsa.PublicKey{
+		Curve: elliptic.P256(),
+		X:     x,
+		Y:     y,
+	}
+
+	asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(&ecdsaPublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(asn1)
+}

did/testvectors/x25519.json

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+  "didDocument": {
+    "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F#z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "4Dy8E9UaZscuPUf2GLxV44RCNL7oxmEXXkgWXaug1WKV"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F#z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha#z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "J3PiFeuSyLugy4DKn87TwK5cnruRgPtxouzXUqg99Avp"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha#z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ#z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "CgTbngDMe7yHHfxPMvhpaFRpFoQWKgXAgwenJj8PsFDe"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ#z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz#z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "X25519",
+            "x": "467ap28wHJGEXJAb4mLrokqq8A-txA_KmoQTcj31XzU"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz#z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}

go.mod

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 module github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan
 
-go 1.22
+go 1.23
-
-toolchain go1.22.4
 
 require (
+	github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0
 	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1
 	github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1
 	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3
+	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multihash v0.2.3
@@ -18,19 +20,25 @@ require (
 
 require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
+	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0-20190314233015-f79a8a8ca69d/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
+github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1 h1:B4jJJDHelWcDhlRQxWeo0Npa/pYKBLrirAQoTN45txo=
+github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1/go.mod h1:nXbxhEmQfOZhWml3D1cDK5M1FLnMSozpbFN/m3RmGZc=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.1 h1:7PltbUIQB7u/FfZ39+DGa/ShuMyJ5ilcvdfma9wOH6Y=
@@ -9,6 +12,8 @@ github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:v57UDF4pDQJcEfFUCRop3
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6/go.mod h1:4ptaffx2x8+WTWXmUCuVU6aPUX1/Mz7zb5vbUoiM6w0=
 github.com/go-yaml/yaml v2.1.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:w2MrLa16VYP0jy6N7M5kHaCkaLENm+P+Tv+MfurjSw0=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3 h1:KZ5WoDbxAIgm2HNbYckL0se1fHD6rz5j4ywS6ebzDqA=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1 h1:EGx4pi6eqNxGaHF6qqu48+N2wcFQ5qg5FXgOdqsJ5d8=
@@ -25,6 +30,18 @@ github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2 h1:Cg2gVSc9h7sz9NOByczrbUvLopQmXrfFx//N+AkAr5k=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2/go.mod h1:UrEqBzIR2U6CnzVyUtfM6oZNMt/7O7Vohk2J0OGSAtU=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 h1:ydWCStUeJLkpYyjLDHihupbn2tYmZ7m22BGkcvZZrIE=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1/go.mod h1:qiltp3Mt56+55GPVCbTdM9MlqhvzyuL6W/NMDA8vA5E=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 h1:qgmgIRhpvBqexMJjA/PmwSvhNk679oqD1RbovdCGW8k=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6/go.mod h1:mwwz3JMTPBjHUkkDv/IGJ39aALInZLrhBp0X7KGUZlo=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2 h1:gMXo1q4c2pHmC3dn8LzRhJfP1ceCbgSiT9lUydIzltI=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2/go.mod h1:Momfcq3AnRlRjI5b5O8/G5/BvpzrhoFTZcn06fEOPt4=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1 h1:Y2ltVl8J6izLYFs54BVcpXLv5msSW4o8eXwnzZLI32E=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:4LvZg7oxu6Q5VJwn7Mk/UwooNRnTHUpXBj2C4j3HNx0=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 h1:oAzP2fvZGQKWkvHa1/SAcFolBEca1oN+mQ7eooNBEYU=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1/go.mod h1:5ZHFbivi4xwXxhxY9XHDe2FHo6/Z7WWmtT7T5nBBp3I=
 github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0 h1:oK4mSFcQz7cTQIfqbe4MIj9gLW+mnanjyFtc6cdF0Y8=
 github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0/go.mod h1:N+vh8gMqimBzdKkSMVuydVDq+UV5QTWy5HSiZacSbPg=
 github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3 h1:NHz30+G7D8Y8YmznrVZZla0ofVANrvBl2c+oARfMeDQ=
@@ -54,6 +71,8 @@ github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0/go.mod h1:/zvteZs/GwLtCgZ4BL6CBsk9IKIlexP43ObX
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0 h1:73kH8U+JUqXU8lRuOHeVHaa/SZPifC7BkcraZVejAe8=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
+github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 h1:9BQrFxC+YOHJlTlHGkTrFWf59nbL3XnCoFLTwDCI7ys=
+github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0/go.mod h1:BqMnlJP91P8d+4ibuonYZw9mfnzI9HfxselHZr5aAcs=
 github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0/go.mod h1:1NzhyTcUVG4SuEtjjoZeVRXNmyL/1OwPU0+IJeTBvfc=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v1.2.0 h1:42S6lae5dvLc7BrLu/0ugRtcFVjoJNMC/N3yZFZkDFs=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v1.2.0/go.mod h1:tcbTF8ujkAEcZ8TElKY+i30BzYlVhC/LOxJk7iOWnoo=
@@ -61,6 +80,9 @@ github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.7.2 h1:9RBaZCeXEQ3UselpuwUQHltGVXvdwm6cv1hg
 github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.7.2/go.mod h1:Vw0tHAZW6lzCRk3xgdin6fKYcG+G3Pg9vgXWeJpQFMM=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 h1:7c1g84S4BPRrfL5Xrdp6fOJ206sU9y293DDHaoy0bLI=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:JwIasOWyU6f++ZhiEuf87xNszmSA2myDM2Kzu9HwQUA=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.10/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
@@ -80,11 +102,13 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190328211700-ab21143f2384/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405 h1:yhCVgyC4o1eVCa2tZl7eS0r+SDo693bJlVdllGtEeKM=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1 h1:EENdUnS3pdur5nybKYIh2Vfgc8IUNBjxDPSjtiJcOzU=

pkg/args/args.go

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// Package args provides the type that represents the Arguments passed to
+// a command within an invocation.Token as well as a convenient Add method
+// to incrementally build the underlying map.
+package args
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
+)
+
+// Args are the Command's arguments when an invocation Token is processed by the executor.
+// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations
+// and transformations, while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
+type Args struct {
+	// This type must be compatible with the IPLD type represented by the IPLD
+	// schema { String : Any }.
+
+	Keys   []string
+	Values map[string]ipld.Node
+}
+
+// New returns a pointer to an initialized Args value.
+func New() *Args {
+	return &Args{
+		Values: map[string]ipld.Node{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Add inserts a key/value pair in the Args set.
+//
+// Accepted types for val are any CBOR compatible type, or directly IPLD values.
+func (a *Args) Add(key string, val any) error {
+	if _, ok := a.Values[key]; ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("duplicate key %q", key)
+	}
+
+	node, err := literal.Any(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	a.Values[key] = node
+	a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Include merges the provided arguments into the existing arguments.
+//
+// If duplicate keys are encountered, the new value is silently dropped
+// without causing an error.
+func (a *Args) Include(other *Args) {
+	for _, key := range other.Keys {
+		if _, ok := a.Values[key]; ok {
+			// don't overwrite
+			continue
+		}
+		a.Values[key] = other.Values[key]
+		a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)
+	}
+}
+
+// ToIPLD wraps an instance of an Args with an ipld.Node.
+func (a *Args) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
+	sort.Strings(a.Keys)
+
+	return qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(a.Keys)), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+		for _, key := range a.Keys {
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, key, qp.Node(a.Values[key]))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Equals tells if two Args hold the same values.
+func (a *Args) Equals(other *Args) bool {
+	if len(a.Keys) != len(other.Keys) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if len(a.Values) != len(other.Values) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, key := range a.Keys {
+		if !ipld.DeepEqual(a.Values[key], other.Values[key]) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (a *Args) String() string {
+	sort.Strings(a.Keys)
+
+	buf := strings.Builder{}
+	buf.WriteString("{")
+
+	for _, key := range a.Keys {
+		buf.WriteString("\n\t")
+		buf.WriteString(key)
+		buf.WriteString(": ")
+		buf.WriteString(strings.ReplaceAll(printer.Sprint(a.Values[key]), "\n", "\n\t"))
+		buf.WriteString(",")
+	}
+
+	if len(a.Keys) > 0 {
+		buf.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("}")
+
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// ReadOnly returns a read-only version of Args.
+func (a *Args) ReadOnly() ReadOnly {
+	return ReadOnly{args: a}
+}
+
+// Clone makes a deep copy.
+func (a *Args) Clone() *Args {
+	res := &Args{
+		Keys:   make([]string, len(a.Keys)),
+		Values: make(map[string]ipld.Node, len(a.Values)),
+	}
+	copy(res.Keys, a.Keys)
+	for k, v := range a.Values {
+		res.Values[k] = v
+	}
+	return res
+}

pkg/args/args_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package args_test
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
+)
+
+func TestArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		intKey    = "intKey"
+		mapKey    = "mapKey"
+		nilKey    = "nilKey"
+		boolKey   = "boolKey"
+		linkKey   = "linkKey"
+		listKey   = "listKey"
+		nodeKey   = "nodeKey"
+		uintKey   = "uintKey"
+		bytesKey  = "bytesKey"
+		floatKey  = "floatKey"
+		stringKey = "stringKey"
+	)
+
+	const (
+		expIntVal    = int64(-42)
+		expBoolVal   = true
+		expUintVal   = uint(42)
+		expStringVal = "stringVal"
+	)
+
+	var (
+		expMapVal = map[string]string{"keyOne": "valOne", "keyTwo": "valTwo"}
+		// expNilVal = (map[string]string)(nil)
+		expLinkVal  = cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")
+		expListVal  = []string{"elem1", "elem2", "elem3"}
+		expNodeVal  = literal.String("nodeVal")
+		expBytesVal = []byte{0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef}
+		expFloatVal = 42.0
+	)
+
+	argsIn := args.New()
+
+	for _, a := range []struct {
+		key string
+		val any
+	}{
+		{key: intKey, val: expIntVal},
+		{key: mapKey, val: expMapVal},
+		// {key:  nilKey, val: expNilVal},
+		{key: boolKey, val: expBoolVal},
+		{key: linkKey, val: expLinkVal},
+		{key: listKey, val: expListVal},
+		{key: uintKey, val: expUintVal},
+		{key: nodeKey, val: expNodeVal},
+		{key: bytesKey, val: expBytesVal},
+		{key: floatKey, val: expFloatVal},
+		{key: stringKey, val: expStringVal},
+	} {
+		require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add(a.key, a.val))
+	}
+
+	// Round-trip to DAG-CBOR
+	argsOut := roundTripThroughDAGCBOR(t, argsIn)
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, argsIn.Keys, argsOut.Keys)
+	assert.Equal(t, argsIn.Values, argsOut.Values)
+
+	actMapVal := map[string]string{}
+	mit := argsOut.Values[mapKey].MapIterator()
+
+	for !mit.Done() {
+		k, v, err := mit.Next()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		ks := must(k.AsString())
+		vs := must(v.AsString())
+		actMapVal[ks] = vs
+	}
+
+	actListVal := []string{}
+	lit := argsOut.Values[listKey].ListIterator()
+
+	for !lit.Done() {
+		_, v, err := lit.Next()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		vs := must(v.AsString())
+
+		actListVal = append(actListVal, vs)
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, expIntVal, must(argsOut.Values[intKey].AsInt()))
+	assert.Equal(t, expMapVal, actMapVal) // TODO: special accessor
+	// TODO: the nil map comes back empty (but the right type)
+	// assert.Equal(t, expNilVal, actNilVal)
+	assert.Equal(t, expBoolVal, must(argsOut.Values[boolKey].AsBool()))
+	assert.Equal(t, expLinkVal.String(), must(argsOut.Values[linkKey].AsLink()).(datamodel.Link).String()) // TODO: special accessor
+	assert.Equal(t, expListVal, actListVal)                                                                // TODO: special accessor
+	assert.Equal(t, expNodeVal, argsOut.Values[nodeKey])
+	assert.Equal(t, expUintVal, uint(must(argsOut.Values[uintKey].AsInt())))
+	assert.Equal(t, expBytesVal, must(argsOut.Values[bytesKey].AsBytes()))
+	assert.Equal(t, expFloatVal, must(argsOut.Values[floatKey].AsFloat()))
+	assert.Equal(t, expStringVal, must(argsOut.Values[stringKey].AsString()))
+}
+
+func TestArgs_Include(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	argsIn := args.New()
+	require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add("key1", "val1"))
+	require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add("key2", "val2"))
+
+	argsOther := args.New()
+	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key2", "valOther")) // This should not overwrite key2 above
+	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key3", "val3"))
+	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key4", "val4"))
+
+	argsIn.Include(argsOther)
+
+	assert.Len(t, argsIn.Values, 4)
+	assert.Equal(t, "val1", must(argsIn.Values["key1"].AsString()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "val2", must(argsIn.Values["key2"].AsString()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "val3", must(argsIn.Values["key3"].AsString()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "val4", must(argsIn.Values["key4"].AsString()))
+}
+
+const (
+	argsSchema = "type Args { String : Any }"
+	argsName   = "Args"
+)
+
+var (
+	once sync.Once
+	ts   *schema.TypeSystem
+	err  error
+)
+
+func argsType() schema.Type {
+	once.Do(func() {
+		ts, err = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes([]byte(argsSchema))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return ts.TypeByName(argsName)
+}
+
+func roundTripThroughDAGCBOR(t *testing.T, argsIn *args.Args) *args.Args {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	node, err := argsIn.ToIPLD()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err := ipld.Encode(node, dagcbor.Encode)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var argsOut args.Args
+	_, err = ipld.Unmarshal(data, dagcbor.Decode, &argsOut, argsType())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return &argsOut
+}
+
+func must[T any](t T, err error) T {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return t
+}

pkg/args/readonly.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package args
+
+import "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+
+type ReadOnly struct {
+	args *Args
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
+	return r.args.ToIPLD()
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other *Args) bool {
+	return r.args.Equals(other)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
+	return r.args.String()
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) WriteableClone() *Args {
+	return r.args.Clone()
+}

pkg/command/command.go

@@ -16,14 +16,12 @@ var _ fmt.Stringer = (*Command)(nil)
 // by one or more slash-separated Segments of lowercase characters.
 //
 // [Command]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec#command
-type Command struct {
+type Command string
-	segments []string
-}
 
 // New creates a validated command from the provided list of segment strings.
 // An error is returned if an invalid Command would be formed
 func New(segments ...string) Command {
-	return Command{segments: segments}
+	return Top().Join(segments...)
 }
 
 // Parse verifies that the provided string contains the required
@@ -33,20 +31,20 @@ func New(segments ...string) Command {
 // [segment structure]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec#segment-structure
 func Parse(s string) (Command, error) {
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(s, "/") {
-		return Command{}, ErrRequiresLeadingSlash
+		return "", ErrRequiresLeadingSlash
 	}
 
 	if len(s) > 1 && strings.HasSuffix(s, "/") {
-		return Command{}, ErrDisallowsTrailingSlash
+		return "", ErrDisallowsTrailingSlash
 	}
 
 	if s != strings.ToLower(s) {
-		return Command{}, ErrRequiresLowercase
+		return "", ErrRequiresLowercase
 	}
 
 	// The leading slash will result in the first element from strings.Split
 	// being an empty string which is removed as strings.Join will ignore it.
-	return Command{strings.Split(s, "/")[1:]}, nil
+	return Command(s), nil
 }
 
 // MustParse is the same as Parse, but panic() if the parsing fail.
@@ -58,14 +56,14 @@ func MustParse(s string) Command {
 	return c
 }
 
-// [Top] is the most powerful capability.
+// Top is the most powerful capability.
 //
 // This function returns a Command that is a wildcard and therefore represents the
 // most powerful ability. As such, it should be handled with care and used sparingly.
 //
 // [Top]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec#-aka-top
 func Top() Command {
-	return New()
+	return Command(separator)
 }
 
 // IsValid returns true if the provided string is a valid UCAN command.
@@ -77,17 +75,61 @@ func IsValid(s string) bool {
 // Join appends segments to the end of this command using the required
 // segment separator.
 func (c Command) Join(segments ...string) Command {
-	return Command{append(c.segments, segments...)}
+	size := 0
+	for _, s := range segments {
+		size += len(s)
+	}
+	if size == 0 {
+		return c
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, len(c)+size+len(segments))
+	buf = append(buf, []byte(c)...)
+	for _, s := range segments {
+		if s != "" {
+			if len(buf) > 1 {
+				buf = append(buf, separator...)
+			}
+			buf = append(buf, []byte(s)...)
+		}
+	}
+	return Command(buf)
 }
 
 // Segments returns the ordered segments that comprise the Command as a
 // slice of strings.
 func (c Command) Segments() []string {
-	return c.segments
+	if c == separator {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return strings.Split(string(c), separator)[1:]
+}
+
+// Covers returns true if the command is identical or a parent of the given other command.
+func (c Command) Covers(other Command) bool {
+	// fast-path, equivalent to the code below (verified with fuzzing)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(string(other), string(c)) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return c == separator || len(c) == len(other) || other[len(c)] == separator[0]
+
+	/* -------
+
+	otherSegments := other.Segments()
+	if len(otherSegments) < len(c.Segments()) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i, s := range c.Segments() {
+		if otherSegments[i] != s {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+
+	*/
 }
 
 // String returns the composed representation the command.  This is also
 // the required wire representation (before IPLD encoding occurs.)
 func (c Command) String() string {
-	return "/" + strings.Join(c.segments, "/")
+	return string(c)
 }

pkg/command/command_test.go

@@ -13,73 +13,81 @@ func TestTop(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsValidCommand(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	t.Run("succeeds when", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
 		for _, testcase := range validTestcases(t) {
-			testcase := testcase
-
 			t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
 				require.True(t, command.IsValid(testcase.inp))
 			})
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("fails when", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
 		for _, testcase := range invalidTestcases(t) {
-			testcase := testcase
-
 			t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
 				require.False(t, command.IsValid(testcase.inp))
 			})
 		}
 	})
 }
 
+func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, command.Top(), command.New())
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo", command.New("foo").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo/bar", command.New("foo", "bar").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo/bar/baz", command.New("foo", "bar/baz").String())
+}
+
 func TestParseCommand(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
 	t.Run("succeeds when", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
 		for _, testcase := range validTestcases(t) {
-			testcase := testcase
-
 			t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
 				cmd, err := command.Parse("/elem0/elem1/elem2")
 				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.NotNil(t, cmd)
+				require.NotEmpty(t, cmd)
 			})
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("fails when", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
 		for _, testcase := range invalidTestcases(t) {
-			testcase := testcase
-
 			t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
 				cmd, err := command.Parse(testcase.inp)
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, testcase.err)
-				require.Equal(t, command.Command{}, cmd)
+				require.Zero(t, cmd)
 			})
 		}
 	})
 }
 
+func TestEquality(t *testing.T) {
+	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz") == command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz"))
+	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz") == command.MustParse("/foo/bar/bazz"))
+	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar") == command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz"))
+}
+
+func TestJoin(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo", command.Top().Join("foo").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo/bar", command.Top().Join("foo/bar").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/foo/bar", command.Top().Join("foo", "bar").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/faz/boz/foo/bar", command.MustParse("/faz/boz").Join("foo/bar").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "/faz/boz/foo/bar", command.MustParse("/faz/boz").Join("foo", "bar").String())
+}
+
+func TestSegments(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Empty(t, command.Top().Segments())
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Segments())
+}
+
+func TestCovers(t *testing.T) {
+	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
+	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
+	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar")))
+	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo")))
+	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
+	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo00")))
+	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar00")))
+}
+
 type testcase struct {
 	name string
 	inp  string

pkg/container/Readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Token container
+
+## Why do I need that?
+
+Some common situation asks to package multiple tokens together:
+- calling a service requires sending an invocation, alongside the matching delegations
+- sending a series of revocations
+- \<insert your application specific scenario here>
+
+The UCAN specification defines how a single token is serialized (envelope with signature, IPLD encoded as Dag-cbor), but it's entirely left open how to package multiple tokens together. To be clear, this is a correct thing to do for a specification, as different ways equally valid to solve that problem exists and can coexist. Any wire format holding a list of bytes would do (cbor, json, csv ...).
+
+**go-ucan** however, provide an opinionated implementation, which may or may not work in your situation. 
+
+Some experiment has been done over which format is appropriate, and two have been selected:
+- **DAG-CBOR** of a list of bytes, as a low overhead option
+- **CAR** file, as a somewhat common ways to cary arbitrary blocks of data
+
+Notably, **compression is not included**, even though it does work reasonably well. This is because your transport medium might already do it, or should.
+
+## Wire format consideration
+
+Several possible formats have been explored:
+- CAR files (binary or base64)
+- DAG-CBOR (binary or base64)
+
+Additionally, gzip and deflate compression has been experimented with.
+
+Below are the results in terms of storage used, as percentage and byte overhead over the raw tokens:
+
+| Token count | car | carBase64 | carGzip | carGzipBase64 | cbor | cborBase64 | cborGzip | cborGzipBase64 | cborFlate | cborFlateBase64 |
+|-------------|-----|-----------|---------|---------------|------|------------|----------|----------------|-----------|-----------------|
+| 1           | 15  | 54        | 7       | 42            | 0    | 35         | \-8      | 22             | \-12      | 16              |
+| 2           | 12  | 49        | \-12    | 15            | 0    | 34         | \-25     | 0              | \-28      | \-3             |
+| 3           | 11  | 48        | \-21    | 4             | 0    | 34         | \-32     | \-10           | \-34      | \-11            |
+| 4           | 10  | 47        | \-26    | \-1           | 0    | 34         | \-36     | \-15           | \-37      | \-17            |
+| 5           | 10  | 47        | \-28    | \-4           | 0    | 34         | \-38     | \-18           | \-40      | \-20            |
+| 6           | 10  | 47        | \-30    | \-7           | 0    | 34         | \-40     | \-20           | \-40      | \-20            |
+| 7           | 10  | 46        | \-31    | \-8           | 0    | 34         | \-41     | \-21           | \-42      | \-22            |
+| 8           | 9   | 46        | \-32    | \-10          | 0    | 34         | \-42     | \-22           | \-42      | \-23            |
+| 9           | 9   | 46        | \-33    | \-11          | 0    | 34         | \-43     | \-23           | \-43      | \-24            |
+| 10          | 9   | 46        | \-34    | \-12          | 0    | 34         | \-43     | \-25           | \-44      | \-25            |
+
+![Overhead %](img/overhead_percent.png)
+
+| Token count | car | carBase64 | carGzip | carGzipBase64 | cbor | cborBase64 | cborGzip | cborGzipBase64 | cborFlate | cborFlateBase64 |
+|-------------|-----|-----------|---------|---------------|------|------------|----------|----------------|-----------|-----------------|
+| 1           | 64  | 226       | 29      | 178           | 4    | 146        | \-35     | 94             | \-52      | 70              |
+| 2           | 102 | 412       | \-107   | 128           | 7    | 288        | \-211    | 0              | \-234     | \-32            |
+| 3           | 140 | 602       | \-270   | 58            | 10   | 430        | \-405    | \-126          | \-429     | \-146           |
+| 4           | 178 | 792       | \-432   | \-28          | 13   | 572        | \-602    | \-252          | \-617     | \-288           |
+| 5           | 216 | 978       | \-582   | \-94          | 16   | 714        | \-805    | \-386          | \-839     | \-418           |
+| 6           | 254 | 1168      | \-759   | \-176         | 19   | 856        | \-1001   | \-508          | \-1018    | \-520           |
+| 7           | 292 | 1358      | \-908   | \-246         | 22   | 998        | \-1204   | \-634          | \-1229    | \-650           |
+| 8           | 330 | 1544      | \-1085  | \-332         | 25   | 1140       | \-1398   | \-756          | \-1423    | \-792           |
+| 9           | 368 | 1734      | \-1257  | \-414         | 28   | 1282       | \-1614   | \-894          | \-1625    | \-930           |
+| 10          | 406 | 1924      | \-1408  | \-508         | 31   | 1424       | \-1804   | \-1040         | \-1826    | \-1060          |
+
+![img.png](img/overhead_bytes.png)
+
+Following is the performance aspect, with CPU usage and memory allocation:
+
+|                 | Write ns/op | Read ns/op | Write B/op | Read B/op | Write allocs/op | Read allocs/op |
+|-----------------|-------------|------------|------------|-----------|-----------------|----------------|
+| car             | 8451        | 1474630    | 17928      | 149437    | 59              | 2631           |
+| carBase64       | 16750       | 1437678    | 24232      | 151502    | 61              | 2633           |
+| carGzip         | 320253      | 1581412    | 823887     | 192272    | 76              | 2665           |
+| carGzipBase64   | 343305      | 1486269    | 828782     | 198543    | 77              | 2669           |
+| cbor            | 6419        | 1301554    | 16368      | 138891    | 25              | 2534           |
+| cborBase64      | 12860       | 1386728    | 20720      | 140962    | 26              | 2536           |
+| cborGzip        | 310106      | 1379146    | 822742     | 182003    | 42              | 2585           |
+| cborGzipBase64  | 317001      | 1462548    | 827640     | 189283    | 43              | 2594           |
+| cborFlate       | 327112      | 1555007    | 822473     | 181537    | 40              | 2591           |
+| cborFlateBase64 | 311276      | 1456562    | 826042     | 188665    | 41              | 2596           |
+
+(BEWARE: logarithmic scale)
+
+![img.png](img/cpu.png)
+![img_1.png](img/alloc_byte.png)
+![img_2.png](img/alloc_count.png)
+
+Conclusion:
+- CAR files are heavy for this usage, notably because they carry the CIDs of the tokens
+- compression works quite well and warrants its usage even with a single token
+- DAG-CBOR outperform CAR files everywhere, and comes with a tiny ~3 bytes per token overhead.
+
+**Formats beside DAG-CBOR and CAR, with or without base64, have been removed. They are in the git history though.**

pkg/container/car.go

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"iter"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
+	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
+)
+
+/*
+	Note: below is essentially a re-implementation of the CAR file v1 read and write.
+	This exists here for two reasons:
+		- go-car's API forces to go through an IPLD getter or through a blockstore API
+		- generally, go-car is a very complex and large dependency
+*/
+
+// EmptyCid is a "zero" Cid: zero-length "identity" multihash with "raw" codec
+// It can be used to have at least one root in a CARv1 file (making it legal), yet
+// denote that it can be ignored.
+var EmptyCid = cid.MustParse([]byte{01, 55, 00, 00})
+
+type carBlock struct {
+	c    cid.Cid
+	data []byte
+}
+
+// writeCar writes a CARv1 file containing the blocks from the iterator.
+// If no roots are provided, a single EmptyCid is used as root to make the file
+// spec compliant.
+func writeCar(w io.Writer, roots []cid.Cid, blocks iter.Seq2[carBlock, error]) error {
+	if len(roots) == 0 {
+		roots = []cid.Cid{EmptyCid}
+	}
+	h := carHeader{
+		Roots:   roots,
+		Version: 1,
+	}
+	hb, err := h.Write()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	err = ldWrite(w, hb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for block, err := range blocks {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		err = ldWrite(w, block.c.Bytes(), block.data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readCar reads a CARv1 file from the reader, and return a block iterator.
+// Roots are ignored.
+func readCar(r io.Reader) (roots []cid.Cid, blocks iter.Seq2[carBlock, error], err error) {
+	br := bufio.NewReader(r)
+
+	hb, err := ldRead(br)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	h, err := readHeader(hb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if h.Version != 1 {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid car version: %d", h.Version)
+	}
+
+	return h.Roots, func(yield func(block carBlock, err error) bool) {
+		for {
+			block, err := readBlock(br)
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				if !yield(carBlock{}, err) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			if !yield(block, nil) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// readBlock reads a section from the reader and decode a (cid+data) block.
+func readBlock(r *bufio.Reader) (carBlock, error) {
+	raw, err := ldRead(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return carBlock{}, err
+	}
+
+	n, c, err := cid.CidFromReader(bytes.NewReader(raw))
+	if err != nil {
+		return carBlock{}, err
+	}
+	data := raw[n:]
+
+	// integrity check
+	hashed, err := c.Prefix().Sum(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return carBlock{}, err
+	}
+
+	if !hashed.Equals(c) {
+		return carBlock{}, fmt.Errorf("mismatch in content integrity, name: %s, data: %s", c, hashed)
+	}
+
+	return carBlock{c: c, data: data}, nil
+}
+
+// maxAllowedSectionSize dictates the maximum number of bytes that a CARv1 header
+// or section is allowed to occupy without causing a decode to error.
+// This cannot be supplied as an option, only adjusted as a global. You should
+// use v2#NewReader instead since it allows for options to be passed in.
+var maxAllowedSectionSize uint = 32 << 20 // 32MiB
+
+// ldRead performs a length-delimited read of a section from the reader.
+// A section is composed of an uint length followed by the data.
+func ldRead(r *bufio.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
+	if _, err := r.Peek(1); err != nil { // no more blocks, likely clean io.EOF
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	l, err := binary.ReadUvarint(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF // don't silently pretend this is a clean EOF
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if l == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid zero size section")
+	}
+
+	if l > uint64(maxAllowedSectionSize) { // Don't OOM
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car; header is bigger than MaxAllowedSectionSize")
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, l)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf); err != nil {
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			// we should be able to read the promised bytes, this is not normal
+			return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// ldWrite performs a length-delimited write of a section on the writer.
+// A section is composed of an uint length followed by the data.
+func ldWrite(w io.Writer, d ...[]byte) error {
+	var sum uint64
+	for _, s := range d {
+		sum += uint64(len(s))
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 8)
+	n := binary.PutUvarint(buf, sum)
+	_, err := w.Write(buf[:n])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, s := range d {
+		_, err = w.Write(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type carHeader struct {
+	Roots   []cid.Cid
+	Version uint64
+}
+
+const rootsKey = "roots"
+const versionKey = "version"
+
+func readHeader(data []byte) (*carHeader, error) {
+	var header carHeader
+
+	nd, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if nd.Length() != 2 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+	}
+	rootsNd, err := nd.LookupByString(rootsKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+	}
+	it := rootsNd.ListIterator()
+	if it == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+	}
+	header.Roots = make([]cid.Cid, 0, rootsNd.Length())
+	for !it.Done() {
+		_, nd, err := it.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		lk, err := nd.AsLink()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		switch lk := lk.(type) {
+		case cidlink.Link:
+			header.Roots = append(header.Roots, lk.Cid)
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+		}
+	}
+	versionNd, err := nd.LookupByString(versionKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+	}
+	version, err := versionNd.AsInt()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("malformed car header")
+	}
+	header.Version = uint64(version)
+	return &header, nil
+}
+
+func (ch *carHeader) Write() ([]byte, error) {
+	nd, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 2, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+		qp.MapEntry(ma, rootsKey, qp.List(int64(len(ch.Roots)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			for _, root := range ch.Roots {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Link(cidlink.Link{Cid: root}))
+			}
+		}))
+		qp.MapEntry(ma, versionKey, qp.Int(1))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ipld.Encode(nd, dagcbor.Encode)
+}

pkg/container/car_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCarRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	// this car file is a complex and legal CARv1 file
+	original, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/sample-v1.car")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	roots, it, err := readCar(bytes.NewReader(original))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var blks []carBlock
+	for blk, err := range it {
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		blks = append(blks, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.Len(t, blks, 1049)
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+
+	err = writeCar(buf, roots, func(yield func(carBlock, error) bool) {
+		for _, blk := range blks {
+			if !yield(blk, nil) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Bytes equal after the round-trip
+	require.Equal(t, original, buf.Bytes())
+}
+
+func FuzzCarRoundTrip(f *testing.F) {
+	// Note: this fuzzing is somewhat broken.
+	// After some time, the fuzzer discover that a varint can be serialized in different
+	// ways that lead to the same integer value. This means that the CAR format can have
+	// multiple legal binary representation for the exact same data, which is what we are
+	// trying to detect here. Ideally, the format would be stricter, but that's how things
+	// are.
+
+	example, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/sample-v1.car")
+	require.NoError(f, err)
+
+	f.Add(example)
+
+	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+		roots, blocksIter, err := readCar(bytes.NewReader(data))
+		if err != nil {
+			// skip invalid binary
+			t.Skip()
+		}
+
+		// reading all the blocks, which force reading and verifying the full file
+		var blocks []carBlock
+		for block, err := range blocksIter {
+			if err != nil {
+				// error reading, invalid data
+				t.Skip()
+			}
+			blocks = append(blocks, block)
+		}
+
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		err = writeCar(&buf, roots, func(yield func(carBlock, error) bool) {
+			for _, blk := range blocks {
+				if !yield(blk, nil) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// test if the round-trip produce a byte-equal CAR
+		require.Equal(t, data, buf.Bytes())
+	})
+}

pkg/container/reader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"iter"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/invocation"
+)
+
+var ErrNotFound = fmt.Errorf("not found")
+
+// Reader is a token container reader. It exposes the tokens conveniently decoded.
+type Reader map[cid.Cid]token.Token
+
+// GetToken returns an arbitrary decoded token, from its CID.
+// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetToken(cid cid.Cid) (token.Token, error) {
+	tkn, ok := ctn[cid]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	return tkn, nil
+}
+
+// GetDelegation is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Token, with the right type.
+func (ctn Reader) GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	tkn, err := ctn.GetToken(cid)
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tkn, ok := tkn.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+		return tkn, nil
+	}
+	return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
+}
+
+// GetAllDelegations returns all the delegation.Token in the container.
+func (ctn Reader) GetAllDelegations() iter.Seq2[cid.Cid, *delegation.Token] {
+	return func(yield func(cid.Cid, *delegation.Token) bool) {
+		for c, t := range ctn {
+			if t, ok := t.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+				if !yield(c, t) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// GetInvocation returns the first found invocation.Token.
+// If none are found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetInvocation() (*invocation.Token, error) {
+	for _, t := range ctn {
+		if inv, ok := t.(*invocation.Token); ok {
+			return inv, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ErrNotFound
+}
+
+func FromCar(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	_, it, err := readCar(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ctn := make(Reader)
+
+	for block, err := range it {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		err = ctn.addToken(block.data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctn, nil
+}
+
+func FromCarBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCar(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
+}
+
+func FromCbor(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	n, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(r, dagcbor.Decode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if n.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_Map {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: expected map")
+	}
+	if n.Length() != 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: expected single version key")
+	}
+
+	// get the first (and only) key-value pair
+	it := n.MapIterator()
+	key, tokensNode, err := it.Next()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	version, err := key.AsString()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: version must be string")
+	}
+	if version != currentContainerVersion {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported container version: %s", version)
+	}
+
+	if tokensNode.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_List {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: tokens must be a list")
+	}
+
+	ctn := make(Reader, tokensNode.Length())
+	it2 := tokensNode.ListIterator()
+	for !it2.Done() {
+		_, val, err := it2.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		data, err := val.AsBytes()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		err = ctn.addToken(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return ctn, nil
+}
+
+func FromCborBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCbor(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
+}
+
+func (ctn Reader) addToken(data []byte) error {
+	tkn, c, err := token.FromSealed(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ctn[c] = tkn
+	return nil
+}

pkg/container/serial_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+)
+
+func TestContainerRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name   string
+		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
+		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
+	}{
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tokens := make(map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token)
+			var dataSize int
+
+			writer := NewWriter()
+
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+				dlg, c, data := randToken()
+				writer.AddSealed(c, data)
+				tokens[c] = dlg
+				dataSize += len(data)
+			}
+
+			buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+
+			err := tc.writer(writer, buf)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			t.Logf("data size %d", dataSize)
+			t.Logf("container overhead: %d%%, %d bytes", int(float32(buf.Len()-dataSize)/float32(dataSize)*100.0), buf.Len()-dataSize)
+
+			reader, err := tc.reader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			for c, dlg := range tokens {
+				tknRead, err := reader.GetToken(c)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+
+				// require.Equal fails as time.Time holds a wall time that is going to be
+				// different, even if it represents the same event.
+				// We need to do the following instead.
+
+				dlgRead := tknRead.(*delegation.Token)
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Issuer(), dlgRead.Issuer())
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Audience(), dlgRead.Audience())
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Subject(), dlgRead.Subject())
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Command(), dlgRead.Command())
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Policy(), dlgRead.Policy())
+				require.Equal(t, dlg.Nonce(), dlgRead.Nonce())
+				require.True(t, dlg.Meta().Equals(dlgRead.Meta()))
+				if dlg.NotBefore() != nil {
+					// within 1s as the original value gets truncated to seconds when serialized
+					require.WithinDuration(t, *dlg.NotBefore(), *dlgRead.NotBefore(), time.Second)
+				}
+				if dlg.Expiration() != nil {
+					// within 1s as the original value gets truncated to seconds when serialized
+					require.WithinDuration(t, *dlg.Expiration(), *dlgRead.Expiration(), time.Second)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkContainerSerialisation(b *testing.B) {
+	var duration strings.Builder
+	var allocByte strings.Builder
+	var allocCount strings.Builder
+
+	for _, builder := range []strings.Builder{duration, allocByte, allocCount} {
+		builder.WriteString("car\tcarBase64\tcarGzip\tcarGzipBase64\tcbor\tcborBase64\tcborGzip\tcborGzipBase64\tcborFlate\tcborFlateBase64\n")
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name   string
+		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
+		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
+	}{
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
+	} {
+		writer := NewWriter()
+
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+			_, c, data := randToken()
+			writer.AddSealed(c, data)
+		}
+
+		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+		_ = tc.writer(writer, buf)
+
+		b.Run(tc.name+"_write", func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+				_ = tc.writer(writer, buf)
+			}
+		})
+
+		b.Run(tc.name+"_read", func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				_, _ = tc.reader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func randDID() (crypto.PrivKey, did.DID) {
+	privKey, _, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	d, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return privKey, d
+}
+
+func randomString(length int) string {
+	b := make([]byte, length/2+1)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(b)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", b)[0:length]
+}
+
+func randToken() (*delegation.Token, cid.Cid, []byte) {
+	priv, iss := randDID()
+	_, aud := randDID()
+	cmd := command.New("foo", "bar")
+	pol := policy.MustConstruct(
+		policy.All(".[]",
+			policy.GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(2)),
+		),
+	)
+
+	opts := []delegation.Option{
+		delegation.WithExpiration(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)),
+		delegation.WithSubject(iss),
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		opts = append(opts, delegation.WithMeta(randomString(8), randomString(10)))
+	}
+
+	t, err := delegation.New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	b, c, err := t.ToSealed(priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return t, c, b
+}
+
+func FuzzContainerRead(f *testing.F) {
+	// Generate a corpus
+	for tokenCount := 0; tokenCount < 10; tokenCount++ {
+		writer := NewWriter()
+		for i := 0; i < tokenCount; i++ {
+			_, c, data := randToken()
+			writer.AddSealed(c, data)
+		}
+		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+		err := writer.ToCbor(buf)
+		require.NoError(f, err)
+
+		f.Add(buf.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+		start := time.Now()
+
+		// search for panics
+		_, _ = FromCbor(bytes.NewReader(data))
+
+		if time.Since(start) > 100*time.Millisecond {
+			panic("too long")
+		}
+	})
+}

pkg/container/writer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
+)
+
+// TODO: should we have a multibase to wrap the cbor? but there is no reader/write in go-multibase :-(
+
+const currentContainerVersion = "ctn-v1"
+
+// Writer is a token container writer. It provides a convenient way to aggregate and serialize tokens together.
+type Writer map[cid.Cid][]byte
+
+func NewWriter() Writer {
+	return make(Writer)
+}
+
+// AddSealed includes a "sealed" token (serialized with a ToSealed* function) in the container.
+func (ctn Writer) AddSealed(cid cid.Cid, data []byte) {
+	ctn[cid] = data
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCar(w io.Writer) error {
+	return writeCar(w, nil, func(yield func(carBlock, error) bool) {
+		for c, bytes := range ctn {
+			if !yield(carBlock{c: c, data: bytes}, nil) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCarBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCar(w2)
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCbor(w io.Writer) error {
+	node, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+		qp.MapEntry(ma, currentContainerVersion, qp.List(int64(len(ctn)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			for _, bytes := range ctn {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Bytes(bytes))
+			}
+		}))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(w, node, dagcbor.Encode)
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCborBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCbor(w2)
+}

pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes.go

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// KeySize represents valid AES key sizes
+type KeySize int
+
+const (
+	KeySize128 KeySize = 16 // AES-128
+	KeySize192 KeySize = 24 // AES-192
+	KeySize256 KeySize = 32 // AES-256 (recommended)
+)
+
+// IsValid returns true if the key size is valid for AES
+func (ks KeySize) IsValid() bool {
+	switch ks {
+	case KeySize128, KeySize192, KeySize256:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+var ErrShortCipherText = errors.New("ciphertext too short")
+var ErrNoEncryptionKey = errors.New("encryption key is required")
+var ErrInvalidKeySize = errors.New("invalid key size: must be 16, 24, or 32 bytes")
+var ErrZeroKey = errors.New("encryption key cannot be all zeros")
+
+// GenerateKey generates a random AES key of default size KeySize256 (32 bytes).
+// Returns an error if the specified size is invalid or if key generation fails.
+func GenerateKey() ([]byte, error) {
+	return GenerateKeyWithSize(KeySize256)
+}
+
+// GenerateKeyWithSize generates a random AES key of the specified size.
+// Returns an error if the specified size is invalid or if key generation fails.
+func GenerateKeyWithSize(size KeySize) ([]byte, error) {
+	if !size.IsValid() {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidKeySize
+	}
+
+	key := make([]byte, size)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, key); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate AES key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+// EncryptWithAESKey encrypts data using AES-GCM with the provided key.
+// The key must be 16, 24, or 32 bytes long (for AES-128, AES-192, or AES-256).
+// Returns the encrypted data with the nonce prepended, or an error if encryption fails.
+func EncryptWithAESKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err := validateAESKey(key); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	nonce := make([]byte, gcm.NonceSize())
+	if _, err = io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return gcm.Seal(nonce, nonce, data, nil), nil
+}
+
+// DecryptStringWithAESKey decrypts data that was encrypted with EncryptWithAESKey.
+// The key must match the one used for encryption.
+// Expects the input to have a prepended nonce.
+// Returns the decrypted data or an error if decryption fails.
+func DecryptStringWithAESKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err := validateAESKey(key); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(data) < gcm.NonceSize() {
+		return nil, ErrShortCipherText
+	}
+
+	nonce, ciphertext := data[:gcm.NonceSize()], data[gcm.NonceSize():]
+	decrypted, err := gcm.Open(nil, nonce, ciphertext, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return decrypted, nil
+}
+
+func validateAESKey(key []byte) error {
+	if key == nil {
+		return ErrNoEncryptionKey
+	}
+
+	if !KeySize(len(key)).IsValid() {
+		return ErrInvalidKeySize
+	}
+
+	// check if key is all zeros
+	for _, b := range key {
+		if b != 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ErrZeroKey
+}

pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestAESEncryption(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key := make([]byte, 32) // generated random 32-byte key
+	_, errKey := rand.Read(key)
+	require.NoError(t, errKey)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		data    []byte
+		key     []byte
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid encryption/decryption",
+			data: []byte("hello world"),
+			key:  key,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "nil key returns error",
+			data:    []byte("hello world"),
+			key:     nil,
+			wantErr: ErrNoEncryptionKey,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty data",
+			data: []byte{},
+			key:  key,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid key size",
+			data:    []byte("hello world"),
+			key:     make([]byte, 31),
+			wantErr: ErrInvalidKeySize,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "zero key returns error",
+			data:    []byte("hello world"),
+			key:     make([]byte, 32),
+			wantErr: ErrZeroKey,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			encrypted, err := EncryptWithAESKey(tt.data, tt.key)
+			if tt.wantErr != nil {
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			decrypted, err := DecryptStringWithAESKey(encrypted, tt.key)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			if tt.key == nil {
+				require.Equal(t, tt.data, encrypted)
+				require.Equal(t, tt.data, decrypted)
+			} else {
+				require.NotEqual(t, tt.data, encrypted)
+				require.True(t, bytes.Equal(tt.data, decrypted))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecryptionErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(key)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		data   []byte
+		key    []byte
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "short ciphertext",
+			data:   []byte("short"),
+			key:    key,
+			errMsg: "ciphertext too short",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "invalid ciphertext",
+			data:   make([]byte, 16), // just nonce size
+			key:    key,
+			errMsg: "message authentication failed",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "missing key",
+			data:   []byte("<22>`M<><4D><EFBFBD>l\u001AIF<49>\u0012<31><32><EFBFBD>=h<>?<3F>c<EFBFBD> <20><>\u0012<31><32><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>\u001C<31>\u0018Ƽ(g"),
+			key:    nil,
+			errMsg: "encryption key is required",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			_, err := DecryptStringWithAESKey(tt.data, tt.key)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/meta/meta.go

@@ -3,21 +3,26 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta/internal/crypto"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
 )
 
-var ErrUnsupported = errors.New("failure adding unsupported type to meta")
+var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key not found in meta")
 
-var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key-value not found in meta")
+var ErrNotEncryptable = errors.New("value of this type cannot be encrypted")
 
 // Meta is a container for meta key-value pairs in a UCAN token.
-// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations and transformations,
+// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations
-// while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
+// and transformations, while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
 type Meta struct {
+	// This type must be compatible with the IPLD type represented by the IPLD
+	// schema { String : Any }.
+
 	Keys   []string
 	Values map[string]ipld.Node
 }
@@ -49,6 +54,21 @@ func (m *Meta) GetString(key string) (string, error) {
 	return v.AsString()
 }
 
+// GetEncryptedString decorates GetString and decrypt its output with the given symmetric encryption key.
+func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, error) {
+	v, err := m.GetBytes(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	decrypted, err := crypto.DecryptStringWithAESKey(v, encryptionKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return string(decrypted), nil
+}
+
 // GetInt64 retrieves a value as an int64.
 // Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
 // Returns datamodel.ErrWrongKind if the value has the wrong type.
@@ -82,6 +102,21 @@ func (m *Meta) GetBytes(key string) ([]byte, error) {
 	return v.AsBytes()
 }
 
+// GetEncryptedBytes decorates GetBytes and decrypt its output with the given symmetric encryption key.
+func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	v, err := m.GetBytes(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	decrypted, err := crypto.DecryptStringWithAESKey(v, encryptionKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return decrypted, nil
+}
+
 // GetNode retrieves a value as a raw IPLD node.
 // Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
 // Returns datamodel.ErrWrongKind if the value has the wrong type.
@@ -94,43 +129,85 @@ func (m *Meta) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
 }
 
 // Add adds a key/value pair in the meta set.
-// Accepted types for the value are: bool, string, int, int32, int64, []byte,
+// Accepted types for val are any CBOR compatible type, or directly IPLD values.
-// and ipld.Node.
 func (m *Meta) Add(key string, val any) error {
-	switch val := val.(type) {
+	if _, ok := m.Values[key]; ok {
-	case bool:
+		return fmt.Errorf("duplicate key %q", key)
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewBool(val)
-	case string:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewString(val)
-	case int:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(int64(val))
-	case int32:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(int64(val))
-	case int64:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(val)
-	case float32:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewFloat(float64(val))
-	case float64:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewFloat(val)
-	case []byte:
-		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewBytes(val)
-	case datamodel.Node:
-		m.Values[key] = val
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupported, fqtn(val))
 	}
+
+	node, err := literal.Any(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	m.Keys = append(m.Keys, key)
+	m.Values[key] = node
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func fqtn(val any) string {
+// AddEncrypted adds a key/value pair in the meta set.
-	var name string
+// The value is encrypted with the given encryptionKey.
+// Accepted types for the value are: string, []byte.
+func (m *Meta) AddEncrypted(key string, val any, encryptionKey []byte) error {
+	var encrypted []byte
+	var err error
 
-	t := reflect.TypeOf(val)
+	switch val := val.(type) {
-	for t.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+	case string:
-		name += "*"
+		encrypted, err = crypto.EncryptWithAESKey([]byte(val), encryptionKey)
-		t = t.Elem()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	case []byte:
+		encrypted, err = crypto.EncryptWithAESKey(val, encryptionKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	default:
+		return ErrNotEncryptable
 	}
 
-	return name + t.PkgPath() + "." + t.Name()
+	return m.Add(key, encrypted)
+}
+
+// Equals tells if two Meta hold the same key/values.
+func (m *Meta) Equals(other *Meta) bool {
+	if len(m.Keys) != len(other.Keys) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if len(m.Values) != len(other.Values) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, key := range m.Keys {
+		if !ipld.DeepEqual(m.Values[key], other.Values[key]) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (m *Meta) String() string {
+	buf := strings.Builder{}
+	buf.WriteString("{")
+
+	for key, node := range m.Values {
+		buf.WriteString("\n\t")
+		buf.WriteString(key)
+		buf.WriteString(": ")
+		buf.WriteString(strings.ReplaceAll(printer.Sprint(node), "\n", "\n\t"))
+		buf.WriteString(",")
+	}
+
+	if len(m.Values) > 0 {
+		buf.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("}")
+
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// ReadOnly returns a read-only version of Meta.
+func (m *Meta) ReadOnly() ReadOnly {
+	return ReadOnly{m: m}
 }

pkg/meta/meta_test.go

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 package meta_test
 
 import (
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
-	"gotest.tools/v3/assert"
 )
 
 func TestMeta_Add(t *testing.T) {
@@ -13,11 +14,64 @@ func TestMeta_Add(t *testing.T) {
 
 	type Unsupported struct{}
 
-	t.Run("error if not primative or Node", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("error if not primitive or Node", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 
 		err := (&meta.Meta{}).Add("invalid", &Unsupported{})
-		require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrUnsupported)
+		require.Error(t, err)
-		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "*github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta_test.Unsupported")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("encrypted meta", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		key := make([]byte, 32)
+		_, err := rand.Read(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		m := meta.NewMeta()
+
+		// string encryption
+		err = m.AddEncrypted("secret", "hello world", key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		_, err = m.GetString("secret")
+		require.Error(t, err) // the ciphertext is saved as []byte instead of string
+
+		decrypted, err := m.GetEncryptedString("secret", key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "hello world", decrypted)
+
+		// bytes encryption
+		originalBytes := make([]byte, 128)
+		_, err = rand.Read(originalBytes)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		err = m.AddEncrypted("secret-bytes", originalBytes, key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		encryptedBytes, err := m.GetBytes("secret-bytes")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEqual(t, originalBytes, encryptedBytes)
+
+		decryptedBytes, err := m.GetEncryptedBytes("secret-bytes", key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, originalBytes, decryptedBytes)
+
+		// error cases
+		t.Run("error on unsupported type", func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", 123, key)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrNotEncryptable)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("error on invalid key size", func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", "test", []byte("short-key"))
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid key size")
+		})
+
+		t.Run("error on nil key", func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", "test", nil)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "encryption key is required")
+		})
 	})
 }

pkg/meta/readonly.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package meta
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+)
+
+// ReadOnly wraps a Meta into a read-only facade.
+type ReadOnly struct {
+	m *Meta
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetBool(key string) (bool, error) {
+	return r.m.GetBool(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetString(key string) (string, error) {
+	return r.m.GetString(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, error) {
+	return r.m.GetEncryptedString(key, encryptionKey)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetInt64(key string) (int64, error) {
+	return r.m.GetInt64(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetFloat64(key string) (float64, error) {
+	return r.m.GetFloat64(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetBytes(key string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return r.m.GetBytes(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return r.m.GetEncryptedBytes(key, encryptionKey)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
+	return r.m.GetNode(key)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other ReadOnly) bool {
+	return r.m.Equals(other.m)
+}
+
+func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
+	return r.m.String()
+}

pkg/policy/ipld.go

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func statementFromIPLD(path string, node datamodel.Node) (Statement, error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			return Not(statement), nil
+			return negation{statement: statement}, nil
 
 		case KindAnd, KindOr:
 			arg2, _ := node.LookupByIndex(1)
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ func statementFromIPLD(path string, node datamodel.Node) (Statement, error) {
 			if pattern.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_String {
 				return nil, ErrNotAString(combinePath(path, op, 2))
 			}
-			res, err := Like(sel, must.String(pattern))
+			g, err := parseGlob(must.String(pattern))
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, ErrInvalidPattern(combinePath(path, op, 2), err)
 			}
-			return res, nil
+			return wildcard{selector: sel, pattern: g}, nil
 
 		case KindAll, KindAny:
 			sel, err := arg2AsSelector(op)

pkg/policy/literal/literal.go

@@ -1,48 +1,28 @@
+// Package literal holds a collection of functions to create IPLD types to use in policies, selector and args.
 package literal
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
+	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 )
 
-func Node(n ipld.Node) ipld.Node {
+var Bool = basicnode.NewBool
-	return n
+var Int = basicnode.NewInt
-}
+var Float = basicnode.NewFloat
+var String = basicnode.NewString
+var Bytes = basicnode.NewBytes
+var Link = basicnode.NewLink
 
-func Link(cid ipld.Link) ipld.Node {
+func LinkCid(cid cid.Cid) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.Link.NewBuilder()
+	return Link(cidlink.Link{Cid: cid})
-	nb.AssignLink(cid)
-	return nb.Build()
-}
-
-func Bool(val bool) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.Bool.NewBuilder()
-	nb.AssignBool(val)
-	return nb.Build()
-}
-
-func Int(val int64) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.Int.NewBuilder()
-	nb.AssignInt(val)
-	return nb.Build()
-}
-
-func Float(val float64) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.Float.NewBuilder()
-	nb.AssignFloat(val)
-	return nb.Build()
-}
-
-func String(val string) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.String.NewBuilder()
-	nb.AssignString(val)
-	return nb.Build()
-}
-
-func Bytes(val []byte) ipld.Node {
-	nb := basicnode.Prototype.Bytes.NewBuilder()
-	nb.AssignBytes(val)
-	return nb.Build()
 }
 
 func Null() ipld.Node {
@@ -50,3 +30,158 @@ func Null() ipld.Node {
 	nb.AssignNull()
 	return nb.Build()
 }
+
+// Map creates an IPLD node from a map[string]any
+func Map[T any](m map[string]T) (ipld.Node, error) {
+	return qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(m)), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+		// deterministic iteration
+		keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+		for key := range m {
+			keys = append(keys, key)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(keys)
+		for _, key := range keys {
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, key, anyAssemble(m[key]))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// List creates an IPLD node from a []any
+func List[T any](l []T) (ipld.Node, error) {
+	return qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(l)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+		for _, val := range l {
+			qp.ListEntry(la, anyAssemble(val))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Any creates an IPLD node from any value
+// If possible, use another dedicated function for your type for performance.
+func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
+	// TODO: handle uint overflow below
+
+	// some fast path
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		return basicnode.NewBool(val), nil
+	case string:
+		return basicnode.NewString(val), nil
+	case int:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case int8:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case int16:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case int32:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case int64:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(val), nil
+	case uint:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case uint8:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case uint16:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case uint32:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case uint64:
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
+	case float32:
+		return basicnode.NewFloat(float64(val)), nil
+	case float64:
+		return basicnode.NewFloat(val), nil
+	case []byte:
+		return basicnode.NewBytes(val), nil
+	case datamodel.Node:
+		return val, nil
+	case cid.Cid:
+		return LinkCid(val), nil
+	default:
+	}
+
+	builder := basicnode.Prototype__Any{}.NewBuilder()
+
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("%v", r)
+			res = nil
+		}
+	}()
+
+	anyAssemble(v)(builder)
+
+	return builder.Build(), nil
+}
+
+func anyAssemble(val any) qp.Assemble {
+	var rt reflect.Type
+	var rv reflect.Value
+
+	// support for recursive calls, staying in reflection land
+	if cast, ok := val.(reflect.Value); ok {
+		rt = cast.Type()
+		rv = cast
+	} else {
+		rt = reflect.TypeOf(val)
+		rv = reflect.ValueOf(val)
+	}
+
+	// we need to dereference in some cases, to get the real value type
+	if rt.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || rt.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		rv = rv.Elem()
+		rt = rv.Type()
+	}
+
+	switch rt.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Array:
+		if rt.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
+			panic("bytes array are not supported yet")
+		}
+		return qp.List(int64(rv.Len()), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			for i := range rv.Len() {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, anyAssemble(rv.Index(i)))
+			}
+		})
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		if rt.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
+			return qp.Bytes(val.([]byte))
+		}
+		return qp.List(int64(rv.Len()), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			for i := range rv.Len() {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, anyAssemble(rv.Index(i)))
+			}
+		})
+	case reflect.Map:
+		if rt.Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
+			break
+		}
+		// deterministic iteration
+		keys := rv.MapKeys()
+		sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return keys[i].String() < keys[j].String()
+		})
+		return qp.Map(int64(rv.Len()), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+			for _, key := range keys {
+				qp.MapEntry(ma, key.String(), anyAssemble(rv.MapIndex(key)))
+			}
+		})
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return qp.Bool(rv.Bool())
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return qp.Int(rv.Int())
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return qp.Int(int64(rv.Uint()))
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return qp.Float(rv.Float())
+	case reflect.String:
+		return qp.String(rv.String())
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		if rt == reflect.TypeOf(cid.Cid{}) {
+			c := rv.Interface().(cid.Cid)
+			return qp.Link(cidlink.Link{Cid: c})
+		}
+	default:
+	}
+
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported type %T", val))
+}

pkg/policy/literal/literal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+package literal
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestList(t *testing.T) {
+	n, err := List([]int{1, 2, 3})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, n.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(3), n.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: int{1}
+	1: int{2}
+	2: int{3}
+}`, printer.Sprint(n))
+
+	n, err = List([][]int{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, n.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), n.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: list{
+		0: int{1}
+		1: int{2}
+		2: int{3}
+	}
+	1: list{
+		0: int{4}
+		1: int{5}
+		2: int{6}
+	}
+}`, printer.Sprint(n))
+}
+
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	n, err := Map(map[string]any{
+		"bool":   true,
+		"string": "foobar",
+		"bytes":  []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
+		"int":    1234,
+		"uint":   uint(12345),
+		"float":  1.45,
+		"slice":  []int{1, 2, 3},
+		"array":  [2]int{1, 2},
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"foo": "bar",
+			"foofoo": map[string]string{
+				"barbar": "foo",
+			},
+		},
+		"link": cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm"),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	v, err := n.LookupByString("bool")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bool, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, true, must(v.AsBool()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("string")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_String, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, "foobar", must(v.AsString()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("bytes")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bytes, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}, must(v.AsBytes()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("int")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1234), must(v.AsInt()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("uint")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(12345), must(v.AsInt()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("float")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Float, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, 1.45, must(v.AsFloat()))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("slice")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(3), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: int{1}
+	1: int{2}
+	2: int{3}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("array")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: int{1}
+	1: int{2}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("map")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Map, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `map{
+	string{"foo"}: string{"bar"}
+	string{"foofoo"}: map{
+		string{"barbar"}: string{"foo"}
+	}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = n.LookupByString("link")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Link, v.Kind())
+	asLink, err := v.AsLink()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, asLink.(cidlink.Link).Equals(cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")))
+}
+
+func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"bool":   true,
+		"string": "foobar",
+		"bytes":  []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
+		"int":    1234,
+		"uint":   uint(12345),
+		"float":  1.45,
+		"slice":  []int{1, 2, 3},
+		"array":  [2]int{1, 2},
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"foo": "bar",
+			"foofoo": map[string]string{
+				"barbar": "foo",
+			},
+		},
+		"link": cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm"),
+		"func": func() {},
+	}
+
+	v, err := Any(data["bool"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bool, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, true, must(v.AsBool()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["string"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_String, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, "foobar", must(v.AsString()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["bytes"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bytes, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}, must(v.AsBytes()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["int"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1234), must(v.AsInt()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["uint"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(12345), must(v.AsInt()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["float"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Float, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, 1.45, must(v.AsFloat()))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["slice"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(3), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: int{1}
+	1: int{2}
+	2: int{3}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["array"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `list{
+	0: int{1}
+	1: int{2}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["map"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Map, v.Kind())
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
+	require.Equal(t, `map{
+	string{"foo"}: string{"bar"}
+	string{"foofoo"}: map{
+		string{"barbar"}: string{"foo"}
+	}
+}`, printer.Sprint(v))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["link"])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Link, v.Kind())
+	asLink, err := v.AsLink()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, asLink.(cidlink.Link).Equals(cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")))
+
+	v, err = Any(data["func"])
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAny(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Run("bool", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			_, _ = Any(true)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("string", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			_, _ = Any("foobar")
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("bytes", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			_, _ = Any([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4})
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("map", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			_, _ = Any(map[string]any{
+				"foo": "bar",
+				"foofoo": map[string]string{
+					"barbar": "foo",
+				},
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func must[T any](t T, err error) T {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return t
+}

pkg/policy/match.go

@@ -7,152 +7,246 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
 )
 
-// Match determines if the IPLD node matches the policy document.
+// Match determines if the IPLD node satisfies the policy.
-func Match(policy Policy, node ipld.Node) bool {
+// The first Statement failing to match is returned as well.
-	for _, stmt := range policy {
+func (p Policy) Match(node datamodel.Node) (bool, Statement) {
-		ok := matchStatement(stmt, node)
+	for _, stmt := range p {
-		if !ok {
+		res, leaf := matchStatement(stmt, node)
-			return false
+		switch res {
+		case matchResultNoData, matchResultFalse:
+			return false, leaf
+		case matchResultOptionalNoData, matchResultTrue:
+			// continue
 		}
 	}
-	return true
+	return true, nil
 }
 
-func matchStatement(statement Statement, node ipld.Node) bool {
+// PartialMatch returns false IIF one non-optional Statement has the corresponding data and doesn't match.
-	switch statement.Kind() {
+// If the data is missing or the non-optional Statement is matching, true is returned.
-	case KindEqual:
+//
-		if s, ok := statement.(equality); ok {
+// This allows performing the policy checking in multiple steps, and find immediately if a Statement already failed.
-			one, many, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
+// A final call to Match is necessary to make sure that the policy is fully matched, with no missing data
-			if err != nil {
+// (apart from optional values).
-				return false
+//
-			}
+// The first Statement failing to match is returned as well.
-			if one != nil {
+func (p Policy) PartialMatch(node datamodel.Node) (bool, Statement) {
-				return datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, one)
+	for _, stmt := range p {
-			}
+		res, leaf := matchStatement(stmt, node)
-			if many != nil {
+		switch res {
-				for _, n := range many {
+		case matchResultFalse:
-					if eq := datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, n); eq {
+			return false, leaf
-						return true
+		case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData, matchResultTrue:
-					}
+			// continue
-				}
-			}
-
-			return false
-		}
-	case KindGreaterThan:
-		if s, ok := statement.(equality); ok {
-			one, _, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || one == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			return isOrdered(s.value, one, gt)
-		}
-	case KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
-		if s, ok := statement.(equality); ok {
-			one, _, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || one == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			return isOrdered(s.value, one, gte)
-		}
-	case KindLessThan:
-		if s, ok := statement.(equality); ok {
-			one, _, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || one == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			return isOrdered(s.value, one, lt)
-		}
-	case KindLessThanOrEqual:
-		if s, ok := statement.(equality); ok {
-			one, _, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || one == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			return isOrdered(s.value, one, lte)
-		}
-	case KindNot:
-		if s, ok := statement.(negation); ok {
-			return !matchStatement(s.statement, node)
-		}
-	case KindAnd:
-		if s, ok := statement.(connective); ok {
-			for _, cs := range s.statements {
-				r := matchStatement(cs, node)
-				if !r {
-					return false
-				}
-			}
-			return true
-		}
-	case KindOr:
-		if s, ok := statement.(connective); ok {
-			if len(s.statements) == 0 {
-				return true
-			}
-			for _, cs := range s.statements {
-				r := matchStatement(cs, node)
-				if r {
-					return true
-				}
-			}
-			return false
-		}
-	case KindLike:
-		if s, ok := statement.(wildcard); ok {
-			one, _, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || one == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			v, err := one.AsString()
-			if err != nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			return s.pattern.Match(v)
-		}
-	case KindAll:
-		if s, ok := statement.(quantifier); ok {
-			_, many, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil || many == nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			for _, n := range many {
-				ok := matchStatement(s.statement, n)
-				if !ok {
-					return false
-				}
-			}
-			return true
-		}
-	case KindAny:
-		if s, ok := statement.(quantifier); ok {
-			one, many, err := selector.Select(s.selector, node)
-			if err != nil {
-				return false
-			}
-			if one != nil {
-				ok := matchStatement(s.statement, one)
-				if ok {
-					return true
-				}
-			}
-			if many != nil {
-				for _, n := range many {
-					ok := matchStatement(s.statement, n)
-					if ok {
-						return true
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			return false
 		}
 	}
-	panic(fmt.Errorf("unimplemented statement kind: %s", statement.Kind()))
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+type matchResult int8
+
+const (
+	matchResultTrue           matchResult = iota // statement has data and resolve to true
+	matchResultFalse                             // statement has data and resolve to false
+	matchResultNoData                            // statement has no data
+	matchResultOptionalNoData                    // statement has no data and is optional
+)
+
+// matchStatement evaluate the policy against the given ipld.Node and returns:
+// - matchResultTrue: if the selector matched and the statement evaluated to true.
+// - matchResultFalse: if the selector matched and the statement evaluated to false.
+// - matchResultNoData: if the selector didn't match the expected data.
+// For matchResultTrue and matchResultNoData, the leaf-most (innermost) statement failing to be true is returned,
+// as well as the corresponding root-most encompassing statement.
+func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Statement) {
+	var boolToRes = func(v bool) (matchResult, Statement) {
+		if v {
+			return matchResultTrue, nil
+		} else {
+			return matchResultFalse, cur
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch cur.Kind() {
+	case KindEqual:
+		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			return boolToRes(datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, res))
+		}
+	case KindGreaterThan:
+		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			return boolToRes(isOrdered(s.value, res, gt))
+		}
+	case KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
+		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			return boolToRes(isOrdered(s.value, res, gte))
+		}
+	case KindLessThan:
+		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			return boolToRes(isOrdered(s.value, res, lt))
+		}
+	case KindLessThanOrEqual:
+		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			return boolToRes(isOrdered(s.value, res, lte))
+		}
+	case KindNot:
+		if s, ok := cur.(negation); ok {
+			res, leaf := matchStatement(s.statement, node)
+			switch res {
+			case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
+				return res, leaf
+			case matchResultTrue:
+				return matchResultFalse, cur
+			case matchResultFalse:
+				return matchResultTrue, nil
+			}
+		}
+	case KindAnd:
+		if s, ok := cur.(connective); ok {
+			for _, cs := range s.statements {
+				res, leaf := matchStatement(cs, node)
+				switch res {
+				case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
+					return res, leaf
+				case matchResultTrue:
+					// continue
+				case matchResultFalse:
+					return matchResultFalse, leaf
+				}
+			}
+			return matchResultTrue, nil
+		}
+	case KindOr:
+		if s, ok := cur.(connective); ok {
+			if len(s.statements) == 0 {
+				return matchResultTrue, nil
+			}
+			for _, cs := range s.statements {
+				res, leaf := matchStatement(cs, node)
+				switch res {
+				case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
+					return res, leaf
+				case matchResultTrue:
+					return matchResultTrue, leaf
+				case matchResultFalse:
+					// continue
+				}
+			}
+			return matchResultFalse, cur
+		}
+	case KindLike:
+		if s, ok := cur.(wildcard); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			v, err := res.AsString()
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultFalse, cur // not a string
+			}
+			return boolToRes(s.pattern.Match(v))
+		}
+	case KindAll:
+		if s, ok := cur.(quantifier); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil {
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			it := res.ListIterator()
+			if it == nil {
+				return matchResultFalse, cur // not a list
+			}
+			for !it.Done() {
+				_, v, err := it.Next()
+				if err != nil {
+					panic("should never happen")
+				}
+				matchRes, leaf := matchStatement(s.statement, v)
+				switch matchRes {
+				case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
+					return matchRes, leaf
+				case matchResultTrue:
+					// continue
+				case matchResultFalse:
+					return matchResultFalse, leaf
+				}
+			}
+			return matchResultTrue, nil
+		}
+	case KindAny:
+		if s, ok := cur.(quantifier); ok {
+			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return matchResultNoData, cur
+			}
+			if res == nil {
+				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
+			}
+			it := res.ListIterator()
+			if it == nil {
+				return matchResultFalse, cur // not a list
+			}
+			for !it.Done() {
+				_, v, err := it.Next()
+				if err != nil {
+					panic("should never happen")
+				}
+				matchRes, leaf := matchStatement(s.statement, v)
+				switch matchRes {
+				case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
+					return matchRes, leaf
+				case matchResultTrue:
+					return matchResultTrue, nil
+				case matchResultFalse:
+					// continue
+				}
+			}
+			return matchResultFalse, cur
+		}
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Errorf("unimplemented statement kind: %s", cur.Kind()))
 }
 
 func isOrdered(expected ipld.Node, actual ipld.Node, satisfies func(order int) bool) bool {

pkg/policy/policy.go

@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@ package policy
 // https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/blob/4094d5878b58f5d35055a3b93fccda0b8329ebae/README.md#policy
 
 import (
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+
+	selpkg "github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -24,13 +28,43 @@ const (
 
 type Policy []Statement
 
+type Constructor func() (Statement, error)
+
+func Construct(cstors ...Constructor) (Policy, error) {
+	stmts, err := assemble(cstors)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return stmts, nil
+}
+
+func MustConstruct(cstors ...Constructor) Policy {
+	pol, err := Construct(cstors...)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return pol
+}
+
+func (p Policy) String() string {
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return "[]"
+	}
+	childs := make([]string, len(p))
+	for i, statement := range p {
+		childs[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(statement.String(), "\n", "\n  ")
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\n  %s\n]", strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
+}
+
 type Statement interface {
 	Kind() string
+	String() string
 }
 
 type equality struct {
 	kind     string
-	selector selector.Selector
+	selector selpkg.Selector
 	value    ipld.Node
 }
 
@@ -38,24 +72,47 @@ func (e equality) Kind() string {
 	return e.kind
 }
 
-func Equal(selector selector.Selector, value ipld.Node) Statement {
+func (e equality) String() string {
-	return equality{kind: KindEqual, selector: selector, value: value}
+	child, err := ipld.Encode(e.value, dagjson.Encode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "ERROR: INVALID VALUE"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", "%s", %s]`, e.kind, e.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(string(child), "\n", "\n  "))
 }
 
-func GreaterThan(selector selector.Selector, value ipld.Node) Statement {
+func Equal(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return equality{kind: KindGreaterThan, selector: selector, value: value}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return equality{kind: KindEqual, selector: sel, value: value}, err
+	}
 }
 
-func GreaterThanOrEqual(selector selector.Selector, value ipld.Node) Statement {
+func GreaterThan(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return equality{kind: KindGreaterThanOrEqual, selector: selector, value: value}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return equality{kind: KindGreaterThan, selector: sel, value: value}, err
+	}
 }
 
-func LessThan(selector selector.Selector, value ipld.Node) Statement {
+func GreaterThanOrEqual(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return equality{kind: KindLessThan, selector: selector, value: value}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return equality{kind: KindGreaterThanOrEqual, selector: sel, value: value}, err
+	}
 }
 
-func LessThanOrEqual(selector selector.Selector, value ipld.Node) Statement {
+func LessThan(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return equality{kind: KindLessThanOrEqual, selector: selector, value: value}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return equality{kind: KindLessThan, selector: sel, value: value}, err
+	}
+}
+
+func LessThanOrEqual(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return equality{kind: KindLessThanOrEqual, selector: sel, value: value}, err
+	}
 }
 
 type negation struct {
@@ -66,8 +123,16 @@ func (n negation) Kind() string {
 	return KindNot
 }
 
-func Not(stmt Statement) Statement {
+func (n negation) String() string {
-	return negation{statement: stmt}
+	child := n.statement.String()
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", "%s"]`, n.Kind(), strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
+}
+
+func Not(cstor Constructor) Constructor {
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		stmt, err := cstor()
+		return negation{statement: stmt}, err
+	}
 }
 
 type connective struct {
@@ -79,16 +144,36 @@ func (c connective) Kind() string {
 	return c.kind
 }
 
-func And(stmts ...Statement) Statement {
+func (c connective) String() string {
-	return connective{kind: KindAnd, statements: stmts}
+	childs := make([]string, len(c.statements))
+	for i, statement := range c.statements {
+		childs[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(statement.String(), "\n", "\n  ")
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", [\n  %s]]\n", c.kind, strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
 }
 
-func Or(stmts ...Statement) Statement {
+func And(cstors ...Constructor) Constructor {
-	return connective{kind: KindOr, statements: stmts}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		stmts, err := assemble(cstors)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return connective{kind: KindAnd, statements: stmts}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func Or(cstors ...Constructor) Constructor {
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		stmts, err := assemble(cstors)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return connective{kind: KindOr, statements: stmts}, nil
+	}
 }
 
 type wildcard struct {
-	selector selector.Selector
+	selector selpkg.Selector
 	pattern  glob
 }
 
@@ -96,18 +181,24 @@ func (n wildcard) Kind() string {
 	return KindLike
 }
 
-func Like(selector selector.Selector, pattern string) (Statement, error) {
+func (n wildcard) String() string {
-	g, err := parseGlob(pattern)
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", "%s", "%s"]`, n.Kind(), n.selector, n.pattern)
-	if err != nil {
+}
-		return nil, err
-	}
 
-	return wildcard{selector: selector, pattern: g}, nil
+func Like(selector string, pattern string) Constructor {
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		g, err := parseGlob(pattern)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return wildcard{selector: sel, pattern: g}, err
+	}
 }
 
 type quantifier struct {
 	kind      string
-	selector  selector.Selector
+	selector  selpkg.Selector
 	statement Statement
 }
 
@@ -115,10 +206,41 @@ func (n quantifier) Kind() string {
 	return n.kind
 }
 
-func All(selector selector.Selector, statement Statement) Statement {
+func (n quantifier) String() string {
-	return quantifier{kind: KindAll, selector: selector, statement: statement}
+	child := n.statement.String()
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", \"%s\",\n  %s]", n.Kind(), n.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
 }
 
-func Any(selector selector.Selector, statement Statement) Statement {
+func All(selector string, cstor Constructor) Constructor {
-	return quantifier{kind: KindAny, selector: selector, statement: statement}
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		stmt, err := cstor()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return quantifier{kind: KindAll, selector: sel, statement: stmt}, err
+	}
+}
+
+func Any(selector string, cstor Constructor) Constructor {
+	return func() (Statement, error) {
+		stmt, err := cstor()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
+		return quantifier{kind: KindAny, selector: sel, statement: stmt}, err
+	}
+}
+
+func assemble(cstors []Constructor) ([]Statement, error) {
+	stmts := make([]Statement, 0, len(cstors))
+	for _, cstor := range cstors {
+		stmt, err := cstor()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		stmts = append(stmts, stmt)
+	}
+	return stmts, nil
 }

pkg/policy/policy_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package policy_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
+)
+
+func ExamplePolicy() {
+	pol := policy.MustConstruct(
+		policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")),
+		policy.All(".reviewer",
+			policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+		),
+		policy.Any(".tags", policy.Or(
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("news")),
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("press")),
+		)),
+	)
+
+	fmt.Println(pol)
+
+	// Output:
+	// [
+	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
+	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
+	//   ["any", ".tags",
+	//     ["or", [
+	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
+	// ]
+}
+
+func ExamplePolicy_accumulate() {
+	var statements []policy.Constructor
+
+	statements = append(statements, policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")))
+
+	statements = append(statements, policy.All(".reviewer",
+		policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+	))
+
+	statements = append(statements, policy.Any(".tags", policy.Or(
+		policy.Equal(".", literal.String("news")),
+		policy.Equal(".", literal.String("press")),
+	)))
+
+	pol := policy.MustConstruct(statements...)
+
+	fmt.Println(pol)
+
+	// Output:
+	// [
+	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
+	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
+	//   ["any", ".tags",
+	//     ["or", [
+	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
+	// ]
+}
+
+func TestConstruct(t *testing.T) {
+	pol, err := policy.Construct(
+		policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")),
+		policy.All(".reviewer",
+			policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+		),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, pol)
+
+	// check if errors cascade correctly
+	pol, err = policy.Construct(
+		policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")),
+		policy.All(".reviewer", policy.Or(
+			policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+			policy.Like(".", "\\"), // invalid pattern
+		)),
+	)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, pol)
+}

pkg/policy/selector/parsing.go

@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@ package selector
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )
 
+var (
+	indexRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?\d+$`)
+	sliceRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^((\-?\d+:\-?\d*)|(\-?\d*:\-?\d+))$`)
+	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_]*?$`)
+)
+
 func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 	if len(str) == 0 {
 		return nil, newParseError("empty selector", str, 0, "")
@@ -13,6 +21,12 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 	if string(str[0]) != "." {
 		return nil, newParseError("selector must start with identity segment '.'", str, 0, string(str[0]))
 	}
+	if str == "." {
+		return Selector{segment{str: ".", identity: true}}, nil
+	}
+	if str == ".?" {
+		return Selector{segment{str: ".?", identity: true, optional: true}}, nil
+	}
 
 	col := 0
 	var sel Selector
@@ -20,56 +34,70 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 		seg := tok
 		opt := strings.HasSuffix(tok, "?")
 		if opt {
-			seg = tok[0 : len(tok)-1]
+			seg = strings.TrimRight(tok, "?")
 		}
-		switch seg {
+		switch {
-		case ".":
+		case seg == ".":
 			if len(sel) > 0 && sel[len(sel)-1].Identity() {
 				return nil, newParseError("selector contains unsupported recursive descent segment: '..'", str, col, tok)
 			}
-			sel = append(sel, Identity)
+			sel = append(sel, segment{str: ".", identity: true})
-		case "[]":
-			sel = append(sel, segment{tok, false, opt, true, nil, "", 0})
-		default:
-			if strings.HasPrefix(seg, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(seg, "]") {
-				lookup := seg[1 : len(seg)-1]
 
-				if indexRegex.MatchString(lookup) { // index
+		case seg == "[]":
-					idx, err := strconv.Atoi(lookup)
+			sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, iterator: true})
-					if err != nil {
+
-						return nil, newParseError("invalid index", str, col, tok)
+		case strings.HasPrefix(seg, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(seg, "]"):
-					}
+			lookup := seg[1 : len(seg)-1]
-					sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, index: idx})
+
-				} else if strings.HasPrefix(lookup, "\"") && strings.HasSuffix(lookup, "\"") { // explicit field
+			switch {
-					sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, field: lookup[1 : len(lookup)-1]})
+			// index, [123]
-				} else if sliceRegex.MatchString(lookup) { // slice [3:5] or [:5] or [3:]
+			case indexRegex.MatchString(lookup):
-					var rng []int
+				idx, err := strconv.Atoi(lookup)
-					splt := strings.Split(lookup, ":")
+				if err != nil {
-					if splt[0] == "" {
+					return nil, newParseError("invalid index", str, col, tok)
-						rng = append(rng, 0)
+				}
-					} else {
+				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, index: idx})
-						i, err := strconv.Atoi(splt[0])
+
-						if err != nil {
+			// explicit field, ["abcd"]
-							return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
+			case strings.HasPrefix(lookup, "\"") && strings.HasSuffix(lookup, "\""):
-						}
+				fieldName := lookup[1 : len(lookup)-1]
-						rng = append(rng, i)
+				if strings.Contains(fieldName, ":") {
-					}
-					if splt[1] != "" {
-						i, err := strconv.Atoi(splt[1])
-						if err != nil {
-							return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
-						}
-						rng = append(rng, i)
-					}
-					sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, slice: rng})
-				} else {
 					return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("invalid segment: %s", seg), str, col, tok)
 				}
-			} else if fieldRegex.MatchString(seg) {
+				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, field: fieldName})
-				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, field: seg[1:]})
+
-			} else {
+			// slice [3:5] or [:5] or [3:], also negative numbers
+			case sliceRegex.MatchString(lookup):
+				var rng [2]int64
+				splt := strings.Split(lookup, ":")
+				if splt[0] == "" {
+					rng[0] = math.MinInt
+				} else {
+					i, err := strconv.ParseInt(splt[0], 10, 0)
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
+					}
+					rng[0] = i
+				}
+				if splt[1] == "" {
+					rng[1] = math.MaxInt
+				} else {
+					i, err := strconv.ParseInt(splt[1], 10, 0)
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
+					}
+					rng[1] = i
+				}
+				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, slice: rng[:]})
+
+			default:
 				return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("invalid segment: %s", seg), str, col, tok)
 			}
+
+		case fieldRegex.MatchString(seg):
+			sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, field: seg[1:]})
+		default:
+			return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("invalid segment: %s", seg), str, col, tok)
 		}
 		col += len(tok)
 	}

pkg/policy/selector/parsing_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+package selector
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("identity", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("dotted field name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".foo")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("iterator, collection value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[138]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), 138)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("negative index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[-138]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), -138)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("List slice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[7:11]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{7, 11})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[2:]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{2, math.MaxInt})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[:42]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{math.MinInt, 42})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[0:-2]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{0, -2})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional identity", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional dotted field name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".foo?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"]?`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional iterator", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[138]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), 138)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional negative index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[-138]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), -138)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("optional list slice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[7:11]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{7, 11})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[2:]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{2, math.MaxInt})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[:42]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{math.MinInt, 42})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+
+		sel, err = Parse(".[0:-2]?")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{0, -2})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("idempotent optional", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".foo???")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("deny multi dot", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse("..")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("nesting", func(t *testing.T) {
+		str := `.foo.["bar"].[138]?.baz[1:]`
+		sel, err := Parse(str)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, str, sel.String())
+		require.Equal(t, 7, len(sel))
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.True(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[2].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[2].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[2].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[2].Field(), "bar")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Index())
+		require.True(t, sel[3].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[3].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[3].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[4].Identity())
+		require.True(t, sel[4].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[4].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[4].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[4].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[4].Index(), 138)
+		require.False(t, sel[5].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[5].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[5].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[5].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[5].Field(), "baz")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[5].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[6].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[6].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[6].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[6].Slice(), []int64{1, math.MaxInt})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[6].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[6].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non dotted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse("foo")
+		require.NotNil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non quoted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
+		require.NotNil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with negative start and positive end", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[0:-2]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{0, -2})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with start greater than end", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(".[5:2]")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{5, 2})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice on string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"].[1:3]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 4, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+		require.True(t, sel[2].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[2].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[2].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[3].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[3].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[3].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[3].Slice(), []int64{1, 3})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice on array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[1:3]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Slice(), []int64{1, 3})
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index on array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[1]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), 1)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid slice on object", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse(`.["foo":"bar"]`)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid segment")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index on object", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
+		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
+		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
+		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
+		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with non-integer start", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse(".[foo:3]")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with non-integer end", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse(".[1:bar]")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index with non-integer", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+}

pkg/policy/selector/selector.go

@@ -2,19 +2,29 @@ package selector
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
 )
 
 // Selector describes a UCAN policy selector, as specified here:
 // https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/blob/4094d5878b58f5d35055a3b93fccda0b8329ebae/README.md#selectors
 type Selector []segment
 
+// Select perform the selection described by the selector on the input IPLD DAG.
+// Select can return:
+//   - exactly one matched IPLD node
+//   - a resolutionerr error if not being able to resolve to a node
+//   - nil and no errors, if the selector couldn't match on an optional segment (with ?).
+func (s Selector) Select(subject ipld.Node) (ipld.Node, error) {
+	return resolve(s, subject, nil)
+}
+
 func (s Selector) String() string {
 	var res strings.Builder
 	for _, seg := range s {
@@ -23,20 +33,12 @@ func (s Selector) String() string {
 	return res.String()
 }
 
-var Identity = segment{".", true, false, false, nil, "", 0}
-
-var (
-	indexRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?\d+$`)
-	sliceRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^((\-?\d+:\-?\d*)|(\-?\d*:\-?\d+))$`)
-	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_]*?$`)
-)
-
 type segment struct {
 	str      string
 	identity bool
 	optional bool
 	iterator bool
-	slice    []int
+	slice    []int64 // either 0-length or 2-length
 	field    string
 	index    int
 }
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ func (s segment) Iterator() bool {
 }
 
 // Slice flags that this segment targets a range of a slice.
-func (s segment) Slice() []int {
+func (s segment) Slice() []int64 {
 	return s.slice
 }
 
@@ -76,308 +78,168 @@ func (s segment) Index() int {
 	return s.index
 }
 
-// Select uses a selector to extract an IPLD node or set of nodes from the
+func resolve(sel Selector, subject ipld.Node, at []string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-// passed subject node.
+	errIfNotOptional := func(s segment, err error) error {
-func Select(sel Selector, subject ipld.Node) (ipld.Node, []ipld.Node, error) {
+		if !s.Optional() {
-	return resolve(sel, subject, nil)
+			return err
-}
-
-func resolve(sel Selector, subject ipld.Node, at []string) (ipld.Node, []ipld.Node, error) {
-	cur := subject
-	for i, seg := range sel {
-		if seg.Identity() {
-			continue
 		}
+		return nil
+	}
 
+	cur := subject
+	for _, seg := range sel {
 		// 1st level: handle the different segment types (iterator, field, slice, index)
 		// 2nd level: handle different node kinds (list, map, string, bytes)
 		switch {
+		case seg.Identity():
+			continue
+
 		case seg.Iterator():
-			if cur == nil || cur.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_Null {
+			switch {
+			case cur == nil || cur.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_Null:
 				if seg.Optional() {
-					// build empty list
+					// build an empty list
-					nb := basicnode.Prototype.List.NewBuilder()
+					n, _ := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 0, func(_ datamodel.ListAssembler) {})
-					assembler, err := nb.BeginList(0)
+					return n, nil
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, nil, err
-					}
-
-					if err = assembler.Finish(); err != nil {
-						return nil, nil, err
-					}
-
-					return nb.Build(), nil, nil
-				} else {
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
 				}
-			} else {
+				return nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
-				var many []ipld.Node
-				switch cur.Kind() {
-				case datamodel.Kind_List:
-					it := cur.ListIterator()
-					for !it.Done() {
-						_, v, err := it.Next()
-						if err != nil {
-							return nil, nil, err
-						}
 
-						// check if there are more iterator segments
+			case cur.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_List:
-						if len(sel) > i+1 && sel[i+1].Iterator() {
+				// iterators are no-op on list
-							if v.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_List {
+				continue
-								// recursively resolve the remaining selector segments
+
-								var o ipld.Node
+			case cur.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_Map:
-								var m []ipld.Node
+				// iterators on maps collect the values
-								o, m, err = resolve(sel[i+1:], v, at)
+				nd, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, cur.Length(), func(l datamodel.ListAssembler) {
-								if err != nil {
-									// if the segment is optional and an error occurs, skip the current iteration.
-									if seg.Optional() {
-										continue
-									} else {
-										return nil, nil, err
-									}
-								}
-								if m != nil {
-									many = append(many, m...)
-								} else if o != nil {
-									many = append(many, o)
-								}
-							} else {
-								// if the current value is not a list and the next segment is optional, skip the current iteration
-								if sel[i+1].Optional() {
-									continue
-								} else {
-									return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(v)), at)
-								}
-							}
-						} else {
-							// if there are no more iterator segments, append the current value to the result
-							many = append(many, v)
-						}
-					}
-				case datamodel.Kind_Map:
 					it := cur.MapIterator()
 					for !it.Done() {
 						_, v, err := it.Next()
 						if err != nil {
-							return nil, nil, err
+							// recovered by BuildList
-						}
+							// Error is bubbled up, but should never occur as we already checked the type,
-
+							// and are using the iterator correctly.
-						if len(sel) > i+1 && sel[i+1].Iterator() {
+							// This is verified with fuzzing.
-							if v.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_List {
+							panic(err)
-								var o ipld.Node
-								var m []ipld.Node
-								o, m, err = resolve(sel[i+1:], v, at)
-								if err != nil {
-									if seg.Optional() {
-										continue
-									} else {
-										return nil, nil, err
-									}
-								}
-								if m != nil {
-									many = append(many, m...)
-								} else if o != nil {
-									many = append(many, o)
-								}
-							} else {
-								if sel[i+1].Optional() {
-									continue
-								} else {
-									return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(v)), at)
-								}
-							}
-						} else {
-							many = append(many, v)
 						}
+						qp.ListEntry(l, qp.Node(v))
 					}
-				default:
+				})
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
+				if err != nil {
+					panic("should never happen")
 				}
+				return nd, nil
 
-				return nil, many, nil
+			default:
+				return nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not iterate over kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
 			}
 
 		case seg.Field() != "":
 			at = append(at, seg.Field())
-			if cur == nil {
+			switch {
-				if seg.Optional() {
+			case cur == nil:
-					cur = nil
+				err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access field: %s on kind: %s", seg.Field(), kindString(cur)), at)
-				} else {
+				return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access field: %s on kind: %s", seg.Field(), kindString(cur)), at)
+
-				}
+			case cur.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_Map:
-			} else {
+				n, err := cur.LookupByString(seg.Field())
-				switch cur.Kind() {
+				if err != nil {
-				case datamodel.Kind_Map:
+					// the only possible error is missing field as we already check the type
-					n, err := cur.LookupByString(seg.Field())
+					if seg.Optional() {
-					if err != nil {
+						cur = nil
-						if isMissing(err) {
-							if seg.Optional() {
-								cur = nil
-							} else {
-								return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("object has no field named: %s", seg.Field()), at)
-							}
-						} else {
-							return nil, nil, err
-						}
 					} else {
-						cur = n
+						return nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("object has no field named: %s", seg.Field()), at)
 					}
-				case datamodel.Kind_List:
+				} else {
-					var many []ipld.Node
+					cur = n
-					it := cur.ListIterator()
+				}
-					for !it.Done() {
+
-						_, v, err := it.Next()
+			default:
+				err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access field: %s on kind: %s", seg.Field(), kindString(cur)), at)
+				return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
+			}
+
+		case len(seg.Slice()) > 0:
+			if cur == nil {
+				err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not slice on kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
+				return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
+			}
+
+			slice := seg.Slice()
+
+			switch cur.Kind() {
+			case datamodel.Kind_List:
+				start, end := resolveSliceIndices(slice, cur.Length())
+				sliced, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, end-start, func(l datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+					for i := start; i < end; i++ {
+						item, err := cur.LookupByIndex(i)
 						if err != nil {
-							return nil, nil, err
+							// recovered by BuildList
-						}
+							// Error is bubbled up, but should never occur as we already checked the type and boundaries
-						if v.Kind() == datamodel.Kind_Map {
+							// This is verified with fuzzing.
-							n, err := v.LookupByString(seg.Field())
+							panic(err)
-							if err == nil {
-								many = append(many, n)
-							}
 						}
+						qp.ListEntry(l, qp.Node(item))
 					}
-					if len(many) > 0 {
+				})
-						cur = nil
+				if err != nil {
-						return nil, many, nil
+					panic("should never happen")
-					} else if seg.Optional() {
-						cur = nil
-					} else {
-						return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("no elements in list have field named: %s", seg.Field()), at)
-					}
-				default:
-					if seg.Optional() {
-						cur = nil
-					} else {
-						return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access field: %s on kind: %s", seg.Field(), kindString(cur)), at)
-					}
 				}
+				cur = sliced
+
+			case datamodel.Kind_Bytes:
+				b, _ := cur.AsBytes()
+				start, end := resolveSliceIndices(slice, int64(len(b)))
+				cur = basicnode.NewBytes(b[start:end])
+
+			case datamodel.Kind_String:
+				str, _ := cur.AsString()
+				runes := []rune(str)
+				start, end := resolveSliceIndices(slice, int64(len(runes)))
+				cur = basicnode.NewString(string(runes[start:end]))
+
+			default:
+				return nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not slice on kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
 			}
 
-		case seg.Slice() != nil:
+		default: // Index()
-			if cur == nil {
+			at = append(at, strconv.Itoa(seg.Index()))
-				if seg.Optional() {
-					cur = nil
-				} else {
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not slice on kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
-				}
-			} else {
-				slice := seg.Slice()
-				var start, end, length int64
-				switch cur.Kind() {
-				case datamodel.Kind_List:
-					length = cur.Length()
-					start, end = resolveSliceIndices(slice, length)
-				case datamodel.Kind_Bytes:
-					b, _ := cur.AsBytes()
-					length = int64(len(b))
-					start, end = resolveSliceIndices(slice, length)
-				case datamodel.Kind_String:
-					str, _ := cur.AsString()
-					length = int64(len(str))
-					start, end = resolveSliceIndices(slice, length)
-				default:
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not slice on kind: %s", kindString(cur)), at)
-				}
 
-				if start < 0 || end < start || end > length {
+			if cur == nil {
-					if seg.Optional() {
+				err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access index: %d on kind: %s", seg.Index(), kindString(cur)), at)
-						cur = nil
+				return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
-					} else {
-						return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("slice out of bounds: [%d:%d]", start, end), at)
-					}
-				} else {
-					switch cur.Kind() {
-					case datamodel.Kind_List:
-						if end > cur.Length() {
-							end = cur.Length()
-						}
-						nb := basicnode.Prototype.List.NewBuilder()
-						assembler, _ := nb.BeginList(int64(end - start))
-						for i := start; i < end; i++ {
-							item, _ := cur.LookupByIndex(int64(i))
-							assembler.AssembleValue().AssignNode(item)
-						}
-						assembler.Finish()
-						cur = nb.Build()
-					case datamodel.Kind_Bytes:
-						b, _ := cur.AsBytes()
-						l := int64(len(b))
-						if end > l {
-							end = l
-						}
-						cur = basicnode.NewBytes(b[start:end])
-					case datamodel.Kind_String:
-						str, _ := cur.AsString()
-						l := int64(len(str))
-						if end > l {
-							end = l
-						}
-						cur = basicnode.NewString(str[start:end])
-					}
-				}
 			}
 
-		default:
+			idx := seg.Index()
-			at = append(at, fmt.Sprintf("%d", seg.Index()))
+			switch cur.Kind() {
-			if cur == nil {
+			case datamodel.Kind_List:
-				if seg.Optional() {
+				if idx < 0 {
-					cur = nil
+					idx = int(cur.Length()) + idx
-				} else {
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access index: %d on kind: %s", seg.Index(), kindString(cur)), at)
 				}
-			} else {
+				if idx < 0 || idx >= int(cur.Length()) {
-				idx := seg.Index()
+					err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("index out of bounds: %d", seg.Index()), at)
-				switch cur.Kind() {
+					return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
-				case datamodel.Kind_List:
-					if idx < 0 {
-						idx = int(cur.Length()) + idx
-					}
-					if idx < 0 || idx >= int(cur.Length()) {
-						if seg.Optional() {
-							cur = nil
-						} else {
-							return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("index out of bounds: %d", seg.Index()), at)
-						}
-					} else {
-						cur, _ = cur.LookupByIndex(int64(idx))
-					}
-				case datamodel.Kind_String:
-					str, _ := cur.AsString()
-					if idx < 0 {
-						idx = len(str) + idx
-					}
-					if idx < 0 || idx >= len(str) {
-						if seg.Optional() {
-							cur = nil
-						} else {
-							return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("index out of bounds: %d", seg.Index()), at)
-						}
-					} else {
-						cur = basicnode.NewString(string(str[idx]))
-					}
-				case datamodel.Kind_Bytes:
-					b, _ := cur.AsBytes()
-					if idx < 0 {
-						idx = len(b) + idx
-					}
-					if idx < 0 || idx >= len(b) {
-						if seg.Optional() {
-							cur = nil
-						} else {
-							return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("index out of bounds: %d", seg.Index()), at)
-						}
-					} else {
-						cur = basicnode.NewInt(int64(b[idx]))
-					}
-				default:
-					return nil, nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access index: %d on kind: %s", seg.Index(), kindString(cur)), at)
 				}
+				cur, _ = cur.LookupByIndex(int64(idx))
+
+			case datamodel.Kind_Bytes:
+				b, _ := cur.AsBytes()
+				if idx < 0 {
+					idx = len(b) + idx
+				}
+				if idx < 0 || idx >= len(b) {
+					err := newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("index %d out of bounds for bytes of length %d", seg.Index(), len(b)), at)
+					return nil, errIfNotOptional(seg, err)
+				}
+				cur = basicnode.NewInt(int64(b[idx]))
+
+			default:
+				return nil, newResolutionError(fmt.Sprintf("can not access index: %d on kind: %s", seg.Index(), kindString(cur)), at)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	return cur, nil, nil
+	// segment exhausted, we return where we are
+	return cur, nil
 }
 
 // resolveSliceIndices resolves the start and end indices for slicing a list or byte array.
@@ -391,26 +253,41 @@ func resolve(sel Selector, subject ipld.Node, at []string) (ipld.Node, []ipld.No
 //
 // Returns:
 //   - start: The resolved start index for slicing.
-//   - end: The resolved end index for slicing.
+//   - end: The resolved **excluded** end index for slicing.
-func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int, length int64) (int64, int64) {
+func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int64, length int64) (start int64, end int64) {
-	start, end := int64(0), length
+	if len(slice) != 2 {
-	if len(slice) > 0 {
+		panic("should always be 2-length")
-		start = int64(slice[0])
-		if start < 0 {
-			start = length + start
-			if start < 0 {
-				start = 0
-			}
-		}
 	}
-	if len(slice) > 1 {
+
-		end = int64(slice[1])
+	start, end = slice[0], slice[1]
-		if end <= 0 {
+
-			end = length + end
+	// adjust boundaries
-			if end < start {
+	switch {
-				end = start
+	case slice[0] == math.MinInt:
-			}
+		start = 0
-		}
+	case slice[0] < 0:
+		start = length + slice[0]
+	}
+	switch {
+	case slice[1] == math.MaxInt:
+		end = length
+	case slice[1] < 0:
+		end = length + slice[1]
+	}
+
+	// backward iteration is not allowed, shortcut to an empty result
+	if start >= end {
+		start, end = 0, 0
+	}
+	// clamp out of bound
+	if start < 0 {
+		start = 0
+	}
+	if start > length {
+		start = length
+	}
+	if end > length {
+		end = length
 	}
 
 	return start, end
@@ -423,19 +300,6 @@ func kindString(n datamodel.Node) string {
 	return n.Kind().String()
 }
 
-func isMissing(err error) bool {
-	if _, ok := err.(datamodel.ErrNotExists); ok {
-		return true
-	}
-	if _, ok := err.(schema.ErrNoSuchField); ok {
-		return true
-	}
-	if _, ok := err.(schema.ErrInvalidKey); ok {
-		return true
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 type resolutionerr struct {
 	msg string
 	at  []string

pkg/policy/selector/selector_test.go

@@ -1,252 +1,20 @@
 package selector
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
 	basicnode "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basic"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/bindnode"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("identity", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("field", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".foo")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"]`)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".[138]")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), 138)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("negative index", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".[-138]")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), -138)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("iterator", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".[]")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("optional field", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".foo?")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("optional explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(`.["foo"]?`)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Field(), "foo")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("optional index", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".[138]?")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[1].Index(), 138)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("optional iterator", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".[]?")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 2, len(sel))
-		require.True(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("nesting", func(t *testing.T) {
-		str := `.foo.["bar"].[138]?.baz[1:]`
-		sel, err := Parse(str)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		printSegments(sel)
-		require.Equal(t, str, sel.String())
-		require.Equal(t, 7, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-		require.True(t, sel[1].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[1].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[1].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[2].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[2].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[2].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[2].Field(), "bar")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[2].Index())
-		require.True(t, sel[3].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[3].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[3].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[3].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[4].Identity())
-		require.True(t, sel[4].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[4].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[4].Slice())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[4].Field())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[4].Index(), 138)
-		require.False(t, sel[5].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[5].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[5].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[5].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[5].Field(), "baz")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[5].Index())
-		require.False(t, sel[6].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[6].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[6].Iterator())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[6].Slice(), []int{1})
-		require.Empty(t, sel[6].Field())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[6].Index())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("non dotted", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, err := Parse("foo")
-		require.NotNil(t, err)
-		fmt.Println(err)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("non quoted", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
-		require.NotNil(t, err)
-		fmt.Println(err)
-	})
-}
-
-func printSegments(s Selector) {
-	for i, seg := range s {
-		fmt.Printf("%d: %s\n", i, seg.String())
-	}
-}
-
 func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	type name struct {
 		First  string
@@ -313,14 +81,11 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		res, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 
-		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(one))
+		age := must.Int(must.Node(res.LookupByString("age")))
-
-		age := must.Int(must.Node(one.LookupByString("age")))
 		require.Equal(t, int64(alice.Age), age)
 	})
 
@@ -328,24 +93,18 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".name.first")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		res, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 
-		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(one))
+		name := must.String(res)
-
-		name := must.String(one)
 		require.Equal(t, alice.Name.First, name)
 
-		one, many, err = Select(sel, bnode)
+		res, err = sel.Select(bnode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 
-		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(one))
+		name = must.String(res)
-
-		name = must.String(one)
 		require.Equal(t, bob.Name.First, name)
 	})
 
@@ -353,81 +112,177 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".name.middle?")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		res, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 
-		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(one))
+		name := must.String(res)
-
-		name := must.String(one)
 		require.Equal(t, *alice.Name.Middle, name)
 
-		one, many, err = Select(sel, bnode)
+		res, err = sel.Select(bnode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Empty(t, one)
+		require.Empty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("not exists", func(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".name.foo")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		res, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Empty(t, one)
+		require.Empty(t, res)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionerr{}, "error should be a resolution error")
-
-		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionerr{}, "error was not a resolution error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("optional not exists", func(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".name.foo?")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		one, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Empty(t, one)
-		require.Empty(t, many)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("iterator", func(t *testing.T) {
 		sel, err := Parse(".interests[]")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		res, err := sel.Select(anode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Empty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, many)
 
-		for _, n := range many {
+		iname := must.String(must.Node(must.Node(res.LookupByIndex(0)).LookupByString("name")))
-			fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(n))
-		}
-
-		iname := must.String(must.Node(many[0].LookupByString("name")))
 		require.Equal(t, alice.Interests[0].Name, iname)
 
-		iname = must.String(must.Node(many[1].LookupByString("name")))
+		iname = must.String(must.Node(must.Node(res.LookupByIndex(1)).LookupByString("name")))
 		require.Equal(t, alice.Interests[1].Name, iname)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("map iterator", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("slice on string", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(".interests[0][]")
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[1:3]`)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		one, many, err := Select(sel, anode)
+		node := basicnode.NewString("hello")
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Empty(t, one)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
-		require.NotEmpty(t, many)
 
-		for _, n := range many {
+		str, err := res.AsString()
-			fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(n))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
-		}
+		require.Equal(t, "el", str) // assert sliced substring
+	})
 
-		require.Equal(t, alice.Interests[0].Name, must.String(many[0]))
+	t.Run("out of bounds slicing", func(t *testing.T) {
-		require.Equal(t, alice.Interests[0].Experience, int(must.Int(many[2])))
+		node, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 3, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(1))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(2))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(3))
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[10:20]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(0), res.Length())
+
+		_, err = res.LookupByIndex(0)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, datamodel.ErrNotExists{}) // assert empty result for out of bounds slice
+	})
+
+	t.Run("backward slicing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		node, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 3, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(1))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(2))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(3))
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[5:2]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(0), res.Length())
+
+		_, err = res.LookupByIndex(0)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, datamodel.ErrNotExists{}) // assert empty result for backward slice
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with negative index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		node, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 3, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(1))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(2))
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(3))
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[0:-1]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
+
+		val, err := res.LookupByIndex(1)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, int(must.Int(val))) // Assert sliced value at index 1
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice on bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[1:3]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		node := basicnode.NewBytes([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05})
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
+
+		bytes, err := res.AsBytes()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, []byte{0x02, 0x03}, bytes) // assert sliced bytes
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index on bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[2]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		node := basicnode.NewBytes([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05})
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, res)
+
+		val, err := res.AsInt()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(0x03), val) // assert indexed byte value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("out of bounds slicing on bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[10:20]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		node := basicnode.NewBytes([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03})
+		res, err := sel.Select(node)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+
+		bytes, err := res.AsBytes()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Empty(t, bytes) // assert empty result for out of bounds slice
+	})
+
+	t.Run("out of bounds indexing on bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sel, err := Parse(`.[10]`)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		node := basicnode.NewBytes([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03})
+		_, err = sel.Select(node)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "can not resolve path: .10") // assert error for out of bounds index
 	})
 }
 
@@ -494,6 +349,10 @@ func FuzzParseAndSelect(f *testing.F) {
 		}
 
 		// look for panic()
-		_, _, _ = Select(sel, node)
+		_, err = sel.Select(node)
+		if err != nil && !errors.As(err, &resolutionerr{}) {
+			// not normal, we should only have resolution errors
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
 	})
 }

pkg/policy/selector/supported_test.go

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 package selector_test
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	basicnode "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basic"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
@@ -26,17 +23,15 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 		Output   string
 	}
 
-	// Pass
+	// Pass and return a node
 	for _, testcase := range []Testcase{
 		{Name: "Identity", Selector: `.`, Input: `{"x":1}`, Output: `{"x":1}`},
 		{Name: "Iterator", Selector: `.[]`, Input: `[1, 2]`, Output: `[1, 2]`},
 		{Name: "Optional Null Iterator", Selector: `.[]?`, Input: `null`, Output: `[]`},
-		{Name: "Optional Iterator", Selector: `.[][]?`, Input: `[[1], 2, [3]]`, Output: `[1, 3]`},
 		{Name: "Object Key", Selector: `.x`, Input: `{"x": 1 }`, Output: `1`},
 		{Name: "Quoted Key", Selector: `.["x"]`, Input: `{"x": 1}`, Output: `1`},
 		{Name: "Index", Selector: `.[0]`, Input: `[1, 2]`, Output: `1`},
 		{Name: "Negative Index", Selector: `.[-1]`, Input: `[1, 2]`, Output: `2`},
-		{Name: "String Index", Selector: `.[0]`, Input: `"Hi"`, Output: `"H"`},
 		{Name: "Bytes Index", Selector: `.[0]`, Input: `{"/":{"bytes":"AAE"}}`, Output: `0`},
 		{Name: "Array Slice", Selector: `.[0:2]`, Input: `[0, 1, 2]`, Output: `[0, 1]`},
 		{Name: "Array Slice", Selector: `.[1:]`, Input: `[0, 1, 2]`, Output: `[1, 2]`},
@@ -52,35 +47,16 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// attempt to select
-			node, nodes, err := selector.Select(sel, makeNode(t, tc.Input))
+			res, err := sel.Select(makeNode(t, tc.Input))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.NotEqual(t, node != nil, len(nodes) > 0) // XOR (only one of node or nodes should be set)
+			require.NotNil(t, res)
-
-			// make an IPLD List node from a []datamodel.Node
-			if node == nil {
-				nb := basicnode.Prototype.List.NewBuilder()
-				la, err := nb.BeginList(int64(len(nodes)))
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-				for _, n := range nodes {
-					// TODO: This code is probably not needed if the Select operation properly prunes nil values - e.g.: Optional Iterator
-					if n == nil {
-						n = datamodel.Null
-					}
-
-					require.NoError(t, la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(n))
-				}
-				require.NoError(t, la.Finish())
-
-				node = nb.Build()
-			}
 
 			exp := makeNode(t, tc.Output)
-			equalIPLD(t, exp, node)
+			require.True(t, ipld.DeepEqual(exp, res))
 		})
 	}
 
-	// null
+	// No error and return null, as optional
 	for _, testcase := range []Testcase{
 		{Name: "Optional Missing Key", Selector: `.x?`, Input: `{}`},
 		{Name: "Optional Null Key", Selector: `.x?`, Input: `null`},
@@ -97,19 +73,15 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// attempt to select
-			node, nodes, err := selector.Select(sel, makeNode(t, tc.Input))
+			res, err := sel.Select(makeNode(t, tc.Input))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			// TODO: should Select return a single node which is sometimes a list or null?
+			require.Nil(t, res)
-			// require.Equal(t, datamodel.Null, node)
-			assert.Nil(t, node)
-			assert.Empty(t, nodes)
 		})
 	}
 
-	// error
+	// fail to select and return an error
 	for _, testcase := range []Testcase{
 		{Name: "Null Iterator", Selector: `.[]`, Input: `null`},
-		{Name: "Nested Iterator", Selector: `.[][]`, Input: `[[1], 2, [3]]`},
 		{Name: "Missing Key", Selector: `.x`, Input: `{}`},
 		{Name: "Null Key", Selector: `.x`, Input: `null`},
 		{Name: "Array Key", Selector: `.x`, Input: `[]`},
@@ -124,31 +96,13 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// attempt to select
-			node, nodes, err := selector.Select(sel, makeNode(t, tc.Input))
+			res, err := sel.Select(makeNode(t, tc.Input))
 			require.Error(t, err)
-			assert.Nil(t, node)
+			require.Nil(t, res)
-			assert.Empty(t, nodes)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func equalIPLD(t *testing.T, expected datamodel.Node, actual datamodel.Node) bool {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	exp, act := &bytes.Buffer{}, &bytes.Buffer{}
-	if err := dagjson.Encode(expected, exp); err != nil {
-		return assert.Fail(t, "Failed to encode json for expected IPLD node")
-	}
-
-	if err := dagjson.Encode(actual, act); err != nil {
-		return assert.Fail(t, "Failed to encode JSON for actual IPLD node")
-	}
-
-	require.JSONEq(t, exp.String(), act.String())
-
-	return true
-}
-
 func makeNode(t *testing.T, dagJsonInput string) ipld.Node {
 	t.Helper()
 

token/delegation/delegation.go

@@ -10,18 +10,16 @@ package delegation
 // TODO: change the "delegation" link above when the specification is merged
 
 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
-
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/nonce"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/parse"
 )
 
 // Token is an immutable type that holds the fields of a UCAN delegation.
@@ -44,21 +42,14 @@ type Token struct {
 	notBefore *time.Time
 	// The timestamp at which the Invocation becomes invalid
 	expiration *time.Time
-	// The CID of the Token when enclosed in an Envelope and encoded to DAG-CBOR
-	cid cid.Cid
 }
 
 // New creates a validated Token from the provided parameters and options.
 //
-// When creating a delegated token, the Issuer's (iss) DID is assembed
+// When creating a delegated token, the Issuer's (iss) DID is assembled
 // using the public key associated with the private key sent as the first
 // parameter.
-func New(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+func New(iss, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	iss, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	tkn := &Token{
 		issuer:   iss,
 		audience: aud,
@@ -67,7 +58,6 @@ func New(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Po
 		policy:   pol,
 		meta:     meta.NewMeta(),
 		nonce:    nil,
-		cid:      cid.Undef,
 	}
 
 	for _, opt := range opts {
@@ -76,8 +66,9 @@ func New(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Po
 		}
 	}
 
+	var err error
 	if len(tkn.nonce) == 0 {
-		tkn.nonce, err = generateNonce()
+		tkn.nonce, err = nonce.Generate()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -96,15 +87,10 @@ func New(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Po
 // When creating a root token, both the Issuer's (iss) and Subject's
 // (sub) DIDs are assembled from the public key associated with the
 // private key passed as the first argument.
-func Root(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+func Root(iss, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	sub, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
+	opts = append(opts, WithSubject(iss))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
 
-	opts = append(opts, WithSubject(sub))
+	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
-
-	return New(privKey, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
 }
 
 // Issuer returns the did.DID representing the Token's issuer.
@@ -142,8 +128,8 @@ func (t *Token) Nonce() []byte {
 }
 
 // Meta returns the Token's metadata.
-func (t *Token) Meta() *meta.Meta {
+func (t *Token) Meta() meta.ReadOnly {
-	return t.meta
+	return t.meta.ReadOnly()
 }
 
 // NotBefore returns the time at which the Token becomes "active".
@@ -156,11 +142,22 @@ func (t *Token) Expiration() *time.Time {
 	return t.expiration
 }
 
-// CID returns the content identifier of the Token model when enclosed
+// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the current time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
-// in an Envelope and encoded to DAG-CBOR.
+// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
-// Returns cid.Undef if the token has not been serialized or deserialized yet.
+func (t *Token) IsValidNow() bool {
-func (t *Token) CID() cid.Cid {
+	return t.IsValidAt(time.Now())
-	return t.cid
+}
+
+// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the given time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
+// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
+func (t *Token) IsValidAt(ti time.Time) bool {
+	if t.expiration != nil && ti.After(*t.expiration) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if t.notBefore != nil && ti.Before(*t.notBefore) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
 }
 
 func (t *Token) validate() error {
@@ -195,27 +192,19 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse iss: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	tkn.audience, err = did.Parse(m.Aud)
+	if tkn.audience, err = did.Parse(m.Aud); err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse audience: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if m.Sub != nil {
+	if tkn.subject, err = parse.OptionalDID(m.Sub); err != nil {
-		tkn.subject, err = did.Parse(*m.Sub)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse subject: %w", err)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse subject: %w", err)
-		}
-	} else {
-		tkn.subject = did.Undef
 	}
 
-	tkn.command, err = command.Parse(m.Cmd)
+	if tkn.command, err = command.Parse(m.Cmd); err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse command: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	tkn.policy, err = policy.FromIPLD(m.Pol)
+	if tkn.policy, err = policy.FromIPLD(m.Pol); err != nil {
-	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse policy: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -224,17 +213,10 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 	}
 	tkn.nonce = m.Nonce
 
-	tkn.meta = &m.Meta
+	tkn.meta = m.Meta
 
-	if m.Nbf != nil {
+	tkn.notBefore = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Nbf)
-		t := time.Unix(*m.Nbf, 0)
+	tkn.expiration = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Exp)
-		tkn.notBefore = &t
-	}
-
-	if m.Exp != nil {
-		t := time.Unix(*m.Exp, 0)
-		tkn.expiration = &t
-	}
 
 	if err := tkn.validate(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -242,14 +224,3 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 
 	return &tkn, nil
 }
-
-// generateNonce creates a 12-byte random nonce.
-// TODO: some crypto scheme require more, is that our case?
-func generateNonce() ([]byte, error) {
-	res := make([]byte, 12)
-	_, err := rand.Read(res)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}

token/delegation/delegation.ipldsch

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type Payload struct {
     nonce Bytes
 
     # Arbitrary Metadata
-    meta {String : Any}
+    meta optional {String : Any}
 
     # "Not before" UTC Unix Timestamp in seconds (valid from), 53-bits integer
     nbf optional Int

token/delegation/delegation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+package delegation_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+)
+
+const (
+	nonce = "6roDhGi0kiNriQAz7J3d+bOeoI/tj8ENikmQNbtjnD0"
+
+	subJectCmd = "/foo/bar"
+	subjectPol = `
+[
+	[
+		"==",
+		".status",
+		"draft"
+	],
+	[
+		"all",
+		".reviewer",
+		[
+			"like",
+			".email",
+			"*@example.com"
+		]
+	],
+	[
+		"any",
+		".tags",
+		[
+			"or",
+			[
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"news"
+				],
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"press"
+				]
+			]
+		]
+	]
+]
+`
+
+	newCID  = "zdpuAwa4qv3ncMDPeDoqVxjZy3JoyWsbqUzm94rdA1AvRFkkw"
+	rootCID = "zdpuAkgGmUp5JrXvehGuuw9JA8DLQKDaxtK3R8brDQQVC2i5X"
+
+	aesKey = "xQklMmNTnVrmaPBq/0pwV5fEwuv/iClF5HWak9MsgI8="
+)
+
+func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cmd, err := command.Parse(subJectCmd)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	pol, err := policy.FromDagJson(subjectPol)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	exp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2200-01-01T00:00:00Z")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("New", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
+			delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
+			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
+			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
+			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
+		)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "new.dagjson")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
+			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
+			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
+			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
+		)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "root.dagjson")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEncryptedMeta(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cmd, err := command.Parse(subJectCmd)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pol, err := policy.FromDagJson(subjectPol)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	encryptionKey, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(aesKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, encryptionKey, 32)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		key         string
+		value       string
+		expectError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "simple string",
+			key:   "secret1",
+			value: "hello world",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "empty string",
+			key:   "secret2",
+			value: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "special characters",
+			key:   "secret3",
+			value: "!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:,.<>?",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "unicode characters",
+			key:   "secret4",
+			value: "Hello, 世界! 👋",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+				delegation.WithEncryptedMetaString(tt.key, tt.value, encryptionKey),
+			)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			data, err := tkn.ToDagCbor(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			decodedTkn, _, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			_, err = decodedTkn.Meta().GetString(tt.key)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+
+			decrypted, err := decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(tt.key, encryptionKey)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			// Verify the decrypted value is equal to the original
+			require.Equal(t, tt.value, decrypted)
+
+			// Try to decrypt with wrong key
+			wrongKey := make([]byte, 32)
+			_, err = decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(tt.key, wrongKey)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("multiple encrypted values in the same token", func(t *testing.T) {
+		values := map[string]string{
+			"secret1": "value1",
+			"secret2": "value2",
+			"secret3": "value3",
+		}
+		var opts []delegation.Option
+		for k, v := range values {
+			opts = append(opts, delegation.WithEncryptedMetaString(k, v, encryptionKey))
+		}
+
+		// Create token with multiple encrypted values
+		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, opts...)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		data, err := tkn.ToDagCbor(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		decodedTkn, _, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		for k, v := range values {
+			decrypted, err := decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(k, encryptionKey)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, v, decrypted)
+		}
+	})
+}

token/delegation/delegationtest/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# delegationtest
+
+See the package documentation for instructions on how to use the generated
+tokens as well as information on how to regenerate the code if changes have
+been made.

token/delegation/delegationtest/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Package delegationtest provides a set of pre-built delegation tokens
+// for a variety of test cases.
+//
+// For all delegation tokens, the name of the delegation token is the
+// Issuer appended with the Audience.  The tokens are generated so that
+// an invocation can be created for any didtest.Persona.
+//
+// Delegation proof-chain names contain each didtest.Persona name in
+// order starting with the root delegation (which will always be generated
+// by Alice). This is the opposite of the list of cic.Cids that represent the
+// proof chain.
+//
+// For both the generated delegation tokens granted to Carol's Persona and
+// the proof chains containing Carol's delegations to Dan, if there is no
+// suffix, the proof chain will be deemed valid.  If there is a suffix, it
+// will consist of either the word "Valid" or "Invalid" and the name of the
+// field that has been altered. Only optional fields will generate proof
+// chains with Valid suffixes.
+//
+// If changes are made to the list of Personas included in the chain, or
+// in the variants that are specified, the generated Go file and delegation
+// tokens stored in the data/ directory should be regenerated by running
+// the following command in this directory:
+//
+//	cd generator && go run .
+//
+// Generated delegation Tokens are stored in the data/ directory and loaded
+// into the delegation.Loader.
+// Generated references to these tokens and the tokens themselves are
+// created in the token_gen.go file. See /token/invocation/invocation_test.go
+// for an example of how these delegation tokens and proof-chains can
+// be used during testing.
+package delegationtest

token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/generator.go

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dave/jennifer/jen"
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation/delegationtest"
+)
+
+const (
+	tokenNamePrefix      = "Token"
+	proorChainNamePrefix = "Proof"
+	tokenExt             = ".dagcbor"
+)
+
+var constantNonce = []byte{0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b}
+
+type newDelegationParams struct {
+	privKey crypto.PrivKey
+	aud     did.DID
+	sub     did.DID
+	cmd     command.Command
+	pol     policy.Policy
+	opts    []delegation.Option
+}
+
+type token struct {
+	name string
+	id   cid.Cid
+}
+
+type proof struct {
+	name string
+	prf  []cid.Cid
+}
+
+type acc struct {
+	name  string
+	chain []cid.Cid
+}
+
+type variant struct {
+	name    string
+	variant func(*newDelegationParams)
+}
+
+func noopVariant() variant {
+	return variant{
+		name:    "",
+		variant: func(_ *newDelegationParams) {},
+	}
+}
+
+type generator struct {
+	dlgs   []token
+	chains []proof
+}
+
+func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari variant) error {
+	acc.name += personas[0].Name()
+
+	proofName := acc.name
+	if len(vari.name) > 0 {
+		proofName += "_" + vari.name
+	}
+	g.createProofChain(proofName, acc.chain)
+
+	if len(personas) < 2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	name := personas[0].Name() + personas[1].Name()
+
+	params := newDelegationParams{
+		privKey: personas[0].PrivKey(),
+		aud:     personas[1].DID(),
+		cmd:     delegationtest.NominalCommand,
+		pol:     policy.Policy{},
+		opts: []delegation.Option{
+			delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
+			delegation.WithNonce(constantNonce),
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Create each nominal token and continue the chain
+	id, err := g.createDelegation(params, name, vari)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	acc.chain = append(acc.chain, id)
+	err = g.chainPersonas(personas[1:], acc, vari)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// If the user is Carol, create variants for each invalid and/or optional
+	// parameter and also continue the chain
+	if personas[0] == didtest.PersonaCarol {
+		variants := []variant{
+			{name: "InvalidExpandedCommand", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
+				p.cmd = delegationtest.ExpandedCommand
+			}},
+			{name: "ValidAttenuatedCommand", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
+				p.cmd = delegationtest.AttenuatedCommand
+			}},
+			{name: "InvalidSubject", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
+				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaBob.DID()))
+			}},
+			{name: "InvalidExpired", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
+				// Note: this makes the generator not deterministic
+				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithExpiration(time.Now().Add(time.Second)))
+			}},
+			{name: "InvalidInactive", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
+				nbf, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2070-01-01T00:00:00Z")
+				if err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithNotBefore(nbf))
+			}},
+		}
+
+		// Start a branch in the recursion for each of the variants
+		for _, v := range variants {
+			id, err := g.createDelegation(params, name, v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			// replace the previous Carol token id with the one from the variant
+			acc.chain[len(acc.chain)-1] = id
+			err = g.chainPersonas(personas[1:], acc, v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *generator) createDelegation(params newDelegationParams, name string, vari variant) (cid.Cid, error) {
+	vari.variant(&params)
+
+	issDID, err := did.FromPrivKey(params.privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cid.Undef, err
+	}
+
+	tkn, err := delegation.New(issDID, params.aud, params.cmd, params.pol, params.opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cid.Undef, err
+	}
+
+	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(params.privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cid.Undef, err
+	}
+
+	dlgName := tokenNamePrefix + name
+	if len(vari.name) > 0 {
+		dlgName += "_" + vari.name
+	}
+
+	err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join("..", delegationtest.TokenDir, dlgName+tokenExt), data, 0o644)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cid.Undef, err
+	}
+
+	g.dlgs = append(g.dlgs, token{
+		name: dlgName,
+		id:   id,
+	})
+
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+func (g *generator) createProofChain(name string, prf []cid.Cid) {
+	if len(prf) < 1 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	clone := make([]cid.Cid, len(prf))
+	copy(clone, prf)
+
+	g.chains = append(g.chains, proof{
+		name: proorChainNamePrefix + name,
+		prf:  clone,
+	})
+}
+
+func (g *generator) writeGoFile() error {
+	file := jen.NewFile("delegationtest")
+	file.HeaderComment("Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.")
+
+	refs := map[cid.Cid]string{}
+
+	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
+		refs[d.id] = d.name + "CID"
+
+		file.Var().Defs(
+			jen.Id(d.name+"CID").Op("=").Qual("github.com/ipfs/go-cid", "MustParse").Call(jen.Lit(d.id.String())),
+			jen.Id(d.name).Op("=").Id("mustGetDelegation").Call(jen.Id(d.name+"CID")),
+		)
+		file.Line()
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range g.chains {
+		g := jen.CustomFunc(jen.Options{
+			Multi:     true,
+			Separator: ",",
+			Close:     "\n",
+		}, func(g *jen.Group) {
+			slices.Reverse(c.prf)
+			for _, p := range c.prf {
+				g.Id(refs[p])
+			}
+		})
+
+		file.Var().Id(c.name).Op("=").Index().Qual("github.com/ipfs/go-cid", "Cid").Values(g)
+		file.Line()
+	}
+
+	return file.Save("../token_gen.go")
+}

token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	gen := &generator{}
+	err := gen.chainPersonas(didtest.Personas(), acc{}, noopVariant())
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	err = gen.writeGoFile()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}

token/delegation/delegationtest/token.go

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package delegationtest
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ExpandedCommand is the parent of the NominalCommand and represents
+	// the cases where the delegation proof-chain or invocation token tries
+	// to increase the privileges granted by the root delegation token.
+	// Execution of this command is generally prohibited in tests.
+	ExpandedCommand = command.MustParse("/expanded")
+
+	// NominalCommand is the command used for most test tokens and proof-
+	// chains.  Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
+	NominalCommand = ExpandedCommand.Join("nominal")
+
+	// AttenuatedCommand is a sub-command of the NominalCommand.  Execution
+	// of this command is generally allowed in tests.
+	AttenuatedCommand = NominalCommand.Join("attenuated")
+)
+
+// ProofEmpty provides an empty proof chain for testing purposes.
+var ProofEmpty = []cid.Cid{}
+
+const TokenDir = "data"
+
+//go:embed data
+var fs embed.FS
+
+var _ delegation.Loader = (*delegationLoader)(nil)
+
+type delegationLoader struct {
+	tokens map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token
+}
+
+var (
+	once sync.Once
+	ldr  delegation.Loader
+)
+
+// GetDelegationLoader returns a singleton instance of a test
+// DelegationLoader containing all the tokens present in the data/
+// directory.
+func GetDelegationLoader() delegation.Loader {
+	once.Do(func() {
+		var err error
+		ldr, err = loadDelegations()
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	})
+	return ldr
+}
+
+// GetDelegation implements invocation.DelegationLoader.
+func (l *delegationLoader) GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	tkn, ok := l.tokens[id]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
+	}
+
+	return tkn, nil
+}
+
+func loadDelegations() (delegation.Loader, error) {
+	dirEntries, err := fs.ReadDir(TokenDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	tkns := make(map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token, len(dirEntries))
+
+	for _, dirEntry := range dirEntries {
+		data, err := fs.ReadFile(filepath.Join(TokenDir, dirEntry.Name()))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		tkn, id, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		tkns[id] = tkn
+	}
+
+	return &delegationLoader{
+		tokens: tkns,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// GetDelegation is a shortcut that gets (or creates) the DelegationLoader
+// and attempts to return the token referenced by the provided CID.
+func GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	return GetDelegationLoader().GetDelegation(id)
+}
+
+func mustGetDelegation(id cid.Cid) *delegation.Token {
+	tkn, err := GetDelegation(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return tkn
+}

token/delegation/delegationtest/token_gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package delegationtest
+
+import gocid "github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+
+var (
+	TokenAliceBobCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicidrwvmac5lvjypucgityrtjsknojraio7ujjli4r5eyby66wjzm")
+	TokenAliceBob    = mustGetDelegation(TokenAliceBobCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenBobCarolCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreihxv2uhq43oxllzs2xfvxst7wtvvvl7pohb2chcz6hjvfv2ntea5u")
+	TokenBobCarol    = mustGetDelegation(TokenBobCarolCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDanCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreihclsgiroazq3heqdswvj2cafwqbpboicq7immo65scl7ahktpsdq")
+	TokenCarolDan    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDanCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErinCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicja6ihewy64p3ake56xukotafjlkh4uqep2qhj52en46zzfwby3e")
+	TokenDanErin    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErinCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrankCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicjlx3lobxm6hl5s4htd4ydwkkqeiou6rft4rnvulfdyoew565vka")
+	TokenErinFrank    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrankCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreid3m3pk53gqgp5rlzqhvpedbwsqbidqlp4yz64vknwbzj7bxrmsr4")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifn4sy5onwajx3kqvot5mib6m6xarzrqjozqbzgmzpmc5ox3g2uzm")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreidmpgd36jznmq42bs34o4qi3fcbrsh4idkg6ejahudejzwb76fwxe")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreiekhtm237vyapk3c6voeb5lnz54crebqdqi3x4wn4u4cbrrhzsqfe")
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicrvzqferyy7rgo75l5rn6r2nl7zyeexxjmu3dm4ff7rn2coblj4y")
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreie6fhspk53kplcc2phla3e7z7fzldlbmmpuwk6nbow5q6s2zjmw2q")
+	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifgksz6756if42tnc6rqsnbaa2u3fdrveo7ek44lnj2d64d5sw26u")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreibdwew5nypsxrm4fq73wu6hw3lgwwiolj3bi33xdrbgcf3ogm6fty")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicr364mj3n7x4iyhcksxypelktcqkkw3ptg7ggxtqegw3p3mr6zc4")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreigenypixaxvhzlry5rjnywvjyl4xvzlzxz2ui74uzys7qdhos4bbu")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifvnfb7zqocpdysedcvjkb4y7tqfuziuqjhbbdoay4zg33pwpbzqi")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicvydzt3obkqx7krmoi3zu4tlirlksibxfks5jc7vlvjxjamv2764")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicea5y2nvlitvxijkupeavtg23i7ktjk3uejnaquguurzptiabk4u")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifsgqzkmxj2vexuts3z766mwcjreiisjg2jykyzf7tbj5sclutpvq")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID)
+)
+
+var (
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifbfegon24c6dndiqyktahzs65vhyasrygbw7nhsvojn6distsdre")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID)
+)
+
+var ProofAliceBob = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarol = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDanCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErinCID,
+	TokenCarolDanCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrankCID,
+	TokenDanErinCID,
+	TokenCarolDanCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}
+
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
+	TokenBobCarolCID,
+	TokenAliceBobCID,
+}

token/delegation/delegationtest/token_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package delegationtest_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation/delegationtest"
+)
+
+func TestGetDelegation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("passes with valid CID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		tkn, err := delegationtest.GetDelegation(delegationtest.TokenAliceBobCID)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotZero(t, tkn)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fails with unknown CID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		tkn, err := delegationtest.GetDelegation(cid.Undef)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound)
+		assert.Nil(t, tkn)
+	})
+}

token/delegation/examples_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+package delegation_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
+)
+
+// The following example shows how to create a delegation.Token with
+// distinct DIDs for issuer (iss), audience (aud) and subject (sub).
+func ExampleNew() {
+	fmt.Println("issDid:", didtest.PersonaBob.DID().String())
+
+	// The command defines the shape of the arguments that will be evaluated against the policy
+	cmd := command.MustParse("/foo/bar")
+
+	// The policy defines what is allowed to do.
+	pol := policy.MustConstruct(
+		policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")),
+		policy.All(".reviewer",
+			policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+		),
+		policy.Any(".tags", policy.Or(
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("news")),
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("press")),
+		)),
+	)
+
+	tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(), cmd, pol,
+		delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
+		delegation.WithExpirationIn(time.Hour),
+		delegation.WithNotBeforeIn(time.Minute),
+		delegation.WithMeta("foo", "bar"),
+		delegation.WithMeta("baz", 123),
+	)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	// "Seal", meaning encode and wrap into a signed envelope.
+	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaBob.PrivKey())
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	printCIDAndSealed(id, data)
+
+	// Example output:
+	//
+	// issDid: did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU
+	//
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAsqfZkgg2jgZyob23sq1J9xwtf9PHgt1PsskVCMq7Vvxk
+	//
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
+	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
+	//	[
+	//		{
+	//			"/": {
+	//				"bytes": "5rvl8uKmDVGvAVSt4m/0MGiXl9dZwljJJ9m2qHCoIB617l26UvMxyH5uvN9hM7ozfVATiq4mLhoGgm9IGnEEAg"
+	//			}
+	//		},
+	//		{
+	//			"h": {
+	//				"/": {
+	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
+	//				}
+	//			},
+	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
+	//				"aud": "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv",
+	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
+	//				"exp": 1728933098,
+	//				"iss": "did:key:z6MkhVFznPeR572rTK51UjoTNpnF8cxuWfPm9oBMPr7y8ABe",
+	//				"meta": {
+	//					"baz": 123,
+	//					"foo": "bar"
+	//				},
+	//				"nbf": 1728929558,
+	//				"nonce": {
+	//					"/": {
+	//						"bytes": "u0HMgJ5Y+M84I/66"
+	//					}
+	//				},
+	//				"pol": [
+	//					[
+	//						"==",
+	//						".status",
+	//						"draft"
+	//					],
+	//					[
+	//						"all",
+	//						".reviewer",
+	//						[
+	//							"like",
+	//							".email",
+	//							"*@example.com"
+	//						]
+	//					],
+	//					[
+	//						"any",
+	//						".tags",
+	//						[
+	//							"or",
+	//							[
+	//								[
+	//									"==",
+	//									".",
+	//									"news"
+	//								],
+	//								[
+	//									"==",
+	//									".",
+	//									"press"
+	//								]
+	//							]
+	//						]
+	//					]
+	//				],
+	//				"sub": "did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"
+	//			}
+	//		}
+	//	]
+}
+
+// The following example shows how to create a UCAN root delegation.Token
+// - a delegation.Token with the subject (sub) set to the value of issuer
+// (iss).
+func ExampleRoot() {
+	// The command defines the shape of the arguments that will be evaluated against the policy
+	cmd := command.MustParse("/foo/bar")
+
+	// The policy defines what is allowed to do.
+	pol := policy.MustConstruct(
+		policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")),
+		policy.All(".reviewer",
+			policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
+		),
+		policy.Any(".tags", policy.Or(
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("news")),
+			policy.Equal(".", literal.String("press")),
+		)),
+	)
+
+	tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+		delegation.WithExpirationIn(time.Hour),
+		delegation.WithNotBeforeIn(time.Minute),
+		delegation.WithMeta("foo", "bar"),
+		delegation.WithMeta("baz", 123),
+	)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	// "Seal", meaning encode and wrap into a signed envelope.
+	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	printCIDAndSealed(id, data)
+
+	// Example output:
+	//
+	// issDid: did:key:z6MknWJqz17Y4AfsXSJUFKomuBR4GTkViM7kJYutzTMkCyFF
+	//
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAkwYz8nY7uU8j3F6wVTfFY1VEoExwvUAYBEwRWfTozddE
+	//
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
+	//
+	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
+	//	[
+	//		{
+	//			"/": {
+	//				"bytes": "VpW67FJ+myNi+azvnw2jivuiqXTuMrDZI2Qdaa8jE1Oi3mkjnm7DyqSQGADcomcuDslMWKmJ+OIyvbPG5PtSAw"
+	//			}
+	//		},
+	//		{
+	//			"h": {
+	//				"/": {
+	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
+	//				}
+	//			},
+	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
+	//				"aud": "did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU",
+	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
+	//				"exp": 1732568424,
+	//				"iss": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p",
+	//				"meta": {
+	//					"baz": 123,
+	//					"foo": "bar"
+	//				},
+	//				"nbf": 1732564884,
+	//				"nonce": {
+	//					"/": {
+	//						"bytes": "wzDc03WBciJIGPWG"
+	//					}
+	//				},
+	//				"pol": [
+	//					[
+	//						"==",
+	//						".status",
+	//						"draft"
+	//					],
+	//					[
+	//						"all",
+	//						".reviewer",
+	//						[
+	//							"like",
+	//							".email",
+	//							"*@example.com"
+	//						]
+	//					],
+	//					[
+	//						"any",
+	//						".tags",
+	//						[
+	//							"or",
+	//							[
+	//								[
+	//									"==",
+	//									".",
+	//									"news"
+	//								],
+	//								[
+	//									"==",
+	//									".",
+	//									"press"
+	//								]
+	//							]
+	//						]
+	//					]
+	//				],
+	//				"sub": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"
+	//			}
+	//		}
+	//	]
+}
+
+// The following example demonstrates how to get a delegation.Token from
+// a DAG-CBOR []byte.
+func ExampleFromSealed() {
+	const cborBase64 = "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"
+
+	cborBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(cborBase64)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	tkn, c, err := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	fmt.Println("CID (base58BTC):", envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(c))
+	fmt.Println("Issuer (iss):", tkn.Issuer().String())
+	fmt.Println("Audience (aud):", tkn.Audience().String())
+	fmt.Println("Subject (sub):", tkn.Subject().String())
+	fmt.Println("Command (cmd):", tkn.Command().String())
+	fmt.Println("Policy (pol):", tkn.Policy().String())
+	fmt.Println("Nonce (nonce):", hex.EncodeToString(tkn.Nonce()))
+	fmt.Println("Meta (meta):", tkn.Meta().String())
+	fmt.Println("NotBefore (nbf):", tkn.NotBefore())
+	fmt.Println("Expiration (exp):", tkn.Expiration())
+
+	// Output:
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAw26pFuvZa2Z9YAtpZZnWN6VmnRFr7Z8LVY5c7RVWoxGY
+	// Issuer (iss): did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2
+	// Audience (aud): did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv
+	// Subject (sub): did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2
+	// Command (cmd): /foo/bar
+	// Policy (pol): [
+	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
+	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
+	//   ["any", ".tags",
+	//     ["or", [
+	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
+	// ]
+	// Nonce (nonce): 000102030405060708090a0b
+	// Meta (meta): {}
+	// NotBefore (nbf): <nil>
+	// Expiration (exp): <nil>
+}
+
+func printCIDAndSealed(id cid.Cid, data []byte) {
+	fmt.Println("CID (base58BTC):", envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
+	fmt.Println("DAG-CBOR (base64) out:", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data))
+	fmt.Println("Converted to DAG-JSON out:")
+
+	node, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	rawJSON, err := ipld.Encode(node, dagjson.Encode)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	prettyJSON := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	err = json.Indent(prettyJSON, rawJSON, "", "\t")
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	fmt.Println(prettyJSON.String())
+}
+
+func printThenPanicOnErr(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}

token/delegation/ipld.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package delegation
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 // ToSealed wraps the delegation token in an envelope, generates the
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ func (t *Token) ToSealed(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, cid.Cid, error) {
 	return data, id, nil
 }
 
-// ToSealedWriter is the same as Seal but accepts an io.Writer.
+// ToSealedWriter is the same as ToSealed but accepts an io.Writer.
 func (t *Token) ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) (cid.Cid, error) {
 	cidWriter := envelope.NewCIDWriter(w)
 
@@ -47,42 +48,38 @@ func (t *Token) ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) (cid.Cid, er
 // verifies that the envelope's signature is correct based on the public
 // key taken from the issuer (iss) field and calculates the CID of the
 // incoming data.
-func FromSealed(data []byte) (*Token, error) {
+func FromSealed(data []byte) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
 	tkn, err := FromDagCbor(data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
 
 	id, err := envelope.CIDFromBytes(data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
 
-	tkn.cid = id
+	return tkn, id, nil
-
-	return tkn, nil
 }
 
 // FromSealedReader is the same as Unseal but accepts an io.Reader.
-func FromSealedReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, error) {
+func FromSealedReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
 	cidReader := envelope.NewCIDReader(r)
 
 	tkn, err := FromDagCborReader(cidReader)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
 
 	id, err := cidReader.CID()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
 
-	tkn.cid = id
+	return tkn, id, nil
-
-	return tkn, nil
 }
 
-// Encode marshals a View to the format specified by the provided
+// Encode marshals a Token to the format specified by the provided
 // codec.Encoder.
 func (t *Token) Encode(privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) ([]byte, error) {
 	node, err := t.toIPLD(privKey)
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@ func (t *Token) Encode(privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) ([]byte, err
 	return ipld.Encode(node, encFn)
 }
 
-// EncodeWriter is the same as Encode but accepts an io.Writer.
+// EncodeWriter is the same as Encode, but accepts an io.Writer.
 func (t *Token) EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) error {
 	node, err := t.toIPLD(privKey)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -103,37 +100,37 @@ func (t *Token) EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.En
 	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(w, node, encFn)
 }
 
-// ToDagCbor marshals the View to the DAG-CBOR format.
+// ToDagCbor marshals the Token to the DAG-CBOR format.
 func (t *Token) ToDagCbor(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error) {
 	return t.Encode(privKey, dagcbor.Encode)
 }
 
-// ToDagCborWriter is the same as ToDagCbor but it accepts an io.Writer.
+// ToDagCborWriter is the same as ToDagCbor, but it accepts an io.Writer.
 func (t *Token) ToDagCborWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error {
 	return t.EncodeWriter(w, privKey, dagcbor.Encode)
 }
 
-// ToDagJson marshals the View to the DAG-JSON format.
+// ToDagJson marshals the Token to the DAG-JSON format.
 func (t *Token) ToDagJson(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error) {
 	return t.Encode(privKey, dagjson.Encode)
 }
 
-// ToDagJsonWriter is the same as ToDagJson but it accepts an io.Writer.
+// ToDagJsonWriter is the same as ToDagJson, but it accepts an io.Writer.
 func (t *Token) ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error {
 	return t.EncodeWriter(w, privKey, dagjson.Encode)
 }
 
 // Decode unmarshals the input data using the format specified by the
-// provided codec.Decoder into a View.
+// provided codec.Decoder into a Token.
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
-// View is invalid.
+// Token is invalid.
 func Decode(b []byte, decFn codec.Decoder) (*Token, error) {
 	node, err := ipld.Decode(b, decFn)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return fromIPLD(node)
+	return FromIPLD(node)
 }
 
 // DecodeReader is the same as Decode, but accept an io.Reader.
@@ -142,13 +139,13 @@ func DecodeReader(r io.Reader, decFn codec.Decoder) (*Token, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return fromIPLD(node)
+	return FromIPLD(node)
 }
 
-// FromDagCbor unmarshals the input data into a View.
+// FromDagCbor unmarshals the input data into a Token.
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
-// View is invalid.
+// Token is invalid.
 func FromDagCbor(data []byte) (*Token, error) {
 	pay, err := envelope.FromDagCbor[*tokenPayloadModel](data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -168,10 +165,10 @@ func FromDagCborReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, error) {
 	return DecodeReader(r, dagcbor.Decode)
 }
 
-// FromDagJson unmarshals the input data into a View.
+// FromDagJson unmarshals the input data into a Token.
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
-// View is invalid.
+// Token is invalid.
 func FromDagJson(data []byte) (*Token, error) {
 	return Decode(data, dagjson.Decode)
 }
@@ -181,7 +178,8 @@ func FromDagJsonReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, error) {
 	return DecodeReader(r, dagjson.Decode)
 }
 
-func fromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (*Token, error) {
+// FromIPLD decode the given IPLD representation into a Token.
+func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (*Token, error) {
 	pay, err := envelope.FromIPLD[*tokenPayloadModel](node)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -196,8 +194,16 @@ func fromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (*Token, error) {
 }
 
 func (t *Token) toIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (datamodel.Node, error) {
-	var sub *string
+	// sanity check that privKey and issuer are matching
+	issPub, err := t.issuer.PubKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !issPub.Equals(privKey.GetPublic()) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("private key doesn't match the issuer")
+	}
 
+	var sub *string
 	if t.subject != did.Undef {
 		s := t.subject.String()
 		sub = &s
@@ -227,10 +233,15 @@ func (t *Token) toIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (datamodel.Node, error) {
 		Cmd:   t.command.String(),
 		Pol:   pol,
 		Nonce: t.nonce,
-		Meta:  *t.meta,
+		Meta:  t.meta,
 		Nbf:   nbf,
 		Exp:   exp,
 	}
 
+	// seems like it's a requirement to have a null meta if there are no values?
+	if len(model.Meta.Keys) == 0 {
+		model.Meta = nil
+	}
+
 	return envelope.ToIPLD(privKey, model)
 }

token/delegation/loader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package delegation
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+)
+
+// ErrDelegationNotFound is returned if a delegation token is not found
+var ErrDelegationNotFound = fmt.Errorf("delegation not found")
+
+// Loader is a delegation token loader.
+type Loader interface {
+	// GetDelegation returns the delegation.Token matching the given CID.
+	// If not found, ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
+	GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*Token, error)
+}

token/delegation/options.go

@@ -24,6 +24,15 @@ func WithExpiration(exp time.Time) Option {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithExpirationIn set's the Token's optional "expiration" field to Now() plus the given duration.
+func WithExpirationIn(exp time.Duration) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		expTime := time.Now().Add(exp)
+		t.expiration = &expTime
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // WithMeta adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
 //
 // WithMeta can be used multiple times in the same call.
@@ -35,6 +44,22 @@ func WithMeta(key string, val any) Option {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithEncryptedMetaString adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
+// The string value is encrypted with the given aesKey.
+func WithEncryptedMetaString(key, val string, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
+	}
+}
+
+// WithEncryptedMetaBytes adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
+// The []byte value is encrypted with the given aesKey.
+func WithEncryptedMetaBytes(key string, val, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
+	}
+}
+
 // WithNotBefore set's the Token's optional "notBefore" field to the value
 // of the provided time.Time.
 func WithNotBefore(nbf time.Time) Option {
@@ -48,11 +73,21 @@ func WithNotBefore(nbf time.Time) Option {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithNotBeforeIn set's the Token's optional "notBefore" field to the value
+// of the provided time.Time.
+func WithNotBeforeIn(nbf time.Duration) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		nbfTime := time.Now().Add(nbf)
+		t.notBefore = &nbfTime
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // WithSubject sets the Tokens's optional "subject" field to the value of
 // provided did.DID.
 //
 // This Option should only be used with the New constructor - since
-// Subject is a required parameter when creating a Token via the  Root
+// Subject is a required parameter when creating a Token via the Root
 // constructor, any value provided via this Option will be silently
 // overwritten.
 func WithSubject(sub did.DID) Option {

token/delegation/schema.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
 
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 // [Tag] is the string used as a key within the SigPayload that identifies
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ const Tag = "ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1"
 var schemaBytes []byte
 
 var (
-	once sync.Once
+	once      sync.Once
-	ts   *schema.TypeSystem
+	ts        *schema.TypeSystem
-	err  error
+	errSchema error
 )
 
 func mustLoadSchema() *schema.TypeSystem {
 	once.Do(func() {
-		ts, err = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
+		ts, errSchema = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
 	})
-	if err != nil {
+	if errSchema != nil {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", err))
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", errSchema))
 	}
 	return ts
 }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ type tokenPayloadModel struct {
 	Nonce []byte
 
 	// Arbitrary Metadata
-	Meta meta.Meta
+	Meta *meta.Meta
 
 	// "Not before" UTC Unix Timestamp in seconds (valid from), 53-bits integer
 	// optional: can be nil

token/delegation/schema_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package delegation_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	_ "embed"
-	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
@@ -11,8 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"
 
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 //go:embed delegation.ipldsch
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	delegationJson := golden.Get(t, "new.dagjson")
-	privKey := privKey(t, issuerPrivKeyCfg)
+	privKey := didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey()
 
 	t.Run("via buffers", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -36,18 +36,13 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 		cborBytes, id, err := p1.ToSealed(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, newCID, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
-		fmt.Println("cborBytes length", len(cborBytes))
-		fmt.Println("cbor", string(cborBytes))
 
-		p2, err := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
+		p2, c2, err := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, id, p2.CID())
+		assert.Equal(t, id, c2)
-		fmt.Println("read Cbor", p2)
 
 		readJson, err := p2.ToDagJson(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		fmt.Println("readJson length", len(readJson))
-		fmt.Println("json: ", string(readJson))
 
 		assert.JSONEq(t, string(delegationJson), string(readJson))
 	})
@@ -65,21 +60,29 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 		cborBytes := &bytes.Buffer{}
 		id, err := p1.ToSealedWriter(cborBytes, privKey)
-		t.Log(len(id.Bytes()), id.Bytes())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, newCID, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
 
 		// buf = bytes.NewBuffer(cborBytes.Bytes())
-		p2, err := delegation.FromSealedReader(cborBytes)
+		p2, c2, err := delegation.FromSealedReader(cborBytes)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		t.Log(len(p2.CID().Bytes()), p2.CID().Bytes())
+		assert.Equal(t, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id), envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(c2))
-		assert.Equal(t, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id), envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(p2.CID()))
 
 		readJson := &bytes.Buffer{}
 		require.NoError(t, p2.ToDagJsonWriter(readJson, privKey))
 
 		assert.JSONEq(t, string(delegationJson), readJson.String())
 	})
+
+	t.Run("fails with wrong PrivKey", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		p1, err := delegation.FromDagJson(delegationJson)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		_, _, err = p1.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaBob.PrivKey())
+		require.EqualError(t, err, "private key doesn't match the issuer")
+	})
 }
 
 func BenchmarkSchemaLoad(b *testing.B) {
@@ -91,12 +94,12 @@ func BenchmarkSchemaLoad(b *testing.B) {
 
 func BenchmarkRoundTrip(b *testing.B) {
 	delegationJson := golden.Get(b, "new.dagjson")
-	privKey := privKey(b, issuerPrivKeyCfg)
+	privKey := didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey()
 
 	b.Run("via buffers", func(b *testing.B) {
 		p1, _ := delegation.FromDagJson(delegationJson)
 		cborBytes, _, _ := p1.ToSealed(privKey)
-		p2, _ := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
+		p2, _, _ := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
 
 		b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ func BenchmarkRoundTrip(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Run("Unseal", func(b *testing.B) {
 			b.ReportAllocs()
 			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-				_, _ = delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
+				_, _, _ = delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
 			}
 		})
 
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ func BenchmarkRoundTrip(b *testing.B) {
 		cborBuf := &bytes.Buffer{}
 		_, _ = p1.ToSealedWriter(cborBuf, privKey)
 		cborBytes := cborBuf.Bytes()
-		p2, _ := delegation.FromSealedReader(bytes.NewReader(cborBytes))
+		p2, _, _ := delegation.FromSealedReader(bytes.NewReader(cborBytes))
 
 		b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ func BenchmarkRoundTrip(b *testing.B) {
 			reader := bytes.NewReader(cborBytes)
 			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 				_, _ = reader.Seek(0, 0)
-				_, _ = delegation.FromSealedReader(reader)
+				_, _, _ = delegation.FromSealedReader(reader)
 			}
 		})
 

token/delegation/testdata/new.dagjson

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[{"/":{"bytes":"BBabgnWqd+cjwG1td0w9BudNocmUwoR89RMZTqZHk3osCXEI/bOkko0zTvlusaE4EMBBeSzZDKzjvunLBfdiBg"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"}}]

token/delegation/testdata/root.dagjson

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[{"/":{"bytes":"BBabgnWqd+cjwG1td0w9BudNocmUwoR89RMZTqZHk3osCXEI/bOkko0zTvlusaE4EMBBeSzZDKzjvunLBfdiBg"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"}}]

token/inspect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package token
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
+)
+
+type Info = envelope.Info
+
+// Inspect inspects the given token IPLD representation and extract some envelope facts.
+func Inspect(node datamodel.Node) (Info, error) {
+	return envelope.Inspect(node)
+}
+
+// FindTag inspect the given token IPLD representation and extract the token tag.
+func FindTag(node datamodel.Node) (string, error) {
+	return envelope.FindTag(node)
+}

token/interface.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package token
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+)
+
+type Token interface {
+	Marshaller
+
+	// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the current time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
+	// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
+	IsValidNow() bool
+	// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the given time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
+	// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
+	IsValidAt(t time.Time) bool
+}
+
+type Marshaller interface {
+	// ToSealed wraps the token in an envelope, generates the signature, encodes
+	// the result to DAG-CBOR and calculates the CID of the resulting binary data.
+	ToSealed(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, cid.Cid, error)
+	// ToSealedWriter is the same as ToSealed but accepts an io.Writer.
+	ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) (cid.Cid, error)
+	// Encode marshals a Token to the format specified by the provided codec.Encoder.
+	Encode(privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) ([]byte, error)
+	// EncodeWriter is the same as Encode, but accepts an io.Writer.
+	EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) error
+	// ToDagCbor marshals the Token to the DAG-CBOR format.
+	ToDagCbor(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error)
+	// ToDagCborWriter is the same as ToDagCbor, but it accepts an io.Writer.
+	ToDagCborWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error
+	// ToDagJson marshals the Token to the DAG-JSON format.
+	ToDagJson(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error)
+	// ToDagJsonWriter is the same as ToDagJson, but it accepts an io.Writer.
+	ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error
+}

token/internal/envelope/cid_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"
 
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 func TestCidFromBytes(t *testing.T) {

token/internal/envelope/example_test.go

@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 const (

token/internal/envelope/ipld.go

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ package envelope
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec"
@@ -41,10 +43,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/varsig"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/varsig"
 )
 
-const varsigHeaderKey = "h"
+const (
+	VarsigHeaderKey = "h"
+	UCANTagPrefix   = "ucan/"
+)
 
 // Tokener must be implemented by types that wish to be enclosed in a
 // UCAN Envelope (presumbably one of the UCAN token types).
@@ -89,19 +94,7 @@ func DecodeReader[T Tokener](r io.Reader, decFn codec.Decoder) (T, error) {
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
 // Tokener is invalid.
 func FromDagCbor[T Tokener](b []byte) (T, error) {
-	undef := *new(T)
+	return Decode[T](b, dagcbor.Decode)
-
-	node, err := ipld.Decode(b, dagcbor.Decode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	tkn, err := fromIPLD[T](node)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	return tkn, nil
 }
 
 // FromDagCborReader is the same as FromDagCbor, but accept an io.Reader.
@@ -127,113 +120,82 @@ func FromDagJsonReader[T Tokener](r io.Reader) (T, error) {
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
 // Tokener is invalid.
 func FromIPLD[T Tokener](node datamodel.Node) (T, error) {
-	undef := *new(T)
+	zero := *new(T)
 
-	tkn, err := fromIPLD[T](node)
+	info, err := Inspect(node)
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
-	return tkn, nil
+	if info.Tag != zero.Tag() {
-}
+		return zero, errors.New("data doesn't match the expected type")
-
-func fromIPLD[T Tokener](node datamodel.Node) (T, error) {
-	undef := *new(T)
-
-	signatureNode, err := node.LookupByIndex(0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	signature, err := signatureNode.AsBytes()
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	sigPayloadNode, err := node.LookupByIndex(1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	varsigHeaderNode, err := sigPayloadNode.LookupByString(varsigHeaderKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	tokenPayloadNode, err := sigPayloadNode.LookupByString(undef.Tag())
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
 	}
 
 	// This needs to be done before converting this node to its schema
 	// representation (afterwards, the field might be renamed os it's safer
 	// to use the wire name).
-	issuerNode, err := tokenPayloadNode.LookupByString("iss")
+	issuerNode, err := info.tokenPayloadNode.LookupByString("iss")
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
 	// Replaces the datamodel.Node in tokenPayloadNode with a
 	// schema.TypedNode so that we can cast it to a *token.Token after
 	// unwrapping it.
-	nb := undef.Prototype().Representation().NewBuilder()
+	nb := zero.Prototype().Representation().NewBuilder()
 
-	err = nb.AssignNode(tokenPayloadNode)
+	err = nb.AssignNode(info.tokenPayloadNode)
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
-	tokenPayloadNode = nb.Build()
+	tokenPayloadNode := nb.Build()
 
 	tokenPayload := bindnode.Unwrap(tokenPayloadNode)
 	if tokenPayload == nil {
-		return undef, errors.New("failed to Unwrap the TokenPayload")
+		return zero, errors.New("failed to Unwrap the TokenPayload")
 	}
 
 	tkn, ok := tokenPayload.(T)
 	if !ok {
-		return undef, errors.New("failed to assert the TokenPayload type as *token.Token")
+		return zero, errors.New("failed to assert the TokenPayload type as *token.Token")
 	}
 
 	// Check that the issuer's DID contains a public key with a type that
 	// matches the VarsigHeader and then verify the SigPayload.
 	issuer, err := issuerNode.AsString()
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
 	issuerDID, err := did.Parse(issuer)
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
 	issuerPubKey, err := issuerDID.PubKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
 	issuerVarsigHeader, err := varsig.Encode(issuerPubKey.Type())
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
-	varsigHeader, err := varsigHeaderNode.AsBytes()
+	if string(info.VarsigHeader) != string(issuerVarsigHeader) {
+		return zero, errors.New("the VarsigHeader key type doesn't match the issuer's key type")
+	}
+
+	// TODO: can we use the already serialized CBOR data here, instead of encoding again the payload?
+	data, err := ipld.Encode(info.sigPayloadNode, dagcbor.Encode)
 	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
+		return zero, err
 	}
 
-	if string(varsigHeader) != string(issuerVarsigHeader) {
+	ok, err = issuerPubKey.Verify(data, info.Signature)
-		return undef, errors.New("the VarsigHeader key type doesn't match the issuer's key type")
-	}
-
-	data, err := ipld.Encode(sigPayloadNode, dagcbor.Encode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return undef, err
-	}
-
-	ok, err = issuerPubKey.Verify(data, signature)
 	if err != nil || !ok {
-		return undef, errors.New("failed to verify the token's signature")
+		return zero, errors.New("failed to verify the token's signature")
 	}
 
 	return tkn, nil
@@ -293,7 +255,7 @@ func ToIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey, token Tokener) (datamodel.Node, error) {
 	}
 
 	sigPayloadNode, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 2, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-		qp.MapEntry(ma, varsigHeaderKey, qp.Bytes(varsigHeader))
+		qp.MapEntry(ma, VarsigHeaderKey, qp.Bytes(varsigHeader))
 		qp.MapEntry(ma, token.Tag(), qp.Node(tokenPayloadNode))
 	})
 
@@ -312,3 +274,121 @@ func ToIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey, token Tokener) (datamodel.Node, error) {
 		qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Node(sigPayloadNode))
 	})
 }
+
+// FindTag inspects the given token IPLD representation and extract the token tag.
+func FindTag(node datamodel.Node) (string, error) {
+	sigPayloadNode, err := node.LookupByIndex(1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if sigPayloadNode.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_Map {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected type instead of map")
+	}
+
+	it := sigPayloadNode.MapIterator()
+	i := 0
+
+	for !it.Done() {
+		if i >= 2 {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("expected two and only two fields in SigPayload")
+		}
+		i++
+
+		k, _, err := it.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+
+		key, err := k.AsString()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(key, UCANTagPrefix) {
+			return key, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("no token tag found")
+}
+
+type Info struct {
+	Tag              string
+	Signature        []byte
+	VarsigHeader     []byte
+	sigPayloadNode   datamodel.Node // private, we don't want to expose that
+	tokenPayloadNode datamodel.Node // private, we don't want to expose that
+}
+
+// Inspect inspects the given token IPLD representation and extract some envelope facts.
+func Inspect(node datamodel.Node) (Info, error) {
+	var res Info
+
+	signatureNode, err := node.LookupByIndex(0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Info{}, err
+	}
+
+	res.Signature, err = signatureNode.AsBytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return Info{}, err
+	}
+
+	res.sigPayloadNode, err = node.LookupByIndex(1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Info{}, err
+	}
+
+	if res.sigPayloadNode.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_Map {
+		return Info{}, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type instead of map")
+	}
+
+	it := res.sigPayloadNode.MapIterator()
+	foundVarsigHeader := false
+	foundTokenPayload := false
+	i := 0
+
+	for !it.Done() {
+		if i >= 2 {
+			return Info{}, fmt.Errorf("expected two and only two fields in SigPayload")
+		}
+		i++
+
+		k, v, err := it.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Info{}, err
+		}
+
+		key, err := k.AsString()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Info{}, err
+		}
+
+		switch {
+		case key == VarsigHeaderKey:
+			foundVarsigHeader = true
+			res.VarsigHeader, err = v.AsBytes()
+			if err != nil {
+				return Info{}, err
+			}
+		case strings.HasPrefix(key, UCANTagPrefix):
+			foundTokenPayload = true
+			res.Tag = key
+			res.tokenPayloadNode = v
+		default:
+			return Info{}, fmt.Errorf("unexpected key type %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if i != 2 {
+		return Info{}, fmt.Errorf("expected two and only two fields in SigPayload: %d", i)
+	}
+	if !foundVarsigHeader {
+		return Info{}, errors.New("failed to find VarsigHeader field")
+	}
+	if !foundTokenPayload {
+		return Info{}, errors.New("failed to find TokenPayload field")
+	}
+
+	return res, nil
+}

token/internal/envelope/ipld_test.go

@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@ package envelope_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"os"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tokens/internal/envelope"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
 
 func TestDecode(t *testing.T) {
@@ -149,3 +154,56 @@ func TestHash(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, hash1[:], hash2)
 	require.Equal(t, hash1[:], hash3)
 }
+
+func TestInspect(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	data := golden.Get(t, "example.dagcbor")
+	node, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expSig, err := base64.RawStdEncoding.DecodeString("fPqfwL3iFpbw9SvBiq0DIbUurv9o6c36R08tC/yslGrJcwV51ghzWahxdetpEf6T5LCszXX9I/K8khvnmAxjAg")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	info, err := envelope.Inspect(node)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, expSig, info.Signature)
+	assert.Equal(t, "ucan/example@v1.0.0-rc.1", info.Tag)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x34, 0xed, 0x1, 0x71}, info.VarsigHeader)
+}
+
+func FuzzInspect(f *testing.F) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/example.dagcbor")
+	require.NoError(f, err)
+
+	f.Add(data)
+
+	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+		node, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Skip()
+		}
+		_, err = envelope.Inspect(node)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Skip()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func FuzzFindTag(f *testing.F) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/example.dagcbor")
+	require.NoError(f, err)
+
+	f.Add(data)
+
+	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+		node, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Skip()
+		}
+		_, err = envelope.FindTag(node)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Skip()
+		}
+	})
+}