wiki/prds/howstatsworks.md

How stats work

This document explains the real-time analytics system for the markdown site.

Overview

The stats page at /stats shows live visitor data and page view counts. All stats update automatically via Convex subscriptions. No page refresh required.

Aggregate component (v1.15+)

Starting with v1.15, the stats system uses the @convex-dev/aggregate component for efficient O(log n) counts instead of O(n) table scans. This provides significant performance improvements as the page views table grows.

Before (O(n) approach)

The old implementation collected all page views and iterated through them to calculate counts:

// Old approach: O(n) full table scan
const allViews = await ctx.db
  .query("pageViews")
  .withIndex("by_timestamp")
  .order("asc")
  .collect();

// Manual aggregation by iterating through all documents
const viewsByPath: Record<string, number> = {};
const uniqueSessions = new Set<string>();

for (const view of allViews) {
  viewsByPath[view.path] = (viewsByPath[view.path] || 0) + 1;
  uniqueSessions.add(view.sessionId);
}

return {
  totalPageViews: allViews.length,
  uniqueVisitors: uniqueSessions.size,
};

Problems with this approach:

• Query time grows linearly with page view count
• Memory usage increases with table size
• Full table read on every stats query
• Slower response times as data grows

After (O(log n) with aggregate component)

The new implementation uses the Convex aggregate component for denormalized counts:

// New approach: O(log n) using aggregate component
const totalPageViewsCount = await totalPageViews.count(ctx);
const uniqueVisitorsCount = await uniqueVisitors.count(ctx);
const viewsPerPath = await pageViewsByPath.count(ctx, { namespace: path });

Benefits of the aggregate approach:

• O(log n) count operations regardless of table size
• Counts are pre-computed and maintained incrementally
• Minimal memory usage per query
• Consistent fast response times at any scale

Aggregate definitions

Three TableAggregate instances track different metrics:

// Total page views count (global count)
const totalPageViews = new TableAggregate<{
  Key: null;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.totalPageViews, {
  sortKey: () => null,
});

// Views by path (namespace per path for per-page counts)
const pageViewsByPath = new TableAggregate<{
  Namespace: string;
  Key: number;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.pageViewsByPath, {
  namespace: (doc) => doc.path,
  sortKey: (doc) => doc.timestamp,
});

// Unique visitors (sessionId as key for distinct count)
const uniqueVisitors = new TableAggregate<{
  Key: string;
  DataModel: DataModel;
  TableName: "pageViews";
}>(components.uniqueVisitors, {
  sortKey: (doc) => doc.sessionId,
});

Backfill existing data

After deploying the aggregate component, run the backfill mutation once to populate counts from existing page views:

npx convex run stats:backfillAggregates

This is idempotent and safe to run multiple times. It uses insertIfDoesNotExist to avoid duplicates.

Data flow

1. Visitor loads any page
2. usePageTracking hook fires on mount and path change
3. Page view event recorded to pageViews table
4. Session heartbeat sent to activeSessions table
5. Stats page queries both tables and displays results

Database tables

pageViews

Stores individual view events. Uses the event records pattern to avoid write conflicts.

Field	Type	Purpose
path	string	URL path visited
pageType	string	"home", "blog", "page", or "stats"
sessionId	string	Anonymous UUID per browser
timestamp	number	Unix timestamp of visit

Indexes:

• by_path for filtering by page
• by_timestamp for ordering
• by_session_path for deduplication

activeSessions

Tracks who is currently on the site. Sessions expire after 2 minutes without a heartbeat.

Field	Type	Purpose
sessionId	string	Anonymous UUID per browser
currentPath	string	Page visitor is currently viewing
lastSeen	number	Last heartbeat timestamp

Indexes:

• by_sessionId for upserts
• by_lastSeen for cleanup queries

Frontend tracking

The usePageTracking hook in src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts handles all client-side tracking.

Session ID generation

Each browser gets a persistent UUID stored in localStorage. No cookies, no PII.

const SESSION_ID_KEY = "markdown_blog_session_id";

function getSessionId(): string {
  let sessionId = localStorage.getItem(SESSION_ID_KEY);
  if (!sessionId) {
    sessionId = generateSessionId();
    localStorage.setItem(SESSION_ID_KEY, sessionId);
  }
  return sessionId;
}

Page view recording

Records a view when the URL path changes. Deduplication happens server-side.

useEffect(() => {
  const path = location.pathname;
  if (lastRecordedPath.current !== path) {
    lastRecordedPath.current = path;
    recordPageView({ path, pageType: getPageType(path), sessionId });
  }
}, [location.pathname, recordPageView]);

Heartbeat system

Sends a ping every 30 seconds while the page is open. This powers the "Active Now" count.

Uses refs to prevent duplicate calls and avoid write conflicts:

const HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS = 30 * 1000;
const HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS = 5 * 1000;

// Track heartbeat state to prevent duplicate calls
const isHeartbeatPending = useRef(false);
const lastHeartbeatTime = useRef(0);
const lastHeartbeatPath = useRef<string | null>(null);

const sendHeartbeat = useCallback(
  async (path: string) => {
    const sessionId = sessionIdRef.current;
    if (!sessionId) return;

    const now = Date.now();

    // Skip if heartbeat is already pending
    if (isHeartbeatPending.current) {
      return;
    }

    // Skip if same path and sent recently (debounce)
    if (
      lastHeartbeatPath.current === path &&
      now - lastHeartbeatTime.current < HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS
    ) {
      return;
    }

    isHeartbeatPending.current = true;
    lastHeartbeatTime.current = now;
    lastHeartbeatPath.current = path;

    try {
      await heartbeatMutation({ sessionId, currentPath: path });
    } catch {
      // Silently fail
    } finally {
      isHeartbeatPending.current = false;
    }
  },
  [heartbeatMutation],
);

useEffect(() => {
  const path = location.pathname;
  sendHeartbeat(path);

  const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
    sendHeartbeat(path);
  }, HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS);

  return () => clearInterval(intervalId);
}, [location.pathname, sendHeartbeat]);

Backend mutations

recordPageView

Located in convex/stats.ts. Records view events with deduplication and updates aggregate components.

Deduplication window: 30 minutes. Same session viewing same path within 30 minutes counts as 1 view.

export const recordPageView = mutation({
  args: {
    path: v.string(),
    pageType: v.string(),
    sessionId: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const dedupCutoff = Date.now() - DEDUP_WINDOW_MS;

    const recentView = await ctx.db
      .query("pageViews")
      .withIndex("by_session_path", (q) =>
        q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId).eq("path", args.path)
      )
      .order("desc")
      .first();

    if (recentView && recentView.timestamp > dedupCutoff) {
      return null;
    }

    // Check if this is a new unique visitor
    const existingSessionView = await ctx.db
      .query("pageViews")
      .withIndex("by_session_path", (q) => q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId))
      .first();
    const isNewVisitor = !existingSessionView;

    // Insert new view event
    const id = await ctx.db.insert("pageViews", {
      path: args.path,
      pageType: args.pageType,
      sessionId: args.sessionId,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });
    const doc = await ctx.db.get(id);

    // Update aggregate components for O(log n) counts
    if (doc) {
      await pageViewsByPath.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      await totalPageViews.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      if (isNewVisitor) {
        await uniqueVisitors.insertIfDoesNotExist(ctx, doc);
      }
    }

    return null;
  },
});

heartbeat

Creates or updates a session record. Uses indexed lookup for upsert with a 10-second dedup window to prevent write conflicts.

const HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS = 10 * 1000;

export const heartbeat = mutation({
  args: {
    sessionId: v.string(),
    currentPath: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const now = Date.now();

    const existingSession = await ctx.db
      .query("activeSessions")
      .withIndex("by_sessionId", (q) => q.eq("sessionId", args.sessionId))
      .first();

    if (existingSession) {
      // Early return if same path and recently updated (idempotent)
      if (
        existingSession.currentPath === args.currentPath &&
        now - existingSession.lastSeen < HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS
      ) {
        return null;
      }

      await ctx.db.patch(existingSession._id, {
        currentPath: args.currentPath,
        lastSeen: now,
      });
      return null;
    }

    await ctx.db.insert("activeSessions", {
      sessionId: args.sessionId,
      currentPath: args.currentPath,
      lastSeen: now,
    });

    return null;
  },
});

Backend query

getStats

Returns all stats for the /stats page. Single query, real-time subscription. Uses aggregate components for O(log n) counts instead of O(n) table scans.

What it returns:

Field	Type	Description
activeVisitors	number	Sessions with heartbeat in last 2 minutes
activeByPath	array	Breakdown of active visitors by current page
totalPageViews	number	All recorded views since tracking started (via aggregate)
uniqueVisitors	number	Count of distinct session IDs (via aggregate)
publishedPosts	number	Blog posts with published: true
publishedPages	number	Static pages with published: true
trackingSince	number or null	Timestamp of earliest view event
pageStats	array	Views per page with title and type (per-path aggregate counts)

Aggregate usage in getStats

// O(log n) counts using aggregate component
const totalPageViewsCount = await totalPageViews.count(ctx);
const uniqueVisitorsCount = await uniqueVisitors.count(ctx);

// Per-path counts using namespace
const views = await pageViewsByPath.count(ctx, { namespace: path });

Title matching

The query matches URL paths to post/page titles by slug:

const slug = path.startsWith("/") ? path.slice(1) : path;
const post = posts.find((p) => p.slug === slug);
const page = pages.find((p) => p.slug === slug);

if (post) {
  title = post.title;
  pageType = "blog";
} else if (page) {
  title = page.title;
  pageType = "page";
}

Cleanup cron

Stale sessions are cleaned up every 5 minutes via cron job in convex/crons.ts.

crons.interval(
  "cleanup stale sessions",
  { minutes: 5 },
  internal.stats.cleanupStaleSessions,
  {}
);

The cleanup mutation deletes sessions older than 2 minutes:

const cutoff = Date.now() - SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS;
const staleSessions = await ctx.db
  .query("activeSessions")
  .withIndex("by_lastSeen", (q) => q.lt("lastSeen", cutoff))
  .collect();

await Promise.all(staleSessions.map((s) => ctx.db.delete(s._id)));

How new content appears in stats

When you add a new markdown post or page and sync it to Convex:

1. Post/page counts update instantly. The publishedPosts and publishedPages values come from live queries to the posts and pages tables.

2. Views appear after first visit. A page only shows in "Views by Page" after someone visits it.

3. Titles resolve automatically. The getStats query matches paths to slugs, so new content gets its proper title displayed.

No manual configuration required. Sync content, and stats track it.

Privacy

• No cookies
• No PII stored
• Session IDs are random UUIDs
• No IP addresses logged
• No fingerprinting
• Data stays in your Convex deployment

Configuration constants

Constant	Value	Location	Purpose
DEDUP_WINDOW_MS	30 minutes	convex/stats.ts	Page view deduplication
SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS	2 minutes	convex/stats.ts	Active session expiry
HEARTBEAT_DEDUP_MS	10 seconds	convex/stats.ts	Backend idempotency window
HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS	30 seconds	src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts	Client heartbeat frequency
HEARTBEAT_DEBOUNCE_MS	5 seconds	src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts	Frontend debounce window

Files involved

File	Purpose
convex/stats.ts	All stats mutations, queries, and aggregate definitions
convex/convex.config.ts	Aggregate component registration (pageViewsByPath, totalPageViews, uniqueVisitors)
convex/schema.ts	Table definitions for pageViews and activeSessions
convex/crons.ts	Scheduled cleanup job
src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts	Client-side tracking hook
src/pages/Stats.tsx	Stats page UI

Write conflict prevention

The stats system uses several patterns to avoid write conflicts in the activeSessions table:

Backend (convex/stats.ts):

• 10-second dedup window: skips updates if session was recently updated with same path
• Indexed queries: uses by_sessionId index for efficient lookups
• Early returns: mutation is idempotent and safe to call multiple times

Frontend (src/hooks/usePageTracking.ts):

• 5-second debounce: prevents rapid duplicate calls from the same tab
• Pending state ref: blocks overlapping async calls
• Path tracking ref: skips redundant heartbeats for same path

See prds/howtoavoidwriteconflicts.md for the full implementation details.

Related documentation

• Convex aggregate component
• Convex event records pattern
• Preventing write conflicts
• Optimistic concurrency control