# How stats work

This document explains the real-time analytics system for the markdown site.

## Overview

The stats page at `/stats` shows live visitor data and page view counts. All stats update automatically via Convex subscriptions. No page refresh required.

## Aggregate component (v1.15+)

Starting with v1.15, the stats system uses the `@convex-dev/aggregate` component for efficient O(log n) counts instead of O(n) table scans. This provides significant performance improvements as the page views table grows.

### Before (O(n) approach)

The old implementation collected all page views and iterated through them to calculate counts:

```typescript
// Old approach: O(n) full table scan
const allViews = await ctx.db
  .query("pageViews")
  .withIndex("by_timestamp")
  .order("asc")
  .collect();

// Manual aggregation by iterating through all documents
const viewsByPath: Record<string, number> = {};
const uniqueSessions = new Set<string>();

for (const view of allViews) {
  viewsByPath[view.path] = (viewsByPath[view.path] || 0) + 1;
  uniqueSessions.add(view.sessionId);
}

return {
  totalPageViews: allViews.length,
  uniqueVisitors: uniqueSessions.size,
};
```

Problems with this approach:
- Query time grows linearly with page view count
- Memory usage increases with table size
- Full table read on every stats query
- Slower response times as data grows

### After (O(log n) with aggregate component)

The new implementation uses the Convex aggregate component for denormalized counts:

```typescript
// New approach: O(log n) using aggregate component
const totalPageViewsCount = await totalPageViews.count(ctx);
const uniqueVisitorsCount = await uniqueVisitors.count(ctx);
const viewsPerPath = await pageViewsByPath.count(ctx, { namespace: path });
```

Benefits of the aggregate approach:
- O(log n) count operations regardless of table size
- Counts are pre-computed and maintained incrementally
- Minimal memory usage per query
- Consistent fast response times at any scale

### Aggregate definitions

Three TableAggregate instances track different metrics:

```typescript
// Total page views count (global count)
const totalPageViews = new TableAggregate<{
  Key: null;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.totalPageViews, {
  sortKey: () => null,
});

// Views by path (namespace per path for per-page counts)
const pageViewsByPath = new TableAggregate<{
  Namespace: string;
  Key: number;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.pageViewsByPath, {
  namespace: (doc) => doc.path,
  sortKey: (doc) => doc.timestamp,
});

// Unique visitors (sessionId as key for distinct count)
const uniqueVisitors = new TableAggregate<{
  Key: string;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.uniqueVisitors, {
  sortKey: (doc) => doc.sessionId,
});
```

### Backfill existing data

After deploying the aggregate component, run the backfill mutation to populate counts from existing page views:

```bash
npx convex run stats:backfillAggregates
```

**Chunked backfilling:** The backfill process handles large datasets by processing records in batches of 500. This prevents memory limit issues (Convex has a 16MB limit per function execution). The mutation schedules itself to continue processing until all records are backfilled.

How it works:
1. `backfillAggregates` starts the process and schedules the first chunk
2. `backfillAggregatesChunk` processes 500 records at a time using pagination
3. If more records exist, it schedules itself to continue with the next batch
4. Progress is logged (check Convex dashboard logs)
5. Completes when all records are processed

This is idempotent and safe to run multiple times. It uses `insertIfDoesNotExist` to avoid duplicates.

**Fallback behavior:** While aggregates are being backfilled (or if backfilling hasn't run yet), the `getStats` query uses direct counting from the `pageViews` table to ensure accurate stats are always displayed. This is slightly slower but guarantees correct numbers.

## Data flow

1. Visitor loads any page
2. `usePageTracking` hook fires on mount and path change
3. Page view event recorded to `pageViews` table
4. Session heartbeat sent to `activeSessions` table
5. Stats page queries both tables and displays results

## Database tables

### pageViews

Stores individual view events. Uses the event records pattern to avoid write conflicts.

| Field | Type | Purpose |
|-------|------|---------|
| path | string | URL path visited |
| pageType | string | "home", "blog", "page", or "stats" |
| sessionId | string | Anonymous UUID per browser |
| timestamp | number | Unix timestamp of visit |

Indexes:
- `by_path` for filtering by page
- `by_timestamp` for ordering
- `by_session_path` for deduplication

### activeSessions

Tracks who is currently on the site. Sessions expire after 2 minutes without a heartbeat.

| Field | Type | Purpose |
|-------|------|---------|
| sessionId | string | Anonymous UUID per browser |
| currentPath | string | Page visitor is currently viewing |
| lastSeen | number | Last heartbeat timestamp |

Indexes:
- `by_sessionId` for upserts
- `by_lastSeen` for cleanup queries

## Frontend tracking

The `usePageTracking` hook in `src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts` handles all client-side tracking.

### Session ID generation

Each browser gets a persistent UUID stored in localStorage. No cookies, no PII.

```typescript
const SESSION_ID_KEY = "markdown_blog_session_id";

function getSessionId(): string {
  let sessionId = localStorage.getItem(SESSION_ID_KEY);
  if (!sessionId) {
    sessionId = generateSessionId();
    localStorage.setItem(SESSION_ID_KEY, sessionId);
  }
  return sessionId;
}
```

### Page view recording

Records a view when the URL path changes. Deduplication happens server-side.

```typescript
useEffect(() => {
  const path = location.pathname;
  if (lastRecordedPath.current !== path) {
    lastRecordedPath.current = path;
    recordPageView({ path, pageType: getPageType(path), sessionId });
  }
}, [location.pathname, recordPageView]);
```

### Heartbeat system

Sends a ping every 30 seconds while the page is open. This powers the "Active Now" count.

Uses refs to prevent duplicate calls and avoid write conflicts:

```typescript
const HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS = 30 * 1000;
const HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS = 5 * 1000;

// Track heartbeat state to prevent duplicate calls
const isHeartbeatPending = useRef(false);
const lastHeartbeatTime = useRef(0);
const lastHeartbeatPath = useRef<string | null>(null);

const sendHeartbeat = useCallback(
  async (path: string) => {
    const sessionId = sessionIdRef.current;
    if (!sessionId) return;

    const now = Date.now();

    // Skip if heartbeat is already pending
    if (isHeartbeatPending.current) {
      return;
    }

    // Skip if same path and sent recently (debounce)
    if (
      lastHeartbeatPath.current === path &&
      now - lastHeartbeatTime.current < HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS
    ) {
      return;
    }

    isHeartbeatPending.current = true;
    lastHeartbeatTime.current = now;
    lastHeartbeatPath.current = path;

    try {
      await heartbeatMutation({ sessionId, currentPath: path });
    } catch {
      // Silently fail
    } finally {
      isHeartbeatPending.current = false;
    }
  },
  [heartbeatMutation],
);

useEffect(() => {
  const path = location.pathname;
  sendHeartbeat(path);

  const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
    sendHeartbeat(path);
  }, HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS);

  return () => clearInterval(intervalId);
}, [location.pathname, sendHeartbeat]);
```

## Backend mutations

### recordPageView

Located in `convex/stats.ts`. Records view events with deduplication and updates aggregate components.

Deduplication window: 30 minutes. Same session viewing same path within 30 minutes counts as 1 view.

```typescript
export const recordPageView = mutation({
  args: {
    path: v.string(),
    pageType: v.string(),
    sessionId: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const dedupCutoff = Date.now() - DEDUP_WINDOW_MS;

    const recentView = await ctx.db
      .query("pageViews")
      .withIndex("by_session_path", (q) =>
        q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId).eq("path", args.path)
      )
      .order("desc")
      .first();

    if (recentView && recentView.timestamp > dedupCutoff) {
      return null;
    }

    // Check if this is a new unique visitor
    const existingSessionView = await ctx.db
      .query("pageViews")
      .withIndex("by_session_path", (q) => q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId))
      .first();
    const isNewVisitor = !existingSessionView;

    // Insert new view event
    const id = await ctx.db.insert("pageViews", {
      path: args.path,
      pageType: args.pageType,
      sessionId: args.sessionId,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });
    const doc = await ctx.db.get(id);

    // Update aggregate components for O(log n) counts
    if (doc) {
      await pageViewsByPath.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      await totalPageViews.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      if (isNewVisitor) {
        await uniqueVisitors.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      }
    }

    return null;
  },
});
```

### heartbeat

Creates or updates a session record. Uses indexed lookup for upsert with a 10-second dedup window to prevent write conflicts.

```typescript
const HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS = 10 * 1000;

export const heartbeat = mutation({
  args: {
    sessionId: v.string(),
    currentPath: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const now = Date.now();

    const existingSession = await ctx.db
      .query("activeSessions")
      .withIndex("by_sessionId", (q) => q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId))
      .first();

    if (existingSession) {
      // Early return if same path and recently updated (idempotent)
      if (
        existingSession.currentPath === args.currentPath &&
        now - existingSession.lastSeen < HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS
      ) {
        return null;
      }

      await ctx.db.patch(existingSession._id, {
        currentPath: args.currentPath,
        lastSeen: now,
      });
      return null;
    }

    await ctx.db.insert("activeSessions", {
      sessionId: args.sessionId,
      currentPath: args.currentPath,
      lastSeen: now,
    });

    return null;
  },
});
```

## Backend query

### getStats

Returns all stats for the `/stats` page. Single query, real-time subscription. Uses aggregate components for O(log n) counts instead of O(n) table scans.

What it returns:

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| activeVisitors | number | Sessions with heartbeat in last 2 minutes |
| activeByPath | array | Breakdown of active visitors by current page |
| totalPageViews | number | All recorded views since tracking started (via aggregate) |
| uniqueVisitors | number | Count of distinct session IDs (via aggregate) |
| publishedPosts | number | Blog posts with `published: true` |
| publishedPages | number | Static pages with `published: true` |
| trackingSince | number or null | Timestamp of earliest view event |
| pageStats | array | Views per page with title and type (per-path aggregate counts) |

### Aggregate usage in getStats

```typescript
// O(log n) counts using aggregate component
const totalPageViewsCount = await totalPageViews.count(ctx);
const uniqueVisitorsCount = await uniqueVisitors.count(ctx);

// Per-path counts using namespace
const views = await pageViewsByPath.count(ctx, { namespace: path });
```

### Title matching

The query matches URL paths to post/page titles by slug:

```typescript
const slug = path.startsWith("/") ? path.slice(1) : path;
const post = posts.find((p) => p.slug === slug);
const page = pages.find((p) => p.slug === slug);

if (post) {
  title = post.title;
  pageType = "blog";
} else if (page) {
  title = page.title;
  pageType = "page";
}
```

## Cleanup cron

Stale sessions are cleaned up every 5 minutes via cron job in `convex/crons.ts`.

```typescript
crons.interval(
  "cleanup stale sessions",
  { minutes: 5 },
  internal.stats.cleanupStaleSessions,
  {}
);
```

The cleanup mutation deletes sessions older than 2 minutes:

```typescript
const cutoff = Date.now() - SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS;
const staleSessions = await ctx.db
  .query("activeSessions")
  .withIndex("by_lastSeen", (q) => q.lt("lastSeen", cutoff))
  .collect();

await Promise.all(staleSessions.map((s) => ctx.db.delete(s._id)));
```

## How new content appears in stats

When you add a new markdown post or page and sync it to Convex:

1. **Post/page counts update instantly.** The `publishedPosts` and `publishedPages` values come from live queries to the `posts` and `pages` tables.

2. **Views appear after first visit.** A page only shows in "Views by Page" after someone visits it.

3. **Titles resolve automatically.** The `getStats` query matches paths to slugs, so new content gets its proper title displayed.

No manual configuration required. Sync content, and stats track it.

## Privacy

- No cookies
- No PII stored
- Session IDs are random UUIDs
- No IP addresses logged
- No fingerprinting
- Data stays in your Convex deployment

## Configuration constants

| Constant | Value | Location | Purpose |
|----------|-------|----------|---------|
| DEDUP_WINDOW_MS | 30 minutes | convex/stats.ts | Page view deduplication |
| SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS | 2 minutes | convex/stats.ts | Active session expiry |
| HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS | 10 seconds | convex/stats.ts | Backend idempotency window |
| HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS | 30 seconds | src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts | Client heartbeat frequency |
| HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS | 5 seconds | src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts | Frontend debounce window |

## Files involved

| File | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| `convex/stats.ts` | All stats mutations, queries, and aggregate definitions |
| `convex/convex.config.ts` | Aggregate component registration (pageViewsByPath, totalPageViews, uniqueVisitors) |
| `convex/schema.ts` | Table definitions for pageViews and activeSessions |
| `convex/crons.ts` | Scheduled cleanup job |
| `src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts` | Client-side tracking hook |
| `src/pages/Stats.tsx` | Stats page UI |

## Write conflict prevention

The stats system uses several patterns to avoid write conflicts in the `activeSessions` table:

**Backend (convex/stats.ts):**
- 10-second dedup window: skips updates if session was recently updated with same path
- Indexed queries: uses `by_sessionId` index for efficient lookups
- Early returns: mutation is idempotent and safe to call multiple times

**Frontend (src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts):**
- 5-second debounce: prevents rapid duplicate calls from the same tab
- Pending state ref: blocks overlapping async calls
- Path tracking ref: skips redundant heartbeats for same path

See `prds/howtoavoidwriteconflicts.md` for the full implementation details.

## Related documentation

- [Convex aggregate component](https://github.com/get-convex/aggregate)
- [Convex event records pattern](https://docs.convex.dev/understanding/best-practices/)
- [Preventing write conflicts](https://docs.convex.dev/error#1)
- [Optimistic concurrency control](https://docs.convex.dev/database/advanced/occ)