Updated dependencies.

Bumps [github.com/tetratelabs/wazero](https://github.com/tetratelabs/wazero) from 1.3.0 to 1.3.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/compare/v1.3.0...v1.3.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: github.com/tetratelabs/wazero
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -34,8 +34,9 @@ jobs:
     - name: Download
       run: go mod download
 
-    - name: Verify
-      run: go mod verify
+    # Fixed in go 1.21: https://go.dev/issue/54372
+    # - name: Verify
+    #   run: go mod verify
 
     - name: Vet
       run: go vet ./...

README.md

@@ -31,16 +31,11 @@ This has benefits, but also comes with some drawbacks.
 Because WASM does not support shared memory,
 [WAL](https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html) support is [limited](https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html#noshm).
 
-To work around this limitation, SQLite is compiled with
-[`SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=1`](https://www.sqlite.org/compile.html#default_locking_mode),
-making `EXCLUSIVE` the default locking mode.
-For non-WAL databases, `NORMAL` locking mode can be activated with
-[`PRAGMA locking_mode=NORMAL`](https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode).
+To work around this limitation, SQLite is [patched](sqlite3/locking_mode.patch)
+to always use `EXCLUSIVE` locking mode for WAL databases.
 
 Because connection pooling is incompatible with `EXCLUSIVE` locking mode,
-the `database/sql` driver defaults to `NORMAL` locking mode.
-To open WAL databases, or use `EXCLUSIVE` locking mode,
-disable connection pooling by calling
+to open WAL databases you should disable connection pooling by calling
 [`db.SetMaxOpenConns(1)`](https://pkg.go.dev/database/sql#DB.SetMaxOpenConns).
 
 #### POSIX Advisory Locks
@@ -68,6 +63,7 @@ Performance is tested by running
 ### Roadmap
 
 - [ ] advanced SQLite features
+  - [x] custom functions
   - [x] nested transactions
   - [x] incremental BLOB I/O
   - [x] online backup
@@ -77,7 +73,6 @@ Performance is tested by running
   - [x] in-memory VFS
   - [x] read-only VFS, wrapping an [`io.ReaderAt`](https://pkg.go.dev/io#ReaderAt)
   - [ ] cloud-based VFS, based on [Cloud Backed SQLite](https://sqlite.org/cloudsqlite/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki)
-- [ ] custom SQL functions
 
 ### Alternatives
 

backup.go

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (c *Conn) backupInit(dst uint32, dstName string, src uint32, srcName string
 	if r == 0 {
 		defer c.closeDB(other)
 		r = c.call(c.api.errcode, uint64(dst))
-		return nil, c.module.error(r, dst)
+		return nil, c.sqlite.error(r, dst)
 	}
 
 	return &Backup{

conn.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 //
 // https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/sqlite3.html
 type Conn struct {
-	*module
+	*sqlite
 
 	interrupt context.Context
 	waiter    chan struct{}
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func Open(filename string) (*Conn, error) {
 // If none of the required flags is used, a combination of [OPEN_READWRITE] and [OPEN_CREATE] is used.
 // If a URI filename is used, PRAGMA statements to execute can be specified using "_pragma":
 //
-//	sqlite3.Open("file:demo.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)")
+//	sqlite3.Open("file:demo.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)")
 //
 // https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/open.html
 func OpenFlags(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (*Conn, error) {
@@ -50,19 +50,19 @@ func OpenFlags(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (*Conn, error) {
 }
 
 func newConn(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (conn *Conn, err error) {
-	mod, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if conn == nil {
-			mod.close()
+			sqlite.close()
 		} else {
 			runtime.SetFinalizer(conn, util.Finalizer[Conn](3))
 		}
 	}()
 
-	c := &Conn{module: mod}
+	c := &Conn{sqlite: sqlite}
 	c.arena = c.newArena(1024)
 	c.handle, err = c.openDB(filename, flags)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func (c *Conn) openDB(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (uint32, error) {
 	r := c.call(c.api.open, uint64(namePtr), uint64(connPtr), uint64(flags), 0)
 
 	handle := util.ReadUint32(c.mod, connPtr)
-	if err := c.module.error(r, handle); err != nil {
+	if err := c.sqlite.error(r, handle); err != nil {
 		c.closeDB(handle)
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func (c *Conn) openDB(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (uint32, error) {
 		c.arena.reset()
 		pragmaPtr := c.arena.string(pragmas.String())
 		r := c.call(c.api.exec, uint64(handle), uint64(pragmaPtr), 0, 0, 0)
-		if err := c.module.error(r, handle, pragmas.String()); err != nil {
+		if err := c.sqlite.error(r, handle, pragmas.String()); err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, ERROR) {
 				err = fmt.Errorf("sqlite3: invalid _pragma: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func (c *Conn) openDB(filename string, flags OpenFlag) (uint32, error) {
 
 func (c *Conn) closeDB(handle uint32) {
 	r := c.call(c.api.closeZombie, uint64(handle))
-	if err := c.module.error(r, handle); err != nil {
+	if err := c.sqlite.error(r, handle); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func (c *Conn) Close() error {
 
 	c.handle = 0
 	runtime.SetFinalizer(c, nil)
-	return c.module.close()
+	return c.close()
 }
 
 // Exec is a convenience function that allows an application to run
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ func (c *Conn) SetInterrupt(ctx context.Context) (old context.Context) {
 			break
 
 		case <-ctx.Done(): // Done was closed.
-			const isInterruptedOffset = 280
+			const isInterruptedOffset = 288
 			buf := util.View(c.mod, c.handle+isInterruptedOffset, 4)
 			(*atomic.Uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])).Store(1)
 			// Wait for the next call to SetInterrupt.
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func (c *Conn) checkInterrupt() bool {
 	if c.interrupt == nil || c.interrupt.Err() == nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	const isInterruptedOffset = 280
+	const isInterruptedOffset = 288
 	buf := util.View(c.mod, c.handle+isInterruptedOffset, 4)
 	(*atomic.Uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])).Store(1)
 	return true
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func (c *Conn) Pragma(str string) ([]string, error) {
 }
 
 func (c *Conn) error(rc uint64, sql ...string) error {
-	return c.module.error(rc, c.handle, sql...)
+	return c.sqlite.error(rc, c.handle, sql...)
 }
 
 // DriverConn is implemented by the SQLite [database/sql] driver connection.

const.go

@@ -167,6 +167,18 @@ const (
 	PREPARE_NO_VTAB    PrepareFlag = 0x04
 )
 
+// FunctionFlag is a flag that can be passed to [Conn.PrepareFlags].
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/c_deterministic.html
+type FunctionFlag uint32
+
+const (
+	DETERMINISTIC FunctionFlag = 0x000000800
+	DIRECTONLY    FunctionFlag = 0x000080000
+	SUBTYPE       FunctionFlag = 0x000100000
+	INNOCUOUS     FunctionFlag = 0x000200000
+)
+
 // Datatype is a fundamental datatype of SQLite.
 //
 // https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/c_blob.html
@@ -182,18 +194,18 @@ const (
 
 // String implements the [fmt.Stringer] interface.
 func (t Datatype) String() string {
-	const name = "INTEGERFLOATTEXTBLOBNULL"
+	const name = "INTEGERFLOATEXTBLOBNULL"
 	switch t {
 	case INTEGER:
 		return name[0:7]
 	case FLOAT:
 		return name[7:12]
 	case TEXT:
-		return name[12:16]
+		return name[11:15]
 	case BLOB:
-		return name[16:20]
+		return name[15:19]
 	case NULL:
-		return name[20:24]
+		return name[19:23]
 	}
 	return strconv.FormatUint(uint64(t), 10)
 }

context.go

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
+)
+
+// Context is the context in which an SQL function executes.
+// An SQLite [Context] is in no way related to a Go [context.Context].
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/context.html
+type Context struct {
+	*sqlite
+	handle uint32
+}
+
+// SetAuxData saves metadata for argument n of the function.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/get_auxdata.html
+func (c Context) SetAuxData(n int, data any) {
+	ptr := util.AddHandle(c.ctx, data)
+	c.call(c.api.setAuxData, uint64(c.handle), uint64(n), uint64(ptr))
+}
+
+// GetAuxData returns metadata for argument n of the function.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/get_auxdata.html
+func (c Context) GetAuxData(n int) any {
+	ptr := uint32(c.call(c.api.getAuxData, uint64(c.handle), uint64(n)))
+	return util.GetHandle(c.ctx, ptr)
+}
+
+// ResultBool sets the result of the function to a bool.
+// SQLite does not have a separate boolean storage class.
+// Instead, boolean values are stored as integers 0 (false) and 1 (true).
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultBool(value bool) {
+	var i int64
+	if value {
+		i = 1
+	}
+	c.ResultInt64(i)
+}
+
+// ResultInt sets the result of the function to an int.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultInt(value int) {
+	c.ResultInt64(int64(value))
+}
+
+// ResultInt64 sets the result of the function to an int64.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultInt64(value int64) {
+	c.call(c.api.resultInteger,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(value))
+}
+
+// ResultFloat sets the result of the function to a float64.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultFloat(value float64) {
+	c.call(c.api.resultFloat,
+		uint64(c.handle), math.Float64bits(value))
+}
+
+// ResultText sets the result of the function to a string.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultText(value string) {
+	ptr := c.newString(value)
+	c.call(c.api.resultText,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(ptr), uint64(len(value)),
+		uint64(c.api.destructor), _UTF8)
+}
+
+// ResultBlob sets the result of the function to a []byte.
+// Returning a nil slice is the same as calling [Context.ResultNull].
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultBlob(value []byte) {
+	ptr := c.newBytes(value)
+	c.call(c.api.resultBlob,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(ptr), uint64(len(value)),
+		uint64(c.api.destructor))
+}
+
+// BindZeroBlob sets the result of the function to a zero-filled, length n BLOB.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultZeroBlob(n int64) {
+	c.call(c.api.resultZeroBlob,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(n))
+}
+
+// ResultNull sets the result of the function to NULL.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultNull() {
+	c.call(c.api.resultNull,
+		uint64(c.handle))
+}
+
+// ResultTime sets the result of the function to a [time.Time].
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultTime(value time.Time, format TimeFormat) {
+	if format == TimeFormatDefault {
+		c.resultRFC3339Nano(value)
+		return
+	}
+	switch v := format.Encode(value).(type) {
+	case string:
+		c.ResultText(v)
+	case int64:
+		c.ResultInt64(v)
+	case float64:
+		c.ResultFloat(v)
+	default:
+		panic(util.AssertErr())
+	}
+}
+
+func (c Context) resultRFC3339Nano(value time.Time) {
+	const maxlen = uint64(len(time.RFC3339Nano))
+
+	ptr := c.new(maxlen)
+	buf := util.View(c.mod, ptr, maxlen)
+	buf = value.AppendFormat(buf[:0], time.RFC3339Nano)
+
+	c.call(c.api.resultText,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(ptr), uint64(len(buf)),
+		uint64(c.api.destructor), _UTF8)
+}
+
+// ResultError sets the result of the function an error.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/result_blob.html
+func (c Context) ResultError(err error) {
+	if errors.Is(err, NOMEM) {
+		c.call(c.api.resultErrorMem, uint64(c.handle))
+		return
+	}
+
+	if errors.Is(err, TOOBIG) {
+		c.call(c.api.resultErrorBig, uint64(c.handle))
+		return
+	}
+
+	str := err.Error()
+	ptr := c.newString(str)
+	c.call(c.api.resultError,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(ptr), uint64(len(str)))
+	c.free(ptr)
+
+	var code uint64
+	var ecode ErrorCode
+	var xcode xErrorCode
+	switch {
+	case errors.As(err, &xcode):
+		code = uint64(xcode)
+	case errors.As(err, &ecode):
+		code = uint64(ecode)
+	}
+	if code != 0 {
+		c.call(c.api.resultErrorCode,
+			uint64(c.handle), code)
+	}
+}

driver/driver.go

@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
 //
 // [PRAGMA] statements can be specified using "_pragma":
 //
-//	sql.Open("sqlite3", "file:demo.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)")
+//	sql.Open("sqlite3", "file:demo.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)")
 //
-// If no PRAGMAs are specified, a busy timeout of 1 minute
-// and normal locking mode are used.
+// If no PRAGMAs are specified, a busy timeout of 1 minute is set.
 //
 // Order matters:
 // busy timeout and locking mode should be the first PRAGMAs set, in that order.
@@ -53,9 +52,14 @@ func (sqlite) Open(name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+	}()
 
+	var pragmas bool
 	c.txBegin = "BEGIN"
-	var pragmas []string
 	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "file:") {
 		if _, after, ok := strings.Cut(name, "?"); ok {
 			query, _ := url.ParseQuery(after)
@@ -66,20 +70,15 @@ func (sqlite) Open(name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
 			case "deferred", "immediate", "exclusive":
 				c.txBegin = "BEGIN " + s
 			default:
-				c.Close()
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("sqlite3: invalid _txlock: %s", s)
 			}
 
-			pragmas = query["_pragma"]
+			pragmas = len(query["_pragma"]) > 0
 		}
 	}
-	if len(pragmas) == 0 {
-		err := c.Conn.Exec(`
-			PRAGMA busy_timeout=60000;
-			PRAGMA locking_mode=normal;
-		`)
+	if !pragmas {
+		err = c.Conn.Exec(`PRAGMA busy_timeout=60000`)
 		if err != nil {
-			c.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		c.reusable = true
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ func (sqlite) Open(name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
 				PRAGMA_query_only;
 		`)
 		if err != nil {
-			c.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		if s.Step() {
@@ -99,7 +97,6 @@ func (sqlite) Open(name string) (_ driver.Conn, err error) {
 		}
 		err = s.Close()
 		if err != nil {
-			c.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

embed/README.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ The following optional features are compiled in:
 - [JSON](https://www.sqlite.org/json1.html)
 - [R*Tree](https://www.sqlite.org/rtree.html)
 - [GeoPoly](https://www.sqlite.org/geopoly.html)
+- [soundex](https://www.sqlite.org/lang_corefunc.html#soundex)
 - [base64](https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/blob/master/ext/misc/base64.c)
 - [decimal](https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/blob/master/ext/misc/decimal.c)
 - [regexp](https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/blob/master/ext/misc/regexp.c)

embed/build.sh

@@ -4,24 +4,27 @@ set -euo pipefail
 cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")"
 
 ROOT=../
-BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_113/bin"
+BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_114/bin"
 WASI_SDK="$ROOT/tools/wasi-sdk-20.0/bin"
 
 "$WASI_SDK/clang" --target=wasm32-wasi -flto -g0 -O2 \
 	-o sqlite3.wasm "$ROOT/sqlite3/main.c" \
 	-I"$ROOT/sqlite3" \
 	-mexec-model=reactor \
-	-mmutable-globals \
+	-msimd128 -mmutable-globals \
 	-mbulk-memory -mreference-types \
 	-mnontrapping-fptoint -msign-ext \
+	-fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-clash-protection \
 	-Wl,--initial-memory=327680 \
 	-Wl,--stack-first \
 	-Wl,--import-undefined \
+	-D_HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H \
 	$(awk '{print "-Wl,--export="$0}' exports.txt)
 
 trap 'rm -f sqlite3.tmp' EXIT
 "$BINARYEN/wasm-ctor-eval" -g -c _initialize sqlite3.wasm -o sqlite3.tmp
-"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g -O2 sqlite3.tmp -o sqlite3.wasm \
-	--enable-multivalue --enable-mutable-globals \
+"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g --strip -c -O3 \
+	sqlite3.tmp -o sqlite3.wasm \
+	--enable-simd --enable-mutable-globals --enable-multivalue \
 	--enable-bulk-memory --enable-reference-types \
 	--enable-nontrapping-float-to-int --enable-sign-ext

embed/exports.txt

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ sqlite3_column_blob
 sqlite3_column_bytes
 sqlite3_blob_open
 sqlite3_blob_close
+sqlite3_blob_reopen
 sqlite3_blob_bytes
 sqlite3_blob_read
 sqlite3_blob_write
-sqlite3_blob_reopen
 sqlite3_backup_init
 sqlite3_backup_step
 sqlite3_backup_finish
@@ -46,4 +46,29 @@ sqlite3_uri_parameter
 sqlite3_uri_key
 sqlite3_changes64
 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid
-sqlite3_get_autocommit
+sqlite3_get_autocommit
+sqlite3_anycollseq_init
+sqlite3_create_collation_go
+sqlite3_create_function_go
+sqlite3_create_aggregate_function_go
+sqlite3_create_window_function_go
+sqlite3_aggregate_context
+sqlite3_user_data
+sqlite3_set_auxdata_go
+sqlite3_get_auxdata
+sqlite3_value_type
+sqlite3_value_int64
+sqlite3_value_double
+sqlite3_value_text
+sqlite3_value_blob
+sqlite3_value_bytes
+sqlite3_result_null
+sqlite3_result_int64
+sqlite3_result_double
+sqlite3_result_text64
+sqlite3_result_blob64
+sqlite3_result_zeroblob64
+sqlite3_result_error
+sqlite3_result_error_code
+sqlite3_result_error_nomem
+sqlite3_result_error_toobig

error.go

@@ -68,6 +68,19 @@ func (e *Error) Is(err error) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// As converts this error to an [ErrorCode] or [ExtendedErrorCode].
+func (e *Error) As(err any) bool {
+	switch c := err.(type) {
+	case *ErrorCode:
+		*c = e.Code()
+		return true
+	case *ExtendedErrorCode:
+		*c = e.ExtendedCode()
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // Temporary returns true for [BUSY] errors.
 func (e *Error) Temporary() bool {
 	return e.Code() == BUSY
@@ -104,6 +117,15 @@ func (e ExtendedErrorCode) Is(err error) bool {
 	return ok && c == ErrorCode(e)
 }
 
+// As converts this error to an [ErrorCode].
+func (e ExtendedErrorCode) As(err any) bool {
+	c, ok := err.(*ErrorCode)
+	if ok {
+		*c = ErrorCode(e)
+	}
+	return ok
+}
+
 // Temporary returns true for [BUSY] errors.
 func (e ExtendedErrorCode) Temporary() bool {
 	return ErrorCode(e) == BUSY

error_test.go

@@ -18,22 +18,36 @@ func Test_assertErr(t *testing.T) {
 func TestError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	err := Error{code: 0x8080}
-	if rc := err.Code(); rc != 0x80 {
-		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x80", rc)
+	var ecode ErrorCode
+	var xcode xErrorCode
+	err := &Error{code: 0x8080}
+	if !errors.As(err, &err) {
+		t.Fatal("want true")
 	}
-	if !errors.Is(&err, ErrorCode(0x80)) {
+	if ecode := err.Code(); ecode != 0x80 {
+		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x80", uint8(ecode))
+	}
+	if ok := errors.As(err, &ecode); !ok || ecode != ErrorCode(0x80) {
+		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x80", uint8(ecode))
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrorCode(0x80)) {
 		t.Errorf("want true")
 	}
-	if rc := err.ExtendedCode(); rc != 0x8080 {
-		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x8080", rc)
+	if xcode := err.ExtendedCode(); xcode != 0x8080 {
+		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x8080", uint16(xcode))
 	}
-	if !errors.Is(&err, ExtendedErrorCode(0x8080)) {
+	if ok := errors.As(err, &xcode); !ok || xcode != xErrorCode(0x8080) {
+		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x8080", uint16(xcode))
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, xErrorCode(0x8080)) {
 		t.Errorf("want true")
 	}
 	if s := err.Error(); s != "sqlite3: 32896" {
 		t.Errorf("got %q", s)
 	}
+	if ok := errors.As(err.ExtendedCode(), &ecode); !ok || ecode != ErrorCode(0x80) {
+		t.Errorf("got %#x, want 0x80", uint8(ecode))
+	}
 	if !errors.Is(err.ExtendedCode(), ErrorCode(0x80)) {
 		t.Errorf("want true")
 	}

ext/unicode/unicode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Package unicode provides an alternative to the SQLite ICU extension.
+//
+// Provides Unicode aware:
+//   - upper and lower functions,
+//   - LIKE and REGEXP operators,
+//   - collation sequences.
+//
+// This package is not 100% compatible with the ICU extension:
+//   - upper and lower use [strings.ToUpper], [strings.ToLower] and [cases];
+//   - the LIKE operator follows [strings.EqualFold] rules;
+//   - the REGEXP operator uses Go [regex/syntax];
+//   - collation sequences use [collate].
+//
+// Expect subtle differences (e.g.) in the handling of Turkish case folding.
+package unicode
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
+	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
+	"golang.org/x/text/collate"
+	"golang.org/x/text/language"
+)
+
+// Register registers Unicode aware functions for a database connection.
+func Register(db *sqlite3.Conn) {
+	flags := sqlite3.DETERMINISTIC | sqlite3.INNOCUOUS
+
+	db.CreateFunction("like", 2, flags, like)
+	db.CreateFunction("like", 3, flags, like)
+	db.CreateFunction("upper", 1, flags, upper)
+	db.CreateFunction("upper", 2, flags, upper)
+	db.CreateFunction("lower", 1, flags, lower)
+	db.CreateFunction("lower", 2, flags, lower)
+	db.CreateFunction("regexp", 2, flags, regex)
+	db.CreateFunction("icu_load_collation", 2, sqlite3.DIRECTONLY,
+		func(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+			name := arg[1].Text()
+			if name == "" {
+				return
+			}
+
+			tag, err := language.Parse(arg[0].Text())
+			if err != nil {
+				ctx.ResultError(err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			err = db.CreateCollation(name, collate.New(tag).Compare)
+			if err != nil {
+				ctx.ResultError(err)
+				return
+			}
+		})
+}
+
+func upper(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	if len(arg) == 1 {
+		ctx.ResultBlob(bytes.ToUpper(arg[0].RawBlob()))
+		return
+	}
+	cs, ok := ctx.GetAuxData(1).(cases.Caser)
+	if !ok {
+		t, err := language.Parse(arg[1].Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.ResultError(err)
+			return
+		}
+		c := cases.Upper(t)
+		ctx.SetAuxData(1, c)
+		cs = c
+	}
+	ctx.ResultBlob(cs.Bytes(arg[0].RawBlob()))
+}
+
+func lower(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	if len(arg) == 1 {
+		ctx.ResultBlob(bytes.ToLower(arg[0].RawBlob()))
+		return
+	}
+	cs, ok := ctx.GetAuxData(1).(cases.Caser)
+	if !ok {
+		t, err := language.Parse(arg[1].Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.ResultError(err)
+			return
+		}
+		c := cases.Lower(t)
+		ctx.SetAuxData(1, c)
+		cs = c
+	}
+	ctx.ResultBlob(cs.Bytes(arg[0].RawBlob()))
+}
+
+func regex(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	re, ok := ctx.GetAuxData(0).(*regexp.Regexp)
+	if !ok {
+		r, err := regexp.Compile(arg[0].Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.ResultError(err)
+			return
+		}
+		re = r
+		ctx.SetAuxData(0, re)
+	}
+	ctx.ResultBool(re.Match(arg[1].RawBlob()))
+}
+
+func like(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	escape := rune(-1)
+	if len(arg) == 3 {
+		var size int
+		b := arg[2].RawBlob()
+		escape, size = utf8.DecodeRune(b)
+		if size != len(b) {
+			ctx.ResultError(util.ErrorString("ESCAPE expression must be a single character"))
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	type likeData struct {
+		*regexp.Regexp
+		escape rune
+	}
+
+	re, ok := ctx.GetAuxData(0).(likeData)
+	if !ok || re.escape != escape {
+		re = likeData{
+			regexp.MustCompile(like2regex(arg[0].Text(), escape)),
+			escape,
+		}
+		ctx.SetAuxData(0, re)
+	}
+	ctx.ResultBool(re.Match(arg[1].RawBlob()))
+}
+
+func like2regex(pattern string, escape rune) string {
+	var re strings.Builder
+	start := 0
+	literal := false
+	re.Grow(len(pattern) + 10)
+	re.WriteString(`(?is)\A`) // case insensitive, . matches any character
+	for i, r := range pattern {
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = i
+		}
+		if literal {
+			literal = false
+			continue
+		}
+		var symbol string
+		switch r {
+		case '_':
+			symbol = `.`
+		case '%':
+			symbol = `.*`
+		case escape:
+			literal = true
+		default:
+			continue
+		}
+		re.WriteString(regexp.QuoteMeta(pattern[start:i]))
+		re.WriteString(symbol)
+		start = -1
+	}
+	if start >= 0 {
+		re.WriteString(regexp.QuoteMeta(pattern[start:]))
+	}
+	re.WriteString(`\z`)
+	return re.String()
+}

ext/unicode/unicode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package unicode
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
+	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
+)
+
+func TestRegister(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	exec := func(fn string) string {
+		stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT ` + fn)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer stmt.Close()
+
+		if stmt.Step() {
+			return stmt.ColumnText(0)
+		}
+		t.Fatal(stmt.Err())
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	Register(db)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		test string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{`upper('hello')`, "HELLO"},
+		{`lower('HELLO')`, "hello"},
+		{`upper('привет')`, "ПРИВЕТ"},
+		{`lower('ПРИВЕТ')`, "привет"},
+		{`upper('istanbul')`, "ISTANBUL"},
+		{`upper('istanbul', 'tr-TR')`, "İSTANBUL"},
+		{`lower('Dünyanın İlk Borsası', 'tr-TR')`, "dünyanın ilk borsası"},
+		{`upper('Dünyanın İlk Borsası', 'tr-TR')`, "DÜNYANIN İLK BORSASI"},
+		{`'Hello' REGEXP 'ell'`, "1"},
+		{`'Hello' REGEXP 'el.'`, "1"},
+		{`'Hello' LIKE 'hel_'`, "0"},
+		{`'Hello' LIKE 'hel%'`, "1"},
+		{`'Hello' LIKE 'h_llo'`, "1"},
+		{`'Hello' LIKE 'hello'`, "1"},
+		{`'Привет' LIKE 'ПРИВЕТ'`, "1"},
+		{`'100%' LIKE '100|%' ESCAPE '|'`, "1"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.test, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := exec(tt.test); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("exec(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.test, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	err = db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRegister_collation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	Register(db)
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS words (word VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO words (word) VALUES ('côte'), ('cote'), ('coter'), ('coté'), ('cotée'), ('côté')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT icu_load_collation('fr_FR', 'french')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT word FROM words ORDER BY word COLLATE french`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	got, want := []string{}, []string{"cote", "coté", "côte", "côté", "cotée", "coter"}
+
+	for stmt.Step() {
+		got = append(got, stmt.ColumnText(0))
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Error("not equal")
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRegister_error(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	Register(db)
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT upper('hello', 'enUS')`)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ERROR) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.ERROR", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT lower('hello', 'enUS')`)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ERROR) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.ERROR", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT 'hello' REGEXP '\'`)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ERROR) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.ERROR", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT 'hello' LIKE 'HELLO' ESCAPE '\\'`)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ERROR) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.ERROR", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT icu_load_collation('enUS', 'error')`)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.ERROR) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.ERROR", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`SELECT icu_load_collation('enUS', '')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_like2regex(t *testing.T) {
+	const prefix = `(?is)\A`
+	const sufix = `\z`
+	tests := []struct {
+		pattern string
+		escape  rune
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{`a`, -1, `a`},
+		{`a.`, -1, `a\.`},
+		{`a%`, -1, `a.*`},
+		{`a\`, -1, `a\\`},
+		{`a_b`, -1, `a.b`},
+		{`a|b`, '|', `ab`},
+		{`a|_`, '|', `a_`},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.pattern, func(t *testing.T) {
+			want := prefix + tt.want + sufix
+			if got := like2regex(tt.pattern, tt.escape); got != want {
+				t.Errorf("like2regex() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

func.go

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+)
+
+// AnyCollationNeeded registers a fake collating function
+// for any unknown collating sequence.
+// The fake collating function works like BINARY.
+//
+// This extension can be used to load schemas that contain
+// one or more unknown collating sequences.
+func (c *Conn) AnyCollationNeeded() {
+	c.call(c.api.anyCollation, uint64(c.handle), 0, 0)
+}
+
+// CreateCollation defines a new collating sequence.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/create_collation.html
+func (c *Conn) CreateCollation(name string, fn func(a, b []byte) int) error {
+	namePtr := c.arena.string(name)
+	funcPtr := util.AddHandle(c.ctx, fn)
+	r := c.call(c.api.createCollation,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(namePtr), uint64(funcPtr))
+	if err := c.error(r); err != nil {
+		util.DelHandle(c.ctx, funcPtr)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateFunction defines a new scalar SQL function.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/create_function.html
+func (c *Conn) CreateFunction(name string, nArg int, flag FunctionFlag, fn func(ctx Context, arg ...Value)) error {
+	namePtr := c.arena.string(name)
+	funcPtr := util.AddHandle(c.ctx, fn)
+	r := c.call(c.api.createFunction,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(namePtr), uint64(nArg),
+		uint64(flag), uint64(funcPtr))
+	return c.error(r)
+}
+
+// CreateWindowFunction defines a new aggregate or aggregate window SQL function.
+// If fn returns a [WindowFunction], then an aggregate window function is created.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/create_function.html
+func (c *Conn) CreateWindowFunction(name string, nArg int, flag FunctionFlag, fn func() AggregateFunction) error {
+	call := c.api.createAggregate
+	namePtr := c.arena.string(name)
+	funcPtr := util.AddHandle(c.ctx, fn)
+	if _, ok := fn().(WindowFunction); ok {
+		call = c.api.createWindow
+	}
+	r := c.call(call,
+		uint64(c.handle), uint64(namePtr), uint64(nArg),
+		uint64(flag), uint64(funcPtr))
+	return c.error(r)
+}
+
+// AggregateFunction is the interface an aggregate function should implement.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/appfunc.html
+type AggregateFunction interface {
+	// Step is invoked to add a row to the current window.
+	// The function arguments, if any, corresponding to the row being added are passed to Step.
+	Step(ctx Context, arg ...Value)
+
+	// Value is invoked to return the current value of the aggregate.
+	Value(ctx Context)
+}
+
+// WindowFunction is the interface an aggregate window function should implement.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/windowfunctions.html
+type WindowFunction interface {
+	AggregateFunction
+
+	// Inverse is invoked to remove the oldest presently aggregated result of Step from the current window.
+	// The function arguments, if any, are those passed to Step for the row being removed.
+	Inverse(ctx Context, arg ...Value)
+}
+
+func exportHostFunctions(env wazero.HostModuleBuilder) wazero.HostModuleBuilder {
+	util.ExportFuncVI(env, "go_destroy", callbackDestroy)
+	util.ExportFuncIIIIII(env, "go_compare", callbackCompare)
+	util.ExportFuncVIII(env, "go_func", callbackFunc)
+	util.ExportFuncVIII(env, "go_step", callbackStep)
+	util.ExportFuncVI(env, "go_final", callbackFinal)
+	util.ExportFuncVI(env, "go_value", callbackValue)
+	util.ExportFuncVIII(env, "go_inverse", callbackInverse)
+	return env
+}
+
+func callbackDestroy(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pApp uint32) {
+	util.DelHandle(ctx, pApp)
+}
+
+func callbackCompare(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pApp, nKey1, pKey1, nKey2, pKey2 uint32) uint32 {
+	fn := util.GetHandle(ctx, pApp).(func(a, b []byte) int)
+	return uint32(fn(util.View(mod, pKey1, uint64(nKey1)), util.View(mod, pKey2, uint64(nKey2))))
+}
+
+func callbackFunc(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pCtx, nArg, pArg uint32) {
+	sqlite := ctx.Value(sqliteKey{}).(*sqlite)
+	fn := callbackHandle(sqlite, pCtx).(func(ctx Context, arg ...Value))
+	fn(Context{sqlite, pCtx}, callbackArgs(sqlite, nArg, pArg)...)
+}
+
+func callbackStep(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pCtx, nArg, pArg uint32) {
+	sqlite := ctx.Value(sqliteKey{}).(*sqlite)
+	fn := callbackAggregate(sqlite, pCtx, nil).(AggregateFunction)
+	fn.Step(Context{sqlite, pCtx}, callbackArgs(sqlite, nArg, pArg)...)
+}
+
+func callbackFinal(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pCtx uint32) {
+	var handle uint32
+	sqlite := ctx.Value(sqliteKey{}).(*sqlite)
+	fn := callbackAggregate(sqlite, pCtx, &handle).(AggregateFunction)
+	fn.Value(Context{sqlite, pCtx})
+	if err := util.DelHandle(ctx, handle); err != nil {
+		Context{sqlite, pCtx}.ResultError(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func callbackValue(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pCtx uint32) {
+	sqlite := ctx.Value(sqliteKey{}).(*sqlite)
+	fn := callbackAggregate(sqlite, pCtx, nil).(AggregateFunction)
+	fn.Value(Context{sqlite, pCtx})
+}
+
+func callbackInverse(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pCtx, nArg, pArg uint32) {
+	sqlite := ctx.Value(sqliteKey{}).(*sqlite)
+	fn := callbackAggregate(sqlite, pCtx, nil).(WindowFunction)
+	fn.Inverse(Context{sqlite, pCtx}, callbackArgs(sqlite, nArg, pArg)...)
+}
+
+func callbackHandle(sqlite *sqlite, pCtx uint32) any {
+	pApp := uint32(sqlite.call(sqlite.api.userData, uint64(pCtx)))
+	return util.GetHandle(sqlite.ctx, pApp)
+}
+
+func callbackAggregate(sqlite *sqlite, pCtx uint32, close *uint32) any {
+	// On close, we're getting rid of the handle.
+	// Don't allocate space to store it.
+	var size uint64
+	if close == nil {
+		size = ptrlen
+	}
+	ptr := uint32(sqlite.call(sqlite.api.aggregateCtx, uint64(pCtx), size))
+
+	// Try loading the handle, if we already have one, or want a new one.
+	if ptr != 0 || size != 0 {
+		if handle := util.ReadUint32(sqlite.mod, ptr); handle != 0 {
+			fn := util.GetHandle(sqlite.ctx, handle)
+			if close != nil {
+				*close = handle
+			}
+			if fn != nil {
+				return fn
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create a new aggregate and store the handle.
+	fn := callbackHandle(sqlite, pCtx).(func() AggregateFunction)()
+	if ptr != 0 {
+		util.WriteUint32(sqlite.mod, ptr, util.AddHandle(sqlite.ctx, fn))
+	}
+	return fn
+}
+
+func callbackArgs(sqlite *sqlite, nArg, pArg uint32) []Value {
+	args := make([]Value, nArg)
+	for i := range args {
+		args[i] = Value{
+			sqlite: sqlite,
+			handle: util.ReadUint32(sqlite.mod, pArg+ptrlen*uint32(i)),
+		}
+	}
+	return args
+}

func_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package sqlite3_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"regexp"
+
+	"golang.org/x/text/collate"
+	"golang.org/x/text/language"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
+	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
+)
+
+func ExampleConn_CreateCollation() {
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS words (word VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO words (word) VALUES ('côte'), ('cote'), ('coter'), ('coté'), ('cotée'), ('côté')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.CreateCollation("french", collate.New(language.French).Compare)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT word FROM words ORDER BY word COLLATE french`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	for stmt.Step() {
+		fmt.Println(stmt.ColumnText(0))
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Output:
+	// cote
+	// coté
+	// côte
+	// côté
+	// cotée
+	// coter
+}
+
+func ExampleConn_CreateFunction() {
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS words (word VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO words (word) VALUES ('côte'), ('cote'), ('coter'), ('coté'), ('cotée'), ('côté')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.CreateFunction("upper", 1, sqlite3.DETERMINISTIC|sqlite3.INNOCUOUS, func(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+		ctx.ResultBlob(bytes.ToUpper(arg[0].RawBlob()))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT upper(word) FROM words`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	for stmt.Step() {
+		fmt.Println(stmt.ColumnText(0))
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Unordered output:
+	// COTE
+	// COTÉ
+	// CÔTE
+	// CÔTÉ
+	// COTÉE
+	// COTER
+}
+
+func ExampleContext_SetAuxData() {
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS words (word VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO words (word) VALUES ('côte'), ('cote'), ('coter'), ('coté'), ('cotée'), ('côté')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.CreateFunction("regexp", 2, sqlite3.DETERMINISTIC|sqlite3.INNOCUOUS, func(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+		re, ok := ctx.GetAuxData(0).(*regexp.Regexp)
+		if !ok {
+			r, err := regexp.Compile(arg[0].Text())
+			if err != nil {
+				ctx.ResultError(err)
+				return
+			}
+			ctx.SetAuxData(0, r)
+			re = r
+		}
+		ctx.ResultBool(re.Match(arg[1].RawBlob()))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT word FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^\p{L}+e$'`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	for stmt.Step() {
+		fmt.Println(stmt.ColumnText(0))
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Unordered output:
+	// cote
+	// côte
+	// cotée
+}

func_win_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package sqlite3_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
+	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
+)
+
+func ExampleConn_CreateWindowFunction() {
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS words (word VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO words (word) VALUES ('côte'), ('cote'), ('coter'), ('coté'), ('cotée'), ('côté')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.CreateWindowFunction("count_ascii", 1, sqlite3.INNOCUOUS, newASCIICounter)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT count_ascii(word) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM words`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	for stmt.Step() {
+		fmt.Println(stmt.ColumnInt(0))
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Output:
+	// 1
+	// 2
+	// 2
+	// 1
+	// 0
+	// 0
+}
+
+type countASCII struct{ result int }
+
+func newASCIICounter() sqlite3.AggregateFunction {
+	return &countASCII{}
+}
+
+func (f *countASCII) Value(ctx sqlite3.Context) {
+	ctx.ResultInt(f.result)
+}
+
+func (f *countASCII) Step(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	if f.isASCII(arg[0]) {
+		f.result++
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *countASCII) Inverse(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+	if f.isASCII(arg[0]) {
+		f.result--
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *countASCII) isASCII(arg sqlite3.Value) bool {
+	if arg.Type() != sqlite3.TEXT {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, c := range arg.RawBlob() {
+		if c > unicode.MaxASCII {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

go.mod

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ go 1.19
 require (
 	github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5
 	github.com/psanford/httpreadat v0.1.0
-	github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0
+	github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.11.0
 )
 
 retract v0.4.0 // tagged from the wrong branch

go.sum

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5 h1:hDJ9ejiMp3DHsoZ5KW4c1lwfMjbARS7u/gbYcd0FB
 github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5/go.mod h1:Dusn2KvZrrovOMJuOt0TNXL6tB7U2E8kvza5fFc9G7g=
 github.com/psanford/httpreadat v0.1.0 h1:VleW1HS2zO7/4c7c7zNl33fO6oYACSagjJIyMIwZLUE=
 github.com/psanford/httpreadat v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Zg7P+TlBm3bYbyHTKv/EdtSJZn3qwbPwpfZ/I9GKCRE=
-github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0 h1:I/8LMf4YkCZ3r2XaL9whhA0VMyAvF6QE+O7rco0DCeQ=
-github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0/go.mod h1:wYx2gNRg8/WihJfSDxA1TIL8H+GkfLYm+bIfbblu9VQ=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0 h1:PUR+T4wwASmuSTYdKjYHI5TD22Wy5ogLU5qZCOLxBrI=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1 h1:rnb9FgOEQRLLR8tgoD1mfjNjMhFeWRUk+a4b4j/GpUM=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1/go.mod h1:wYx2gNRg8/WihJfSDxA1TIL8H+GkfLYm+bIfbblu9VQ=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0 h1:ftCYgMx6zT/asHUrPw8BLLscYtGznsLAnjq5RH9P66E=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0 h1:SqMFp9UcQJZa+pmYuAKjd9xq1f0j5rLcDIk0mj4qAsA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.11.0 h1:LAntKIrcmeSKERyiOh0XMV39LXS8IE9UL2yP7+f5ij4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.11.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=

go.work

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+go 1.19
+
+use (
+	.
+	./gormlite
+)

go.work.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0 h1:LUYupSeNrTNCGzR/hVBk2NHZO4hXcVaW1k4Qx7rjPx8=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0 h1:BOw41kyTf3PuCW1pVQf8+Cyg8pMlkYB1oo9iJ6D/lKM=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=

gormlite/README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # GORM SQLite Driver
 
+[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/image)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/gormlite)
+
 ## Usage
 
 ```go
@@ -19,6 +21,6 @@ Checkout [https://gorm.io](https://gorm.io) for details.
 Foreign-key constraint is disabled by default in SQLite. To activate it, use connection URL parameter:
 ```go
 db, err := gorm.Open(gormlite.Open(
-	"file:gorm.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)&_pragma=foreign_keys(1)"),
+	"file:gorm.db?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=foreign_keys(1)"),
 	&gorm.Config{})
 ```

gormlite/ddlmod.go

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func parseDDL(strs ...string) (*ddl, error) {
 			for _, column := range getAllColumns(matches[1]) {
 				for idx, c := range result.columns {
 					if c.NameValue.String == column {
-						c.UniqueValue = sql.NullBool{Bool: true, Valid: true}
+						c.UniqueValue = sql.NullBool{Bool: strings.ToUpper(strings.Fields(str)[1]) == "UNIQUE", Valid: true}
 						result.columns[idx] = c
 					}
 				}

gormlite/ddlmod_test.go

@@ -79,6 +79,24 @@ func TestParseDDL(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			"non-unique index",
+			[]string{
+				"CREATE TABLE `test-c` (`field` integer NOT NULL)",
+				"CREATE INDEX `idx_uq` ON `test-b`(`field`) WHERE field = 0",
+			},
+			1,
+			[]migrator.ColumnType{
+				{
+					NameValue:       sql.NullString{String: "field", Valid: true},
+					DataTypeValue:   sql.NullString{String: "integer", Valid: true},
+					ColumnTypeValue: sql.NullString{String: "integer", Valid: true},
+					PrimaryKeyValue: sql.NullBool{Bool: false, Valid: true},
+					UniqueValue:     sql.NullBool{Bool: false, Valid: true},
+					NullableValue:   sql.NullBool{Bool: false, Valid: true},
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, p := range params {

gormlite/download.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")"
+
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/ddlmod.go"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/ddlmod_test.go"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/error_translator.go"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/migrator.go"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/sqlite.go"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/go-gorm/sqlite/raw/master/sqlite_test.go"

gormlite/error_translator.go

@@ -8,8 +8,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (dialector Dialector) Translate(err error) error {
-	if errors.Is(err, sqlite3.CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE) {
+	switch {
+	case
+		errors.Is(err, sqlite3.CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE),
+		errors.Is(err, sqlite3.CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY):
 		return gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey
+	case
+		errors.Is(err, sqlite3.CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY):
+		return gorm.ErrForeignKeyViolated
 	}
 	return err
 }

gormlite/errors.go

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-package gormlite
-
-import "errors"
-
-var (
-	ErrConstraintsNotImplemented = errors.New("constraints not implemented on sqlite, consider using DisableForeignKeyConstraintWhenMigrating, more details https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/wiki/GORM-V2-Release-Note-Draft#all-new-migrator")
-)

gormlite/go.mod

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
-module github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite/gormlite
+module github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/gormlite
 
 go 1.19
 
 require (
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
-	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
-	github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.7.1
-	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.1
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.1
+	github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.8.3
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.2
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5 // indirect
-	github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0 // indirect
 )

gormlite/go.sum

@@ -1,20 +1,15 @@
-github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0 h1:ueSltNNllEqE3qcWBTD0iQd3IpL/6U+mJxLkazJ7YPc=
-github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0/go.mod h1:OXbVy3sEdcQ2Doequ6Z5BW6fXNQTmx+9S1MCJN5yJMI=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD/E=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5/go.mod h1:d3SSVoowX0Lcu0IBviAWJpolVfI5UJVZZ7cO71lE/z8=
-github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.7.1 h1:SDd3g18RobYi3NM8nZgozHM6jaqIbpMEmX42YGOVcTU=
-github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.7.1/go.mod h1:n+DEDYam8SK5jmsfUC/9GFhSF0gVHGXiYFXnAo8Jwsc=
+github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.8.3 h1:kYUAqDpZ0OT+snTH1yWyxq9QSJ22HoM3WKfFEL4N694=
+github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.8.3/go.mod h1:DUdzKfMlIFmSLAtNHdIgxbdax/5NsQx2RlIlVO7EWfU=
 github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5 h1:hDJ9ejiMp3DHsoZ5KW4c1lwfMjbARS7u/gbYcd0FBZk=
 github.com/ncruces/julianday v0.1.5/go.mod h1:Dusn2KvZrrovOMJuOt0TNXL6tB7U2E8kvza5fFc9G7g=
-github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0 h1:I/8LMf4YkCZ3r2XaL9whhA0VMyAvF6QE+O7rco0DCeQ=
-github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.2.0/go.mod h1:wYx2gNRg8/WihJfSDxA1TIL8H+GkfLYm+bIfbblu9VQ=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.1 h1:WUEH5VF9obL/lTtzjmML/5e6VfFR/788coz2uaVCAZw=
-gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.1/go.mod h1:Jo3Xu7mMhCyj8dlrb3WoCaRd1FhsVh+yMXb1jUInf5o=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.25.1 h1:nsSALe5Pr+cM3V1qwwQ7rOkw+6UeLrX5O4v3llhHa64=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.25.1/go.mod h1:L4uxeKpfBml98NYqVqwAdmV1a2nBtAec/cf3fpucW/k=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1 h1:rnb9FgOEQRLLR8tgoD1mfjNjMhFeWRUk+a4b4j/GpUM=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.3.1/go.mod h1:wYx2gNRg8/WihJfSDxA1TIL8H+GkfLYm+bIfbblu9VQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0 h1:SqMFp9UcQJZa+pmYuAKjd9xq1f0j5rLcDIk0mj4qAsA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.11.0 h1:LAntKIrcmeSKERyiOh0XMV39LXS8IE9UL2yP7+f5ij4=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.25.2 h1:gs1o6Vsa+oVKG/a9ElL3XgyGfghFfkKA2SInQaCyMho=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.25.2/go.mod h1:L4uxeKpfBml98NYqVqwAdmV1a2nBtAec/cf3fpucW/k=

gormlite/migrator.go

@@ -322,6 +322,9 @@ func (m Migrator) RenameIndex(value interface{}, oldName, newName string) error
 		var sql string
 		m.DB.Raw("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = ? AND tbl_name = ? AND name = ?", "index", stmt.Table, oldName).Row().Scan(&sql)
 		if sql != "" {
+			if err := m.DropIndex(value, oldName); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 			return m.DB.Exec(strings.Replace(sql, oldName, newName, 1)).Error
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to find index with name %v", oldName)

gormlite/test.sh

@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@ set -euo pipefail
 
 cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")"
 
-rm -rf gorm/ tests/
-git clone --filter=blob:none --branch=v1.25.1 https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm.git
+rm -rf gorm/ tests/ $TMPDIR/gorm.db
+git clone --filter=blob:none https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm.git
 mv gorm/tests tests
 rm -rf gorm/
 
 patch -p1 -N < tests.patch
 
 cd tests
-go mod tidy && go test
+go mod tidy && go work use . && go test
+
+cd ..
+rm -rf tests/ $TMPDIR/gorm.db
+go work use -r .

gormlite/tests.patch

@@ -1,51 +1,31 @@
 diff --git a/tests/.gitignore b/tests/.gitignore
-index 08cb523..72e8ffc 100644
 --- a/tests/.gitignore
 +++ b/tests/.gitignore
 @@ -1 +1 @@
 -go.sum
 +*
 diff --git a/tests/go.mod b/tests/go.mod
-index f47d175..dba4a24 100644
 --- a/tests/go.mod
 +++ b/tests/go.mod
-@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ require (
- 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.3.1 // indirect
+@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ require (
+ 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
  	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
- 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.8
--	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.16 // indirect
-+	github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.7.1
- 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.8.0 // indirect
- 	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.0
- 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.0
--	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.5.0
- 	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.4.3
--	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.0
--)
--
+ 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9
++	github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3 v0.8.3
++	github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/gormlite v0.0.0
+ 	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.2-0.20230612053416-48b6526a21f0
+ 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.3-0.20230607070428-18bc84b75196
+-	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.5.2
+ 	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.5.2-0.20230613072041-6e2cde390b0a
+ 	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.2
+ )
+@@ -27,4 +28,4 @@ require (
+ 	golang.org/x/text v0.11.0 // indirect
+ )
+ 
 -replace gorm.io/gorm => ../
-+	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.1
-+)
-\ No newline at end of file
-diff --git a/tests/scanner_valuer_test.go b/tests/scanner_valuer_test.go
-index 1412169..472434b 100644
---- a/tests/scanner_valuer_test.go
-+++ b/tests/scanner_valuer_test.go
-@@ -170,10 +170,10 @@ func (data *EncryptedData) Scan(value interface{}) error {
- 			return errors.New("Too short")
- 		}
- 
--		*data = b[3:]
-+		*data = append((*data)[0:], b[3:]...)
- 		return nil
- 	} else if s, ok := value.(string); ok {
--		*data = []byte(s)[3:]
-+		*data = []byte(s[3:])
- 		return nil
- 	}
- 
++replace github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/gormlite => ../
 diff --git a/tests/tests_test.go b/tests/tests_test.go
-index 90eb847..cd9af43 100644
 --- a/tests/tests_test.go
 +++ b/tests/tests_test.go
 @@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ import (
@@ -61,3 +41,12 @@ index 90eb847..cd9af43 100644
  	"gorm.io/driver/sqlserver"
  	"gorm.io/gorm"
  	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ func OpenTestConnection(cfg *gorm.Config) (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
+ 		db, err = gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dbDSN), cfg)
+ 	default:
+ 		log.Println("testing sqlite3...")
+-		db, err = gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "gorm.db?_foreign_keys=on")), cfg)
++		db, err = gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("file:"+filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "gorm.db")+"?_pragma=busy_timeout(1000)&_pragma=foreign_keys(1)"), cfg)
+ 	}
+ 
+ 	if err != nil {

internal/util/func.go

@@ -10,6 +10,32 @@ import (
 type i32 interface{ ~int32 | ~uint32 }
 type i64 interface{ ~int64 | ~uint64 }
 
+type funcVI[T0 i32] func(context.Context, api.Module, T0)
+
+func (fn funcVI[T0]) Call(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, stack []uint64) {
+	fn(ctx, mod, T0(stack[0]))
+}
+
+func ExportFuncVI[T0 i32](mod wazero.HostModuleBuilder, name string, fn func(context.Context, api.Module, T0)) {
+	mod.NewFunctionBuilder().
+		WithGoModuleFunction(funcVI[T0](fn),
+			[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32}, nil).
+		Export(name)
+}
+
+type funcVIII[T0, T1, T2 i32] func(context.Context, api.Module, T0, T1, T2)
+
+func (fn funcVIII[T0, T1, T2]) Call(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, stack []uint64) {
+	fn(ctx, mod, T0(stack[0]), T1(stack[1]), T2(stack[2]))
+}
+
+func ExportFuncVIII[T0, T1, T2 i32](mod wazero.HostModuleBuilder, name string, fn func(context.Context, api.Module, T0, T1, T2)) {
+	mod.NewFunctionBuilder().
+		WithGoModuleFunction(funcVIII[T0, T1, T2](fn),
+			[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32, api.ValueTypeI32, api.ValueTypeI32}, nil).
+		Export(name)
+}
+
 type funcII[TR, T0 i32] func(context.Context, api.Module, T0) TR
 
 func (fn funcII[TR, T0]) Call(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, stack []uint64) {

internal/util/handle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/experimental"
+)
+
+type handleKey struct{}
+type handleState struct {
+	handles []any
+	empty   int
+}
+
+func NewContext(ctx context.Context) context.Context {
+	state := new(handleState)
+	ctx = experimental.WithCloseNotifier(ctx, state)
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, handleKey{}, state)
+	return ctx
+}
+
+func (s *handleState) CloseNotify(ctx context.Context, exitCode uint32) {
+	for _, h := range s.handles {
+		if c, ok := h.(io.Closer); ok {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	s.handles = nil
+	s.empty = 0
+}
+
+func GetHandle(ctx context.Context, id uint32) any {
+	if id == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	s := ctx.Value(handleKey{}).(*handleState)
+	return s.handles[^id]
+}
+
+func DelHandle(ctx context.Context, id uint32) error {
+	if id == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	s := ctx.Value(handleKey{}).(*handleState)
+	a := s.handles[^id]
+	s.handles[^id] = nil
+	s.empty++
+	if c, ok := a.(io.Closer); ok {
+		return c.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func AddHandle(ctx context.Context, a any) (id uint32) {
+	if a == nil {
+		panic(NilErr)
+	}
+	s := ctx.Value(handleKey{}).(*handleState)
+
+	// Find an empty slot.
+	if s.empty > cap(s.handles)-len(s.handles) {
+		for id, h := range s.handles {
+			if h == nil {
+				s.empty--
+				s.handles[id] = a
+				return ^uint32(id)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add a new slot.
+	s.handles = append(s.handles, a)
+	return -uint32(len(s.handles))
+}

sqlite.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package sqlite3
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io"
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
@@ -25,70 +24,67 @@ var (
 	Path   string // Path to load the binary from.
 )
 
-var sqlite3 struct {
+var instance struct {
 	runtime  wazero.Runtime
 	compiled wazero.CompiledModule
 	err      error
 	once     sync.Once
 }
 
-func instantiateModule() (*module, error) {
+func compileSQLite() {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	instance.runtime = wazero.NewRuntime(ctx)
 
-	sqlite3.once.Do(compileModule)
-	if sqlite3.err != nil {
-		return nil, sqlite3.err
-	}
-
-	cfg := wazero.NewModuleConfig()
-
-	mod, err := sqlite3.runtime.InstantiateModule(ctx, sqlite3.compiled, cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return newModule(mod)
-}
-
-func compileModule() {
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	sqlite3.runtime = wazero.NewRuntime(ctx)
-
-	env := vfs.ExportHostFunctions(sqlite3.runtime.NewHostModuleBuilder("env"))
-	_, sqlite3.err = env.Instantiate(ctx)
-	if sqlite3.err != nil {
+	env := instance.runtime.NewHostModuleBuilder("env")
+	env = vfs.ExportHostFunctions(env)
+	env = exportHostFunctions(env)
+	_, instance.err = env.Instantiate(ctx)
+	if instance.err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	bin := Binary
 	if bin == nil && Path != "" {
-		bin, sqlite3.err = os.ReadFile(Path)
-		if sqlite3.err != nil {
+		bin, instance.err = os.ReadFile(Path)
+		if instance.err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 	if bin == nil {
-		sqlite3.err = util.BinaryErr
+		instance.err = util.BinaryErr
 		return
 	}
 
-	sqlite3.compiled, sqlite3.err = sqlite3.runtime.CompileModule(ctx, bin)
+	instance.compiled, instance.err = instance.runtime.CompileModule(ctx, bin)
 }
 
-type module struct {
-	ctx context.Context
-	mod api.Module
-	vfs io.Closer
-	api sqliteAPI
-	arg [8]uint64
+type sqlite struct {
+	ctx   context.Context
+	mod   api.Module
+	api   sqliteAPI
+	stack [8]uint64
 }
 
-func newModule(mod api.Module) (m *module, err error) {
-	m = new(module)
-	m.mod = mod
-	m.ctx, m.vfs = vfs.NewContext(context.Background())
+type sqliteKey struct{}
+
+func instantiateSQLite() (sqlt *sqlite, err error) {
+	instance.once.Do(compileSQLite)
+	if instance.err != nil {
+		return nil, instance.err
+	}
+
+	sqlt = new(sqlite)
+	sqlt.ctx = util.NewContext(context.Background())
+	sqlt.ctx = context.WithValue(sqlt.ctx, sqliteKey{}, sqlt)
+
+	sqlt.mod, err = instance.runtime.InstantiateModule(sqlt.ctx,
+		instance.compiled, wazero.NewModuleConfig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	getFun := func(name string) api.Function {
-		f := mod.ExportedFunction(name)
+		f := sqlt.mod.ExportedFunction(name)
 		if f == nil {
 			err = util.NoFuncErr + util.ErrorString(name)
 			return nil
@@ -97,15 +93,15 @@ func newModule(mod api.Module) (m *module, err error) {
 	}
 
 	getVal := func(name string) uint32 {
-		g := mod.ExportedGlobal(name)
+		g := sqlt.mod.ExportedGlobal(name)
 		if g == nil {
 			err = util.NoGlobalErr + util.ErrorString(name)
 			return 0
 		}
-		return util.ReadUint32(mod, uint32(g.Get()))
+		return util.ReadUint32(sqlt.mod, uint32(g.Get()))
 	}
 
-	m.api = sqliteAPI{
+	sqlt.api = sqliteAPI{
 		free:            getFun("free"),
 		malloc:          getFun("malloc"),
 		destructor:      getVal("malloc_destructor"),
@@ -153,20 +149,43 @@ func newModule(mod api.Module) (m *module, err error) {
 		changes:         getFun("sqlite3_changes64"),
 		lastRowid:       getFun("sqlite3_last_insert_rowid"),
 		autocommit:      getFun("sqlite3_get_autocommit"),
+		anyCollation:    getFun("sqlite3_anycollseq_init"),
+		createCollation: getFun("sqlite3_create_collation_go"),
+		createFunction:  getFun("sqlite3_create_function_go"),
+		createAggregate: getFun("sqlite3_create_aggregate_function_go"),
+		createWindow:    getFun("sqlite3_create_window_function_go"),
+		aggregateCtx:    getFun("sqlite3_aggregate_context"),
+		userData:        getFun("sqlite3_user_data"),
+		setAuxData:      getFun("sqlite3_set_auxdata_go"),
+		getAuxData:      getFun("sqlite3_get_auxdata"),
+		valueType:       getFun("sqlite3_value_type"),
+		valueInteger:    getFun("sqlite3_value_int64"),
+		valueFloat:      getFun("sqlite3_value_double"),
+		valueText:       getFun("sqlite3_value_text"),
+		valueBlob:       getFun("sqlite3_value_blob"),
+		valueBytes:      getFun("sqlite3_value_bytes"),
+		resultNull:      getFun("sqlite3_result_null"),
+		resultInteger:   getFun("sqlite3_result_int64"),
+		resultFloat:     getFun("sqlite3_result_double"),
+		resultText:      getFun("sqlite3_result_text64"),
+		resultBlob:      getFun("sqlite3_result_blob64"),
+		resultZeroBlob:  getFun("sqlite3_result_zeroblob64"),
+		resultError:     getFun("sqlite3_result_error"),
+		resultErrorCode: getFun("sqlite3_result_error_code"),
+		resultErrorMem:  getFun("sqlite3_result_error_nomem"),
+		resultErrorBig:  getFun("sqlite3_result_error_toobig"),
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return m, nil
+	return sqlt, nil
 }
 
-func (m *module) close() error {
-	err := m.mod.Close(m.ctx)
-	m.vfs.Close()
-	return err
+func (sqlt *sqlite) close() error {
+	return sqlt.mod.Close(sqlt.ctx)
 }
 
-func (m *module) error(rc uint64, handle uint32, sql ...string) error {
+func (sqlt *sqlite) error(rc uint64, handle uint32, sql ...string) error {
 	if rc == _OK {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -177,16 +196,16 @@ func (m *module) error(rc uint64, handle uint32, sql ...string) error {
 		panic(util.OOMErr)
 	}
 
-	if r := m.call(m.api.errstr, rc); r != 0 {
-		err.str = util.ReadString(m.mod, uint32(r), _MAX_STRING)
+	if r := sqlt.call(sqlt.api.errstr, rc); r != 0 {
+		err.str = util.ReadString(sqlt.mod, uint32(r), _MAX_STRING)
 	}
 
-	if r := m.call(m.api.errmsg, uint64(handle)); r != 0 {
-		err.msg = util.ReadString(m.mod, uint32(r), _MAX_STRING)
+	if r := sqlt.call(sqlt.api.errmsg, uint64(handle)); r != 0 {
+		err.msg = util.ReadString(sqlt.mod, uint32(r), _MAX_STRING)
 	}
 
 	if sql != nil {
-		if r := m.call(m.api.erroff, uint64(handle)); r != math.MaxUint32 {
+		if r := sqlt.call(sqlt.api.erroff, uint64(handle)); r != math.MaxUint32 {
 			err.sql = sql[0][r:]
 		}
 	}
@@ -198,60 +217,58 @@ func (m *module) error(rc uint64, handle uint32, sql ...string) error {
 	return &err
 }
 
-func (m *module) call(fn api.Function, params ...uint64) uint64 {
-	copy(m.arg[:], params)
-	err := fn.CallWithStack(m.ctx, m.arg[:])
+func (sqlt *sqlite) call(fn api.Function, params ...uint64) uint64 {
+	copy(sqlt.stack[:], params)
+	err := fn.CallWithStack(sqlt.ctx, sqlt.stack[:])
 	if err != nil {
-		// The module closed or panicked; release resources.
-		m.vfs.Close()
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	return m.arg[0]
+	return sqlt.stack[0]
 }
 
-func (m *module) free(ptr uint32) {
+func (sqlt *sqlite) free(ptr uint32) {
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	m.call(m.api.free, uint64(ptr))
+	sqlt.call(sqlt.api.free, uint64(ptr))
 }
 
-func (m *module) new(size uint64) uint32 {
+func (sqlt *sqlite) new(size uint64) uint32 {
 	if size > _MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE {
 		panic(util.OOMErr)
 	}
-	ptr := uint32(m.call(m.api.malloc, size))
+	ptr := uint32(sqlt.call(sqlt.api.malloc, size))
 	if ptr == 0 && size != 0 {
 		panic(util.OOMErr)
 	}
 	return ptr
 }
 
-func (m *module) newBytes(b []byte) uint32 {
+func (sqlt *sqlite) newBytes(b []byte) uint32 {
 	if b == nil {
 		return 0
 	}
-	ptr := m.new(uint64(len(b)))
-	util.WriteBytes(m.mod, ptr, b)
+	ptr := sqlt.new(uint64(len(b)))
+	util.WriteBytes(sqlt.mod, ptr, b)
 	return ptr
 }
 
-func (m *module) newString(s string) uint32 {
-	ptr := m.new(uint64(len(s) + 1))
-	util.WriteString(m.mod, ptr, s)
+func (sqlt *sqlite) newString(s string) uint32 {
+	ptr := sqlt.new(uint64(len(s) + 1))
+	util.WriteString(sqlt.mod, ptr, s)
 	return ptr
 }
 
-func (m *module) newArena(size uint64) arena {
+func (sqlt *sqlite) newArena(size uint64) arena {
 	return arena{
-		m:    m,
-		base: m.new(size),
+		sqlt: sqlt,
 		size: uint32(size),
+		base: sqlt.new(size),
 	}
 }
 
 type arena struct {
-	m    *module
+	sqlt *sqlite
 	ptrs []uint32
 	base uint32
 	next uint32
@@ -259,17 +276,17 @@ type arena struct {
 }
 
 func (a *arena) free() {
-	if a.m == nil {
+	if a.sqlt == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	a.reset()
-	a.m.free(a.base)
-	a.m = nil
+	a.sqlt.free(a.base)
+	a.sqlt = nil
 }
 
 func (a *arena) reset() {
 	for _, ptr := range a.ptrs {
-		a.m.free(ptr)
+		a.sqlt.free(ptr)
 	}
 	a.ptrs = nil
 	a.next = 0
@@ -281,7 +298,7 @@ func (a *arena) new(size uint64) uint32 {
 		a.next += uint32(size)
 		return ptr
 	}
-	ptr := a.m.new(size)
+	ptr := a.sqlt.new(size)
 	a.ptrs = append(a.ptrs, ptr)
 	return ptr
 }
@@ -291,13 +308,13 @@ func (a *arena) bytes(b []byte) uint32 {
 		return 0
 	}
 	ptr := a.new(uint64(len(b)))
-	util.WriteBytes(a.m.mod, ptr, b)
+	util.WriteBytes(a.sqlt.mod, ptr, b)
 	return ptr
 }
 
 func (a *arena) string(s string) uint32 {
 	ptr := a.new(uint64(len(s) + 1))
-	util.WriteString(a.m.mod, ptr, s)
+	util.WriteString(a.sqlt.mod, ptr, s)
 	return ptr
 }
 
@@ -317,10 +334,10 @@ type sqliteAPI struct {
 	step            api.Function
 	exec            api.Function
 	clearBindings   api.Function
-	bindNull        api.Function
 	bindCount       api.Function
 	bindIndex       api.Function
 	bindName        api.Function
+	bindNull        api.Function
 	bindInteger     api.Function
 	bindFloat       api.Function
 	bindText        api.Function
@@ -348,5 +365,30 @@ type sqliteAPI struct {
 	changes         api.Function
 	lastRowid       api.Function
 	autocommit      api.Function
+	anyCollation    api.Function
+	createCollation api.Function
+	createFunction  api.Function
+	createAggregate api.Function
+	createWindow    api.Function
+	aggregateCtx    api.Function
+	userData        api.Function
+	setAuxData      api.Function
+	getAuxData      api.Function
+	valueType       api.Function
+	valueInteger    api.Function
+	valueFloat      api.Function
+	valueText       api.Function
+	valueBlob       api.Function
+	valueBytes      api.Function
+	resultNull      api.Function
+	resultInteger   api.Function
+	resultFloat     api.Function
+	resultText      api.Function
+	resultBlob      api.Function
+	resultZeroBlob  api.Function
+	resultError     api.Function
+	resultErrorCode api.Function
+	resultErrorMem  api.Function
+	resultErrorBig  api.Function
 	destructor      uint32
 }

sqlite3/.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+ext/
 sqlite3.c
 sqlite3.h
 sqlite3ext.h

sqlite3/download.sh

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ unzip -d . sqlite-amalgamation-*.zip
 mv sqlite-amalgamation-*/sqlite3* .
 rm -rf sqlite-amalgamation-*
 
-patch < vfs_find.patch
-patch < deserialize.patch
+cat *.patch | patch
 
+mkdir -p ext/
 cd ext/
 curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/decimal.c"
 curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/uint.c"
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/uuid.c"
 curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/base64.c"
 curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/regexp.c"
 curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/series.c"
+curl -#OL "https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/raw/version-3.42.0/ext/misc/anycollseq.c"
 cd ~-
 
 cd ../vfs/tests/mptest/testdata/

sqlite3/ext/.gitignore

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-*.c

sqlite3/func.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "sqlite3.h"
+
+int go_compare(void *, int, const void *, int, const void *);
+void go_func(sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **);
+void go_step(sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **);
+void go_final(sqlite3_context *);
+void go_value(sqlite3_context *);
+void go_inverse(sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **);
+void go_destroy(void *);
+
+int sqlite3_create_collation_go(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, void *pApp) {
+  return sqlite3_create_collation_v2(db, zName, SQLITE_UTF8, pApp, go_compare,
+                                     go_destroy);
+}
+
+int sqlite3_create_function_go(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, int nArg,
+                               int flags, void *pApp) {
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8 | flags, pApp,
+                                    go_func, NULL, NULL, go_destroy);
+}
+
+int sqlite3_create_aggregate_function_go(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName,
+                                         int nArg, int flags, void *pApp) {
+  return sqlite3_create_window_function(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8 | flags,
+                                        pApp, go_step, go_final, NULL, NULL,
+                                        go_destroy);
+}
+
+int sqlite3_create_window_function_go(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, int nArg,
+                                      int flags, void *pApp) {
+  return sqlite3_create_window_function(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8 | flags,
+                                        pApp, go_step, go_final, go_value,
+                                        go_inverse, go_destroy);
+}
+
+void sqlite3_set_auxdata_go(sqlite3_context *ctx, int iArg, void *pAux) {
+  sqlite3_set_auxdata(ctx, iArg, pAux, go_destroy);
+}

sqlite3/locking_mode.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Use exclusive locking mode for WAL databases with v1 VFSes.
+--- sqlite3.c.orig
++++ sqlite3.c
+@@ -63210,7 +63210,9 @@
+ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager){
+   const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods = pPager->fd->pMethods;
+   if( pPager->noLock ) return 0;
+-  return pPager->exclusiveMode || (pMethods->iVersion>=2 && pMethods->xShmMap);
++  if( pMethods->iVersion>=2 && pMethods->xShmMap ) return 1;
++  pPager->exclusiveMode = 1; 
++  return 1;
+ }
+ 
+ /*

sqlite3/main.c

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-// Configuration
-#include "sqlite_cfg.h"
 // Amalgamation
 #include "sqlite3.c"
 // VFS
 #include "vfs.c"
 // Extensions
+#include "ext/anycollseq.c"
 #include "ext/base64.c"
 #include "ext/decimal.c"
 #include "ext/regexp.c"
 #include "ext/series.c"
 #include "ext/uint.c"
 #include "ext/uuid.c"
+#include "func.c"
 #include "time.c"
 
 __attribute__((constructor)) void init() {

sqlite3/open_memory.patch

@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
+# Allow the VFS to force memory journal mode
+# regardless of SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE.
 --- sqlite3.c.orig
 +++ sqlite3.c
-@@ -60425,7 +60425,7 @@
+@@ -60425,11 +60425,7 @@
    int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Return code */
    int tempFile = 0;        /* True for temp files (incl. in-memory files) */
    int memDb = 0;           /* True if this is an in-memory file */
 -#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
-+#if 1
    int memJM = 0;           /* Memory journal mode */
- #else
- # define memJM 0
-@@ -60628,7 +60628,7 @@
+-#else
+-# define memJM 0
+-#endif
+   int readOnly = 0;        /* True if this is a read-only file */
+   int journalFileSize;     /* Bytes to allocate for each journal fd */
+   char *zPathname = 0;     /* Full path to database file */
+@@ -60628,9 +60624,7 @@
      int fout = 0;                    /* VFS flags returned by xOpen() */
      rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zFilename, pPager->fd, vfsFlags, &fout);
      assert( !memDb );
 -#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DESERIALIZE
-+#if 1
      pPager->memVfs = memJM = (fout&SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY)!=0;
- #endif
+-#endif
      readOnly = (fout&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)!=0;
+ 
+     /* If the file was successfully opened for read/write access,

sqlite3/sqlite_cfg.h

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_USE_ALLOCA
 
 // Other Options
+
 #define SQLITE_ALLOW_URI_AUTHORITY
 #define SQLITE_ENABLE_BATCH_ATOMIC_WRITE
 #define SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
@@ -36,12 +37,9 @@
 
 // Because WASM does not support shared memory,
 // SQLite disables WAL for WASM builds.
-// We set the default locking mode to EXCLUSIVE instead.
+// We patch SQLite to use exclusive locking mode instead.
 // https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html#noshm
 #undef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE
-#define SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE 1
-#endif
 
 // Amalgamated Extensions
 
@@ -58,5 +56,7 @@
 // #define SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION
 // #define SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
 
+#define SQLITE_SOUNDEX
+
 // Implemented in vfs.c.
 int localtime_s(struct tm *const pTm, time_t const *const pTime);

sqlite3/vfs.c

@@ -134,4 +134,4 @@ sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfsName) {
 
 static_assert(offsetof(struct go_file, handle) == 4, "Unexpected offset");
 static_assert(offsetof(sqlite3_vfs, zName) == 16, "Unexpected offset");
-static_assert(offsetof(sqlite3, u1.isInterrupted) == 280, "Unexpected offset");
+static_assert(offsetof(sqlite3, u1.isInterrupted) == 288, "Unexpected offset");

sqlite3/vfs_find.patch

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# Wrap sqlite3_vfs_find.
 --- sqlite3.c.orig
 +++ sqlite3.c
 @@ -25394,7 +25394,7 @@

sqlite_test.go

@@ -12,67 +12,67 @@ func init() {
 	Path = "./embed/sqlite3.wasm"
 }
 
-func TestConn_error_OOM(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_error_OOM(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
 	defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-	m.error(uint64(NOMEM), 0)
+	sqlite.error(uint64(NOMEM), 0)
 	t.Error("want panic")
 }
 
-func TestConn_call_closed(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_call_closed(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	m.close()
+	sqlite.close()
 
 	defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-	m.call(m.api.free)
+	sqlite.call(sqlite.api.free)
 	t.Error("want panic")
 }
 
-func TestConn_new(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_new(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
 	t.Run("MaxUint32", func(t *testing.T) {
 		defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-		m.new(math.MaxUint32)
+		sqlite.new(math.MaxUint32)
 		t.Error("want panic")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE", func(t *testing.T) {
 		defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-		m.new(_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE)
-		m.new(_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE)
+		sqlite.new(_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE)
+		sqlite.new(_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE)
 		t.Error("want panic")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestConn_newArena(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_newArena(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
-	arena := m.newArena(16)
+	arena := sqlite.newArena(16)
 	defer arena.free()
 
 	const title = "Lorem ipsum"
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestConn_newArena(t *testing.T) {
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("got nullptr")
 	}
-	if got := util.ReadString(m.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != title {
+	if got := util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != title {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, title)
 	}
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestConn_newArena(t *testing.T) {
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("got nullptr")
 	}
-	if got := util.ReadString(m.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != body {
+	if got := util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != body {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, body)
 	}
 
@@ -101,121 +101,121 @@ func TestConn_newArena(t *testing.T) {
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("got nullptr")
 	}
-	if got := util.View(m.mod, ptr, uint64(len(title))); string(got) != title {
+	if got := util.View(sqlite.mod, ptr, uint64(len(title))); string(got) != title {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, title)
 	}
 
 	arena.free()
 }
 
-func TestConn_newBytes(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_newBytes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
-	ptr := m.newBytes(nil)
+	ptr := sqlite.newBytes(nil)
 	if ptr != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("got %#x, want nullptr", ptr)
 	}
 
 	buf := []byte("sqlite3")
-	ptr = m.newBytes(buf)
+	ptr = sqlite.newBytes(buf)
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
 	want := buf
-	if got := util.View(m.mod, ptr, uint64(len(want))); !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+	if got := util.View(sqlite.mod, ptr, uint64(len(want))); !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestConn_newString(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_newString(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
-	ptr := m.newString("")
+	ptr := sqlite.newString("")
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Error("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
 	str := "sqlite3\000sqlite3"
-	ptr = m.newString(str)
+	ptr = sqlite.newString(str)
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
 	want := str + "\000"
-	if got := util.View(m.mod, ptr, uint64(len(want))); string(got) != want {
+	if got := util.View(sqlite.mod, ptr, uint64(len(want))); string(got) != want {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestConn_getString(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_getString(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
-	ptr := m.newString("")
+	ptr := sqlite.newString("")
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Error("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
 	str := "sqlite3" + "\000 drop this"
-	ptr = m.newString(str)
+	ptr = sqlite.newString(str)
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
 	want := "sqlite3"
-	if got := util.ReadString(m.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != want {
+	if got := util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, ptr, math.MaxUint32); got != want {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
-	if got := util.ReadString(m.mod, ptr, 0); got != "" {
+	if got := util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, ptr, 0); got != "" {
 		t.Errorf("got %q, want empty", got)
 	}
 
 	func() {
 		defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-		util.ReadString(m.mod, ptr, uint32(len(want)/2))
+		util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, ptr, uint32(len(want)/2))
 		t.Error("want panic")
 	}()
 
 	func() {
 		defer func() { _ = recover() }()
-		util.ReadString(m.mod, 0, math.MaxUint32)
+		util.ReadString(sqlite.mod, 0, math.MaxUint32)
 		t.Error("want panic")
 	}()
 }
 
-func TestConn_free(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_sqlite_free(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	m, err := instantiateModule()
+	sqlite, err := instantiateSQLite()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	defer m.close()
+	defer sqlite.close()
 
-	m.free(0)
+	sqlite.free(0)
 
-	ptr := m.new(1)
+	ptr := sqlite.new(1)
 	if ptr == 0 {
 		t.Error("got nullptr, want a pointer")
 	}
 
-	m.free(ptr)
+	sqlite.free(ptr)
 }

stmt.go

@@ -131,10 +131,11 @@ func (s *Stmt) BindName(param int) string {
 //
 // https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/bind_blob.html
 func (s *Stmt) BindBool(param int, value bool) error {
+	var i int64
 	if value {
-		return s.BindInt64(param, 1)
+		i = 1
 	}
-	return s.BindInt64(param, 0)
+	return s.BindInt64(param, i)
 }
 
 // BindInt binds an int to the prepared statement.
@@ -374,18 +375,7 @@ func (s *Stmt) ColumnBlob(col int, buf []byte) []byte {
 func (s *Stmt) ColumnRawText(col int) []byte {
 	r := s.c.call(s.c.api.columnText,
 		uint64(s.handle), uint64(col))
-
-	ptr := uint32(r)
-	if ptr == 0 {
-		r = s.c.call(s.c.api.errcode, uint64(s.c.handle))
-		s.err = s.c.error(r)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	r = s.c.call(s.c.api.columnBytes,
-		uint64(s.handle), uint64(col))
-
-	return util.View(s.c.mod, ptr, r)
+	return s.columnRawBytes(col, uint32(r))
 }
 
 // ColumnRawBlob returns the value of the result column as a []byte.
@@ -397,17 +387,18 @@ func (s *Stmt) ColumnRawText(col int) []byte {
 func (s *Stmt) ColumnRawBlob(col int) []byte {
 	r := s.c.call(s.c.api.columnBlob,
 		uint64(s.handle), uint64(col))
+	return s.columnRawBytes(col, uint32(r))
+}
 
-	ptr := uint32(r)
+func (s *Stmt) columnRawBytes(col int, ptr uint32) []byte {
 	if ptr == 0 {
-		r = s.c.call(s.c.api.errcode, uint64(s.c.handle))
+		r := s.c.call(s.c.api.errcode, uint64(s.c.handle))
 		s.err = s.c.error(r)
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	r = s.c.call(s.c.api.columnBytes,
+	r := s.c.call(s.c.api.columnBytes,
 		uint64(s.handle), uint64(col))
-
 	return util.View(s.c.mod, ptr, r)
 }
 

tests/bradfitz/sql_test.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func (t params) mustExec(sql string, args ...interface{}) sql.Result {
 func (sqliteDB) RunTest(t *testing.T, fn func(params)) {
 	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", "file:"+
 		filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "foo.db")+
-		"?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)&_pragma=synchronous(off)")
+		"?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)&_pragma=synchronous(off)")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("foo.db open fail: %v", err)
 	}

tests/db_test.go

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 package tests
 
 import (
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
+	_ "embed"
+
 	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
 	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
 	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/memdb"
 )
 
+//go:embed testdata/wal.db
+var waldb []byte
+
 func TestDB_memory(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	testDB(t, ":memory:")
@@ -19,6 +25,16 @@ func TestDB_file(t *testing.T) {
 	testDB(t, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db"))
 }
 
+func TestDB_wal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wal := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")
+	err := os.WriteFile(wal, waldb, 0666)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	testDB(t, wal)
+}
+
 func TestDB_vfs(t *testing.T) {
 	testDB(t, "file:test.db?vfs=memdb")
 }

tests/func_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3"
+	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
+)
+
+func TestCreateFunction(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.CreateFunction("test", 1, sqlite3.INNOCUOUS, func(ctx sqlite3.Context, arg ...sqlite3.Value) {
+		switch arg := arg[0]; arg.Int() {
+		case 0:
+			ctx.ResultInt(arg.Int())
+		case 1:
+			ctx.ResultInt64(arg.Int64())
+		case 2:
+			ctx.ResultBool(arg.Bool())
+		case 3:
+			ctx.ResultFloat(arg.Float())
+		case 4:
+			ctx.ResultText(arg.Text())
+		case 5:
+			ctx.ResultBlob(arg.Blob(nil))
+		case 6:
+			ctx.ResultZeroBlob(arg.Int64())
+		case 7:
+			ctx.ResultTime(arg.Time(sqlite3.TimeFormatUnix), sqlite3.TimeFormatDefault)
+		case 8:
+			ctx.ResultNull()
+		case 9:
+			ctx.ResultError(sqlite3.FULL)
+		}
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT test(value) FROM generate_series(0, 9)`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.INTEGER {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want INTEGER", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnInt(0); got != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want 1", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.INTEGER {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want INTEGER", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnInt64(0); got != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want 2", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.INTEGER {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want INTEGER", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnBool(0); got != true {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want true", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.FLOAT {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want FLOAT", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnInt64(0); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.TEXT {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want TEXT", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnText(0); got != "4" {
+			t.Errorf("got %s, want 4", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.BLOB {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want BLOB", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnRawBlob(0); string(got) != "5" {
+			t.Errorf("got %s, want 5", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.BLOB {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want BLOB", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnRawBlob(0); len(got) != 6 {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want 6", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.TEXT {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want TEXT", got)
+		}
+		if got := stmt.ColumnTime(0, sqlite3.TimeFormatAuto); got.Unix() != 7 {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want 7", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		if got := stmt.ColumnType(0); got != sqlite3.NULL {
+			t.Errorf("got %v, want NULL", got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stmt.Step() {
+		t.Error("want error")
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Err(); !errors.Is(err, sqlite3.FULL) {
+		t.Errorf("got %v, want sqlite3.FULL", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAnyCollationNeeded(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	db, err := sqlite3.Open(":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err = db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INT, name VARCHAR(10))`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Exec(`INSERT INTO users (id, name) VALUES (0, 'go'), (1, 'zig'), (2, 'whatever')`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	db.AnyCollationNeeded()
+
+	stmt, _, err := db.Prepare(`SELECT id, name FROM users ORDER BY name COLLATE silly`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	row := 0
+	ids := []int{0, 2, 1}
+	names := []string{"go", "whatever", "zig"}
+	for ; stmt.Step(); row++ {
+		id := stmt.ColumnInt(0)
+		name := stmt.ColumnText(1)
+
+		if id != ids[row] {
+			t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", id, ids[row])
+		}
+		if name != names[row] {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", name, names[row])
+		}
+	}
+	if row != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", row, len(ids))
+	}
+
+	if err := stmt.Err(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}

tests/parallel/parallel_test.go

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ func TestParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	name := "file:" +
 		filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db") +
 		"?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)" +
-		"&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)" +
 		"&_pragma=journal_mode(truncate)" +
 		"&_pragma=synchronous(off)"
 	testParallel(t, name, iter)
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ func TestMemory(t *testing.T) {
 
 	name := "file:/test.db?vfs=memdb" +
 		"&_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)" +
-		"&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)" +
 		"&_pragma=journal_mode(memory)" +
 		"&_pragma=synchronous(off)"
 	testParallel(t, name, iter)
@@ -59,7 +57,6 @@ func TestMultiProcess(t *testing.T) {
 
 	name := "file:" + file +
 		"?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)" +
-		"&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)" +
 		"&_pragma=journal_mode(truncate)" +
 		"&_pragma=synchronous(off)"
 
@@ -93,7 +90,6 @@ func TestChildProcess(t *testing.T) {
 
 	name := "file:" + file +
 		"?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)" +
-		"&_pragma=locking_mode(normal)" +
 		"&_pragma=journal_mode(truncate)" +
 		"&_pragma=synchronous(off)"
 
@@ -128,10 +124,7 @@ func testParallel(t *testing.T, name string, n int) {
 		}
 		defer db.Close()
 
-		err = db.Exec(`
-			PRAGMA busy_timeout=10000;
-			PRAGMA locking_mode=normal;
-		`)
+		err = db.Exec(`PRAGMA busy_timeout=10000`)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

value.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
+)
+
+// Value is any value that can be stored in a database table.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value.html
+type Value struct {
+	*sqlite
+	handle uint32
+}
+
+// Type returns the initial [Datatype] of the value.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Type() Datatype {
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueType, uint64(v.handle))
+	return Datatype(r)
+}
+
+// Bool returns the value as a bool.
+// SQLite does not have a separate boolean storage class.
+// Instead, boolean values are retrieved as integers,
+// with 0 converted to false and any other value to true.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Bool() bool {
+	if i := v.Int64(); i != 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Int returns the value as an int.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Int() int {
+	return int(v.Int64())
+}
+
+// Int64 returns the value as an int64.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Int64() int64 {
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueInteger, uint64(v.handle))
+	return int64(r)
+}
+
+// Float returns the value as a float64.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Float() float64 {
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueFloat, uint64(v.handle))
+	return math.Float64frombits(r)
+}
+
+// Time returns the value as a [time.Time].
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Time(format TimeFormat) time.Time {
+	var a any
+	switch v.Type() {
+	case INTEGER:
+		a = v.Int64()
+	case FLOAT:
+		a = v.Float()
+	case TEXT, BLOB:
+		a = v.Text()
+	case NULL:
+		return time.Time{}
+	default:
+		panic(util.AssertErr())
+	}
+	t, _ := format.Decode(a)
+	return t
+}
+
+// Text returns the value as a string.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Text() string {
+	return string(v.RawText())
+}
+
+// Blob appends to buf and returns
+// the value as a []byte.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) Blob(buf []byte) []byte {
+	return append(buf, v.RawBlob()...)
+}
+
+// RawText returns the value as a []byte.
+// The []byte is owned by SQLite and may be invalidated by
+// subsequent calls to [Value] methods.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) RawText() []byte {
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueText, uint64(v.handle))
+	return v.rawBytes(uint32(r))
+}
+
+// RawBlob returns the value as a []byte.
+// The []byte is owned by SQLite and may be invalidated by
+// subsequent calls to [Value] methods.
+//
+// https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/value_blob.html
+func (v Value) RawBlob() []byte {
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueBlob, uint64(v.handle))
+	return v.rawBytes(uint32(r))
+}
+
+func (v Value) rawBytes(ptr uint32) []byte {
+	if ptr == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	r := v.call(v.api.valueBytes, uint64(v.handle))
+	return util.View(v.mod, ptr, r)
+}

vfs/api.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type VFS interface {
 	FullPathname(name string) (string, error)
 }
 
-// VFSParams extends VFS to with the ability to handle URI parameters
+// VFSParams extends VFS with the ability to handle URI parameters
 // through the OpenParams method.
 //
 // https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/uri_boolean.html

vfs/lock_test.go

@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ func Test_vfsLock(t *testing.T) {
 		pOutput = 32
 	)
 	mod := wazerotest.NewModule(wazerotest.NewMemory(wazerotest.PageSize))
-	ctx, vfs := NewContext(context.TODO())
-	defer vfs.Close()
+	ctx := util.NewContext(context.TODO())
 
 	vfsFileRegister(ctx, mod, pFile1, &vfsFile{File: file1})
 	vfsFileRegister(ctx, mod, pFile2, &vfsFile{File: file2})

vfs/memdb/memdb.go

@@ -187,17 +187,11 @@ func (m *memFile) Lock(lock vfs.LockLevel) error {
 
 	m.lockMtx.Lock()
 	defer m.lockMtx.Unlock()
-	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Millisecond)
 
 	switch lock {
 	case vfs.LOCK_SHARED:
-		for m.pending != nil {
-			if time.Now().After(deadline) {
-				return sqlite3.BUSY
-			}
-			m.lockMtx.Unlock()
-			runtime.Gosched()
-			m.lockMtx.Lock()
+		if m.pending != nil {
+			return sqlite3.BUSY
 		}
 		m.shared++
 
@@ -216,8 +210,8 @@ func (m *memFile) Lock(lock vfs.LockLevel) error {
 			m.pending = m
 		}
 
-		for m.shared > 1 {
-			if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+		for start := time.Now(); m.shared > 1; {
+			if time.Since(start) > time.Millisecond {
 				return sqlite3.BUSY
 			}
 			m.lockMtx.Unlock()

vfs/readervfs/api.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 // Create creates an immutable database from reader.
-// The caller should insure that data from reader does not mutate,
+// The caller should ensure that data from reader does not mutate,
 // otherwise SQLite might return incorrect query results and/or [sqlite3.CORRUPT] errors.
 func Create(name string, reader SizeReaderAt) {
 	readerMtx.Lock()

vfs/readervfs/reader.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (readerVFS) FullPathname(name string) (string, error) {
 
 type readerFile struct{ SizeReaderAt }
 
-func (r readerFile) Close() error {
+func (readerFile) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 

vfs/tests/mptest/mptest_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
 	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs"
 	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/memdb"
 	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
@@ -36,8 +37,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	ctx := context.TODO()
-
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	rt = wazero.NewRuntime(ctx)
 	wasi_snapshot_preview1.MustInstantiate(ctx, rt)
 
@@ -83,16 +83,15 @@ func system(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, ptr uint32) uint32 {
 
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs(args...)
 	go func() {
-		ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(ctx)
+		ctx := util.NewContext(ctx)
 		mod, _ := rt.InstantiateModule(ctx, module, cfg)
 		mod.Close(ctx)
-		vfs.Close()
 	}()
 	return 0
 }
 
 func Test_config01(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	name := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", name, "config01.test")
 	mod, err := rt.InstantiateModule(ctx, module, cfg)
@@ -100,7 +99,6 @@ func Test_config01(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func Test_config02(t *testing.T) {
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ func Test_config02(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skipping in CI")
 	}
 
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	name := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", name, "config02.test")
 	mod, err := rt.InstantiateModule(ctx, module, cfg)
@@ -119,7 +117,6 @@ func Test_config02(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func Test_crash01(t *testing.T) {
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ func Test_crash01(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skipping in short mode")
 	}
 
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	name := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", name, "crash01.test")
 	mod, err := rt.InstantiateModule(ctx, module, cfg)
@@ -135,7 +132,6 @@ func Test_crash01(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func Test_multiwrite01(t *testing.T) {
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ func Test_multiwrite01(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skipping in short mode")
 	}
 
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	name := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", name, "multiwrite01.test")
 	mod, err := rt.InstantiateModule(ctx, module, cfg)
@@ -151,11 +147,10 @@ func Test_multiwrite01(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func Test_config01_memory(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", "test.db",
 		"config01.test",
 		"--vfs", "memdb",
@@ -165,7 +160,6 @@ func Test_config01_memory(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func Test_multiwrite01_memory(t *testing.T) {
@@ -173,7 +167,7 @@ func Test_multiwrite01_memory(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skipping in short mode")
 	}
 
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(newContext(t))
+	ctx := util.NewContext(newContext(t))
 	cfg := config(ctx).WithArgs("mptest", "/test.db",
 		"multiwrite01.test",
 		"--vfs", "memdb",
@@ -183,7 +177,6 @@ func Test_multiwrite01_memory(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }
 
 func newContext(t *testing.T) context.Context {

vfs/tests/mptest/testdata/build.sh

@@ -4,25 +4,28 @@ set -euo pipefail
 cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")"
 
 ROOT=../../../../
-BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_113/bin"
+BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_114/bin"
 WASI_SDK="$ROOT/tools/wasi-sdk-20.0/bin"
 
 "$WASI_SDK/clang" --target=wasm32-wasi -flto -g0 -O2 \
   -o mptest.wasm main.c \
 	-I"$ROOT/sqlite3" \
-	-mmutable-globals \
+	-msimd128 -mmutable-globals \
 	-mbulk-memory -mreference-types \
 	-mnontrapping-fptoint -msign-ext \
+	-fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-clash-protection \
 	-Wl,--stack-first \
 	-Wl,--import-undefined \
+	-D_HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H \
 	-DSQLITE_DEFAULT_SYNCHRONOUS=0 \
 	-DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=0 \
 	-DHAVE_USLEEP -DSQLITE_NO_SYNC \
 	-DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=0 -DSQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION \
 	-D_WASI_EMULATED_GETPID -lwasi-emulated-getpid
 
-"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g -O2 mptest.wasm -o mptest.tmp \
-	--enable-multivalue --enable-mutable-globals \
+"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g --strip -c -O3 \
+	mptest.wasm -o mptest.tmp \
+	--enable-simd --enable-mutable-globals --enable-multivalue \
 	--enable-bulk-memory --enable-reference-types \
 	--enable-nontrapping-float-to-int --enable-sign-ext
 mv mptest.tmp mptest.wasm

vfs/tests/mptest/testdata/main.c

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-// Configuration
-#include "sqlite_cfg.h"
 // Amalgamation
 #include "sqlite3.c"
 // VFS

vfs/tests/mptest/testdata/mptest.wasm

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
-oid sha256:53bb204be0ddd312c23976e7b627ad62fb384d220557f4e3f723d89273d78a01
-size 1477009
+oid sha256:d23b37d507077cdcbb616852185370a227278b599187dc134200ed274a7a3a02
+size 1441194

vfs/tests/speedtest1/speedtest1_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
 	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/imports/wasi_snapshot_preview1"
 
+	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/internal/util"
 	"github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs"
 	_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/vfs/memdb"
 )
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ func initFlags() {
 
 func Benchmark_speedtest1(b *testing.B) {
 	output.Reset()
-	ctx, vfs := vfs.NewContext(context.Background())
+	ctx := util.NewContext(context.Background())
 	name := filepath.Join(b.TempDir(), "test.db")
 	args := append(options, "--size", strconv.Itoa(b.N), name)
 	cfg := wazero.NewModuleConfig().
@@ -88,5 +89,4 @@ func Benchmark_speedtest1(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Error(err)
 	}
 	mod.Close(ctx)
-	vfs.Close()
 }

vfs/tests/speedtest1/testdata/build.sh

@@ -4,20 +4,23 @@ set -euo pipefail
 cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")"
 
 ROOT=../../../../
-BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_113/bin"
+BINARYEN="$ROOT/tools/binaryen-version_114/bin"
 WASI_SDK="$ROOT/tools/wasi-sdk-20.0/bin"
 
 "$WASI_SDK/clang" --target=wasm32-wasi -flto -g0 -O2 \
 	-o speedtest1.wasm main.c \
 	-I"$ROOT/sqlite3" \
-	-mmutable-globals \
+	-msimd128 -mmutable-globals \
 	-mbulk-memory -mreference-types \
 	-mnontrapping-fptoint -msign-ext \
+	-fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-clash-protection \
 	-Wl,--stack-first \
-	-Wl,--import-undefined
+	-Wl,--import-undefined \
+	-D_HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
 
-"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g -O2 speedtest1.wasm -o speedtest1.tmp \
-	--enable-multivalue --enable-mutable-globals \
+"$BINARYEN/wasm-opt" -g --strip -c -O3 \
+	speedtest1.wasm -o speedtest1.tmp \
+	--enable-simd --enable-mutable-globals --enable-multivalue \
 	--enable-bulk-memory --enable-reference-types \
 	--enable-nontrapping-float-to-int --enable-sign-ext
 mv speedtest1.tmp speedtest1.wasm

vfs/tests/speedtest1/testdata/main.c

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-// Configuration
-#include "sqlite_cfg.h"
 // Amalgamation
 #include "sqlite3.c"
 // VFS

vfs/tests/speedtest1/testdata/speedtest1.wasm

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
-oid sha256:23ac5877bc34cf5ff06ed2cf1c5ac148e5d364d6d01c85bd0f99d14f0a681830
-size 1513516
+oid sha256:83d67feda51cc974634e245ac2b072f9587c607c7ad97321f2de9dde2188e63a
+size 1481348

vfs/vfs.go

@@ -44,33 +44,6 @@ func ExportHostFunctions(env wazero.HostModuleBuilder) wazero.HostModuleBuilder
 	return env
 }
 
-type vfsKey struct{}
-type vfsState struct {
-	files []File
-}
-
-// NewContext is an internal API users need not call directly.
-//
-// NewContext creates a new context to hold [api.Module] specific VFS data.
-// The context should be passed to any [api.Function] calls that might
-// generate VFS host callbacks.
-// The returned [io.Closer] should be closed after the [api.Module] is closed,
-// to release any associated resources.
-func NewContext(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, io.Closer) {
-	vfs := new(vfsState)
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, vfsKey{}, vfs), vfs
-}
-
-func (vfs *vfsState) Close() error {
-	for _, f := range vfs.files {
-		if f != nil {
-			f.Close()
-		}
-	}
-	vfs.files = nil
-	return nil
-}
-
 func vfsFind(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, zVfsName uint32) uint32 {
 	name := util.ReadString(mod, zVfsName, _MAX_STRING)
 	if vfs := Find(name); vfs != nil && vfs != (vfsOS{}) {
@@ -183,6 +156,10 @@ func vfsOpen(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pVfs, zPath, pFile uint32, fla
 		file, flags, err = vfs.Open(path, flags)
 	}
 
+	if err != nil {
+		return vfsErrorCode(err, _CANTOPEN)
+	}
+
 	if file, ok := file.(FilePowersafeOverwrite); ok {
 		if !parsed {
 			params = vfsURIParameters(ctx, mod, zPath, flags)
@@ -192,14 +169,10 @@ func vfsOpen(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pVfs, zPath, pFile uint32, fla
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err != nil {
-		return vfsErrorCode(err, _CANTOPEN)
-	}
-
-	vfsFileRegister(ctx, mod, pFile, file)
 	if pOutFlags != 0 {
 		util.WriteUint32(mod, pOutFlags, uint32(flags))
 	}
+	vfsFileRegister(ctx, mod, pFile, file)
 	return _OK
 }
 
@@ -431,40 +404,22 @@ func vfsGet(mod api.Module, pVfs uint32) VFS {
 	panic(util.NoVFSErr + util.ErrorString(name))
 }
 
-func vfsFileNew(vfs *vfsState, file File) uint32 {
-	// Find an empty slot.
-	for id, f := range vfs.files {
-		if f == nil {
-			vfs.files[id] = file
-			return uint32(id)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Add a new slot.
-	vfs.files = append(vfs.files, file)
-	return uint32(len(vfs.files) - 1)
-}
-
 func vfsFileRegister(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pFile uint32, file File) {
 	const fileHandleOffset = 4
-	id := vfsFileNew(ctx.Value(vfsKey{}).(*vfsState), file)
+	id := util.AddHandle(ctx, file)
 	util.WriteUint32(mod, pFile+fileHandleOffset, id)
 }
 
 func vfsFileGet(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pFile uint32) File {
 	const fileHandleOffset = 4
-	vfs := ctx.Value(vfsKey{}).(*vfsState)
 	id := util.ReadUint32(mod, pFile+fileHandleOffset)
-	return vfs.files[id]
+	return util.GetHandle(ctx, id).(File)
 }
 
 func vfsFileClose(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, pFile uint32) error {
 	const fileHandleOffset = 4
-	vfs := ctx.Value(vfsKey{}).(*vfsState)
 	id := util.ReadUint32(mod, pFile+fileHandleOffset)
-	file := vfs.files[id]
-	vfs.files[id] = nil
-	return file.Close()
+	return util.DelHandle(ctx, id)
 }
 
 func vfsErrorCode(err error, def _ErrorCode) _ErrorCode {

vfs/vfs_test.go

@@ -220,8 +220,7 @@ func Test_vfsAccess(t *testing.T) {
 
 func Test_vfsFile(t *testing.T) {
 	mod := wazerotest.NewModule(wazerotest.NewMemory(wazerotest.PageSize))
-	ctx, vfs := NewContext(context.TODO())
-	defer vfs.Close()
+	ctx := util.NewContext(context.TODO())
 
 	// Open a temporary file.
 	rc := vfsOpen(ctx, mod, 0, 0, 4, OPEN_CREATE|OPEN_EXCLUSIVE|OPEN_READWRITE|OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE, 0)
@@ -293,8 +292,7 @@ func Test_vfsFile(t *testing.T) {
 
 func Test_vfsFile_psow(t *testing.T) {
 	mod := wazerotest.NewModule(wazerotest.NewMemory(wazerotest.PageSize))
-	ctx, vfs := NewContext(context.TODO())
-	defer vfs.Close()
+	ctx := util.NewContext(context.TODO())
 
 	// Open a temporary file.
 	rc := vfsOpen(ctx, mod, 0, 0, 4, OPEN_CREATE|OPEN_EXCLUSIVE|OPEN_READWRITE|OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE, 0)