Merge pull request #73 from ucan-wg/dlg-constructor

delegation: WIP harmonisation of the constructors, issuer verification
2024-11-26 11:41:59 +01:00
162 changed files with 3677 additions and 6283 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/bench.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: go continuous benchmark
 on:
  push:
    branches:
-      - main
+      - v1

 permissions:
  contents: write
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
        with:
          go-version: "stable"
      - name: Run benchmark
--- a/.github/workflows/gotest.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gotest.yml
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}-latest
    name: ${{ matrix.os}} (go ${{ matrix.go }})
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v2
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
      - name: Go information
--- a/Readme.md
+++ b/Readme.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
        <img alt="Go benchmarks" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Benchmarks-go-blue">
    </a>
    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md">
-        <img alt="Apache 2.0 OR MIT License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0_OR_MIT-green">
+        <img alt="Apache 2.0 + MIT License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0+MIT-green">
    </a>
    <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan">
      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Docs-godoc-blue" alt="Docs">
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ The UCAN specification is separated in multiple sub-spec:
 - [Main specification](https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec)
 - [Delegation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld)
 - [Invocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/invocation)
- [Container](https://github.com/ucan-wg/container)

 Not implemented yet:
 - [Revocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/revocation/tree/first-draft)
@@ -54,9 +53,11 @@ Not implemented yet:

 ## Status

-`go-ucan` currently support the required parts of the UCAN specification: the main specification, delegation and invocation. It leverages the sibling project [`go-did-it`](https://github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it) for easy and extensible DID support.
+`go-ucan` currently support the required parts of the UCAN specification: the main specification, delegation and invocation.

 Besides that, `go-ucan` also includes:
+- a simplified [DID](https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/) and [did-key](https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/) implementation
+- a [token container](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tree/v1/pkg/container) with CBOR and CAR format, to package and carry tokens together
 - support for encrypted values in token's metadata

 ## Getting Help
@@ -73,4 +74,4 @@ Artwork by [Bruno Monts](https://www.instagram.com/bruno_monts). Thank you [Rene

 ## License

-This project is licensed under the dual license [Apache 2.0 OR MIT](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md).
+This project is licensed under the double license [Apache 2.0 + MIT](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md).
--- a/did/README.md
+++ b/did/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+## did
+
+### Testing
+
+The test suite for this package includes test vectors provided by the
+authors of the [`did:key` method specification](https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/).
+Some of these tests provide the public key associated with a `did:key`
+as JWKs and an extra (test-only) dependency has been added to unmarshal
+the JWK into a Go `struct`.  Support for the `secp256k1` encryption
+algorithm is experimental (but stable in my experience) and requires the
+addition of the following build tag to properly run:
+
+```
+// go:build jwx_es256k
+```
+
+WARNING: These tests will not run by default!
+
+To include these tests from the CLI, execute the following command:
+
+```
+go test -v ./did -tags jwx_es256k
+```
+
+It should also be possible to configure your IDE to run these tests.  For
+instance, in Codium, add the following JSON snippet to your local project
+configuration:
+
+```
+"go.testTags": "jwx_es256k",
+```
--- a/did/crypto.go
+++ b/did/crypto.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+package did
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
+	crypto "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto/pb"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-varint"
+)
+
+// GenerateEd25519 generates an Ed25519 private key and the matching DID.
+// This is the RECOMMENDED algorithm.
+func GenerateEd25519() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateRSA generates a RSA private key and the matching DID.
+func GenerateRSA() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	// NIST Special Publication 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5
+	// Section 5.6.1.1 (Table 2)
+	// Paraphrased: 2048-bit RSA keys are secure until 2030 and 3072-bit keys are recommended for longer-term security.
+	const keyLength = 3072
+
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateRSAKeyPair(keyLength, rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateEd25519 generates a Secp256k1 private key and the matching DID.
+func GenerateSecp256k1() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateSecp256k1Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, nil
+	}
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// GenerateECDSA generates an ECDSA private key and the matching DID
+// for the default P256 curve.
+func GenerateECDSA() (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	return GenerateECDSAWithCurve(P256)
+}
+
+// GenerateECDSAWithCurve generates an ECDSA private key and matching
+// DID for the user-supplied curve
+func GenerateECDSAWithCurve(code multicodec.Code) (crypto.PrivKey, DID, error) {
+	var curve elliptic.Curve
+
+	switch code {
+	case P256:
+		curve = elliptic.P256()
+	case P384:
+		curve = elliptic.P384()
+	case P521:
+		curve = elliptic.P521()
+	default:
+		return nil, Undef, errors.New("unsupported ECDSA curve")
+	}
+
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(curve, rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Undef, err
+	}
+
+	did, err := FromPubKey(pub)
+
+	return priv, did, err
+}
+
+// FromPrivKey is a convenience function that returns the DID associated
+// with the public key associated with the provided private key.
+func FromPrivKey(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (DID, error) {
+	return FromPubKey(privKey.GetPublic())
+}
+
+// FromPubKey returns a did:key constructed from the provided public key.
+func FromPubKey(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (DID, error) {
+	var code multicodec.Code
+
+	switch pubKey.Type() {
+	case pb.KeyType_Ed25519:
+		code = multicodec.Ed25519Pub
+	case pb.KeyType_RSA:
+		code = RSA
+	case pb.KeyType_Secp256k1:
+		code = Secp256k1
+	case pb.KeyType_ECDSA:
+		var err error
+		if code, err = codeForCurve(pubKey); err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return Undef, errors.New("unsupported key type")
+	}
+
+	if pubKey.Type() == pb.KeyType_ECDSA && code == Secp256k1 {
+		var err error
+
+		pubKey, err = coerceECDSAToSecp256k1(pubKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var bytes []byte
+
+	switch pubKey.Type() {
+	case pb.KeyType_ECDSA:
+		pkix, err := pubKey.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(pkix)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		ecdsaPublicKey := publicKey.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+
+		bytes = elliptic.MarshalCompressed(ecdsaPublicKey.Curve, ecdsaPublicKey.X, ecdsaPublicKey.Y)
+	case pb.KeyType_Ed25519, pb.KeyType_Secp256k1:
+		var err error
+
+		if bytes, err = pubKey.Raw(); err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+	case pb.KeyType_RSA:
+		var err error
+
+		pkix, err := pubKey.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(pkix)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Undef, err
+		}
+
+		bytes = x509.MarshalPKCS1PublicKey(publicKey.(*rsa.PublicKey))
+	}
+
+	return DID{
+		code:  code,
+		bytes: string(append(varint.ToUvarint(uint64(code)), bytes...)),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ToPubKey returns the crypto.PubKey encapsulated in the DID formed by
+// parsing the provided string.
+func ToPubKey(s string) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	id, err := Parse(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return id.PubKey()
+}
+
+func codeForCurve(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (multicodec.Code, error) {
+	stdPub, err := crypto.PubKeyToStdKey(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return multicodec.Identity, err
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPub, ok := stdPub.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return multicodec.Identity, errors.New("failed to assert type for code to curve")
+	}
+
+	switch ecdsaPub.Curve {
+	case elliptic.P256():
+		return P256, nil
+	case elliptic.P384():
+		return P384, nil
+	case elliptic.P521():
+		return P521, nil
+	case secp256k1.S256():
+		return Secp256k1, nil
+	default:
+		return multicodec.Identity, fmt.Errorf("unsupported ECDSA curve: %s", ecdsaPub.Curve.Params().Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// secp256k1.S256 is a valid ECDSA curve, but the go-libp2p/core/crypto
+// package treats it as a different type and has a different format for
+// the raw bytes of the public key.
+//
+// If a valid ECDSA public key was created using the secp256k1.S256 curve,
+// this function will "convert" it from a crypto.ECDSAPubKey to a
+// crypto.Secp256k1PublicKey.
+func coerceECDSAToSecp256k1(pubKey crypto.PubKey) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	stdPub, err := crypto.PubKeyToStdKey(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPub, ok := stdPub.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("failed to assert type for secp256k1 coersion")
+	}
+
+	ecdsaPubBytes := append([]byte{0x04}, append(ecdsaPub.X.Bytes(), ecdsaPub.Y.Bytes()...)...)
+
+	secp256k1Pub, err := secp256k1.ParsePubKey(ecdsaPubBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cryptoPub := crypto.Secp256k1PublicKey(*secp256k1Pub)
+
+	return &cryptoPub, nil
+}
--- a/did/crypto_test.go
+++ b/did/crypto_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package did_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto/pb"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+)
+
+const (
+	exampleDIDStr    = "did:key:z6MkhaXgBZDvotDkL5257faiztiGiC2QtKLGpbnnEGta2doK"
+	examplePubKeyStr = "Lm/M42cB3HkUiODQsXRcweM6TByfzEHGO9ND274JcOY="
+)
+
+func TestFromPubKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_, ecdsaP256, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ecdsaP384, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P384(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ecdsaP521, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(elliptic.P521(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ecdsaSecp256k1, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPairWithCurve(secp256k1.S256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, ed25519, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, rsa, err := crypto.GenerateRSAKeyPair(2048, rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, secp256k1PubKey1, err := crypto.GenerateSecp256k1Key(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	test := func(pub crypto.PubKey, code multicodec.Code) func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		return func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			id, err := did.FromPubKey(pub)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			p, err := id.PubKey()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, pub, p)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P256 curve", test(ecdsaP256, did.P256))
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P384 curve", test(ecdsaP384, did.P384))
+	t.Run("ECDSA with P521 curve", test(ecdsaP521, did.P521))
+	t.Run("Ed25519", test(ed25519, did.Ed25519))
+	t.Run("RSA", test(rsa, did.RSA))
+	t.Run("secp256k1", test(secp256k1PubKey1, did.Secp256k1))
+
+	t.Run("ECDSA with secp256k1 curve (coerced)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		id, err := did.FromPubKey(ecdsaSecp256k1)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		p, err := id.PubKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pb.KeyType_Secp256k1, p.Type())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unmarshaled example key (secp256k1)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		id, err := did.FromPubKey(examplePubKey(t))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, exampleDID(t), id)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestToPubKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	pubKey, err := did.ToPubKey(exampleDIDStr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, examplePubKey(t), pubKey)
+}
+
+func exampleDID(t *testing.T) did.DID {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	id, err := did.Parse(exampleDIDStr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return id
+}
+
+func examplePubKey(t *testing.T) crypto.PubKey {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	pubKeyCfg, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(examplePubKeyStr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	pubKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey(pubKeyCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return pubKey
+}
--- a/did/did.go
+++ b/did/did.go
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package did
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	crypto "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	mbase "github.com/multiformats/go-multibase"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec"
+	varint "github.com/multiformats/go-varint"
+)
+
+// Signature algorithms from the [did:key specification]
+//
+// [did:key specification]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/#signature-method-creation-algorithm
+const (
+	X25519    = multicodec.X25519Pub
+	Ed25519   = multicodec.Ed25519Pub // UCAN required/recommended
+	P256      = multicodec.P256Pub    // UCAN required
+	P384      = multicodec.P384Pub
+	P521      = multicodec.P521Pub
+	Secp256k1 = multicodec.Secp256k1Pub // UCAN required
+	RSA       = multicodec.RsaPub
+)
+
+// Undef can be used to represent a nil or undefined DID, using DID{}
+// directly is also acceptable.
+var Undef = DID{}
+
+// DID is a Decentralized Identifier of the did:key type, directly holding a cryptographic public key.
+// [did:key format]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/
+type DID struct {
+	code  multicodec.Code
+	bytes string // as string instead of []byte to allow the == operator
+}
+
+// Parse returns the DID from the string representation or an error if
+// the prefix and method are incorrect, if an unknown encryption algorithm
+// is specified or if the method-specific-identifier's bytes don't
+// represent a public key for the specified encryption algorithm.
+func Parse(str string) (DID, error) {
+	const keyPrefix = "did:key:"
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(str, keyPrefix) {
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("must start with 'did:key'")
+	}
+
+	baseCodec, bytes, err := mbase.Decode(str[len(keyPrefix):])
+	if err != nil {
+		return Undef, err
+	}
+	if baseCodec != mbase.Base58BTC {
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("not Base58BTC encoded")
+	}
+	code, _, err := varint.FromUvarint(bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Undef, err
+	}
+	switch multicodec.Code(code) {
+	case Ed25519, P256, Secp256k1, RSA:
+		return DID{bytes: string(bytes), code: multicodec.Code(code)}, nil
+	default:
+		return Undef, fmt.Errorf("unsupported did:key multicodec: 0x%x", code)
+	}
+}
+
+// MustParse is like Parse but panics instead of returning an error.
+func MustParse(str string) DID {
+	did, err := Parse(str)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return did
+}
+
+// Defined tells if the DID is defined, not equal to Undef.
+func (d DID) Defined() bool {
+	return d.code != 0 || len(d.bytes) > 0
+}
+
+// PubKey returns the public key encapsulated by the did:key.
+func (d DID) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	unmarshaler, ok := map[multicodec.Code]crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller{
+		X25519:    crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey,
+		Ed25519:   crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey,
+		P256:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P256()),
+		P384:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P384()),
+		P521:      ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(elliptic.P521()),
+		Secp256k1: crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey,
+		RSA:       rsaPubKeyUnmarshaller,
+	}[d.code]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported multicodec: %d", d.code)
+	}
+
+	codeSize := varint.UvarintSize(uint64(d.code))
+	return unmarshaler([]byte(d.bytes)[codeSize:])
+}
+
+// String formats the decentralized identity document (DID) as a string.
+func (d DID) String() string {
+	key, _ := mbase.Encode(mbase.Base58BTC, []byte(d.bytes))
+	return "did:key:" + key
+}
+
+func ecdsaPubKeyUnmarshaler(curve elliptic.Curve) crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller {
+	return func(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+		x, y := elliptic.UnmarshalCompressed(curve, data)
+
+		ecdsaPublicKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{
+			Curve: curve,
+			X:     x,
+			Y:     y,
+		}
+
+		pkix, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(ecdsaPublicKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(pkix)
+	}
+}
+
+func rsaPubKeyUnmarshaller(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	rsaPublicKey, err := x509.ParsePKCS1PublicKey(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pkix, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(rsaPublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalRsaPublicKey(pkix)
+}
--- a/did/did_test.go
+++ b/did/did_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package did
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestParseDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
+	str := "did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z"
+	d, err := Parse(str)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, str, d.String())
+}
+
+func TestMustParseDIDKey(t *testing.T) {
+	str := "did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z"
+	require.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		d := MustParse(str)
+		require.Equal(t, str, d.String())
+	})
+	str = "did:key:z7Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z"
+	require.Panics(t, func() {
+		MustParse(str)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEquivalence(t *testing.T) {
+	undef0 := DID{}
+	undef1 := Undef
+
+	did0, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	did1, err := Parse("did:key:z6Mkod5Jr3yd5SC7UDueqK4dAAw5xYJYjksy722tA9Boxc4z")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.True(t, undef0 == undef1)
+	require.False(t, undef0 == did0)
+	require.True(t, did0 == did1)
+	require.False(t, undef1 == did1)
+}
--- a/did/didtest/crypto.go
+++ b/did/didtest/crypto.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Package didtest provides Personas that can be used for testing.  Each
+// Persona has a name, crypto.PrivKey and associated crypto.PubKey and
+// did.DID.
+package didtest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+)
+
+const (
+	alicePrivKeyB64 = "CAESQHdNJLBBiuc1AdwPHBkubB2KS1p0cv2JEF7m8tfwtrcm5ajaYPm+XmVCmtcHOF2lGDlmaiDA7emfwD3IrcyES0M="
+	bobPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQHBz+AIop1g+9iBDj+ufUc/zm9/ry7c6kDFO8Wl/D0+H63V9hC6s9l4npf3pYEFCjBtlR0AMNWMoFQKSlYNKo20="
+	carolPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQPrCgkcHnYFXDT9AlAydhPECBEivEuuVx9dJxLjVvDTmJIVNivfzg6H4mAiPfYS+5ryVVUZTHZBzvMuvvvG/Ks0="
+	danPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQCgNhzofKhC+7hW6x+fNd7iMPtQHeEmKRhhlduf/I7/TeOEFYAEflbJ0sAhMeDJ/HQXaAvsWgHEbJ3ZLhP8q2B0="
+	erinPrivKeyB64  = "CAESQKhCJo5UBpQcthko8DKMFsbdZ+qqQ5oc01CtLCqrE90dF2GfRlrMmot3WPHiHGCmEYi5ZMEHuiSI095e/6O4Bpw="
+	frankPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQDlXPKsy3jHh7OWTWQqyZF95Ueac5DKo7xD0NOBE5F2BNr1ZVxRmJ2dBELbOt8KP9sOACcO9qlCB7uMA1UQc7sk="
+)
+
+// Persona is a generic participant used for cryptographic testing.
+type Persona int
+
+// The provided Personas were selected from the first few generic
+// participants listed in this [table].
+//
+// [table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob#Cryptographic_systems
+const (
+	PersonaAlice Persona = iota
+	PersonaBob
+	PersonaCarol
+	PersonaDan
+	PersonaErin
+	PersonaFrank
+)
+
+var privKeys map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey
+
+func init() {
+	privKeys = make(map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey, 6)
+	for persona, privKeyCfg := range privKeyB64() {
+		privKeyMar, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(privKeyCfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		privKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(privKeyMar)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		privKeys[persona] = privKey
+	}
+}
+
+// DID returns a did.DID based on the Persona's Ed25519 public key.
+func (p Persona) DID() did.DID {
+	d, err := did.FromPrivKey(p.PrivKey())
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// Name returns the username of the Persona.
+func (p Persona) Name() string {
+	name, ok := map[Persona]string{
+		PersonaAlice: "Alice",
+		PersonaBob:   "Bob",
+		PersonaCarol: "Carol",
+		PersonaDan:   "Dan",
+		PersonaErin:  "Erin",
+		PersonaFrank: "Frank",
+	}[p]
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown persona: %v", p))
+	}
+
+	return name
+}
+
+// PrivKey returns the Ed25519 private key for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PrivKey() crypto.PrivKey {
+	return privKeys[p]
+}
+
+// PubKey returns the Ed25519 public key for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PubKey() crypto.PubKey {
+	return p.PrivKey().GetPublic()
+}
+
+// PubKeyConfig returns the marshaled and encoded Ed25519 public key
+// for the Persona.
+func (p Persona) PubKeyConfig(t *testing.T) string {
+	pubKeyMar, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(p.PrivKey().GetPublic())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(pubKeyMar)
+}
+
+func privKeyB64() map[Persona]string {
+	return map[Persona]string{
+		PersonaAlice: alicePrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaBob:   bobPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaCarol: carolPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaDan:   danPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaErin:  erinPrivKeyB64,
+		PersonaFrank: frankPrivKeyB64,
+	}
+}
+
+// Personas returns an (alphabetically) ordered list of the defined
+// Persona values.
+func Personas() []Persona {
+	return []Persona{
+		PersonaAlice,
+		PersonaBob,
+		PersonaCarol,
+		PersonaDan,
+		PersonaErin,
+		PersonaFrank,
+	}
+}
--- a/did/key_spec_test.go
+++ b/did/key_spec_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//go:build jwx_es256k
+
+package did_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/testvectors"
+)
+
+// TestDidKeyVectors executes tests read from the [test vector files] provided
+// as part of the DID Key method's [specification].
+//
+// [test vector files]: https://github.com/w3c-ccg/did-method-key/tree/main/test-vectors
+// [specification]: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key
+func TestDidKeyVectors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, f := range []string{
+		// TODO: These test vectors are not supported by go-libp2p/core/crypto
+		// "bls12381.json",
+		"ed25519-x25519.json",
+		"nist-curves.json",
+		"rsa.json",
+		"secp256k1.json",
+		// This test vector only contains a DID Document
+		// "x25519.json",
+	} {
+		vectors := loadTestVectors(t, f)
+
+		t.Run(f, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			for k, vector := range vectors {
+				t.Run(k, func(t *testing.T) {
+					// round-trip pubkey-->did-->pubkey, verified against the test vectors.
+
+					exp := vectorPubKey(t, vector)
+
+					id, err := did.FromPubKey(exp)
+					require.NoError(t, err, f, k)
+					act, err := id.PubKey()
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+
+					assert.Equal(t, k, id.String(), f, k)
+					assert.Equal(t, exp, act)
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func loadTestVectors(t *testing.T, filename string) testvectors.Vectors {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testvectors", filename))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var vs testvectors.Vectors
+
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &vs))
+
+	return vs
+}
+
+func vectorPubKey(t *testing.T, v testvectors.Vector) crypto.PubKey {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	pubKey, err := v.PubKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotZero(t, pubKey)
+
+	return pubKey
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/bls12381.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/bls12381.json
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "25EEkQtcLKsEzQ6JTo9cg4W7NHpaurn4Wg6LaNPFq6JQXnrP91SDviUz7KrJVMJd76CtAZFsRLYzvgX2JGxo2ccUHtuHk7ELCWwrkBDfrXCFVfqJKDootee9iVaF6NpdJtBE",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "8TXrPTbhefHvcz2vkGsDLBZT2UMeemveLKbdh5JZCvvn"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "25EEkQtcLKsEzQ6JTo9cg4W7NHpaurn4Wg6LaNPFq6JQXnrP91SDviUz7KrJVMJd76CtAZFsRLYzvgX2JGxo2ccUHtuHk7ELCWwrkBDfrXCFVfqJKDootee9iVaF6NpdJtBE"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY#zUC7K4ndUaGZgV7Cp2yJy6JtMoUHY6u7tkcSYUvPrEidqBmLCTLmi6d5WvwnUqejscAkERJ3bfjEiSYtdPkRSE8kSa11hFBr4sTgnbZ95SJj19PN2jdvJjyzpSZgxkyyxNnBNnY"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "t5QqHdxR4C6QJWJAnk3qVd2DMr4MVFEefdP43i7fLbR5A2qJkE5bqgEtyzpNsDViGEsMKHMdpo7fKbPMhGihbfxz3Dv2Hw36XvprLHBA5DDFSphmy91oHQFdahQMei2HjoE",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "URWBZN9g2ZfKVdAz1L8pvVwEBqCbGBozt4p8Cootb35"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "t5QqHdxR4C6QJWJAnk3qVd2DMr4MVFEefdP43i7fLbR5A2qJkE5bqgEtyzpNsDViGEsMKHMdpo7fKbPMhGihbfxz3Dv2Hw36XvprLHBA5DDFSphmy91oHQFdahQMei2HjoE"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY#zUC77uxiMKceQoxciSy1xgk3nvP8c8NZXDnaY1xsXZaU5UmsZdnwStUke8Ca8zAdPX3MQTHEMhDTCgfdGU7UrY4RRdVhqZp8FaAaoaXFEVp2ZAM7oj3P45BuTCfc3t9FEGBAEQY"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "25VFRgQEfbJ3Pit6Z3mnZbKPK9BdQYGwdmfdcmderjYZ12BFNQYeowjMN1AYKKKcacF3UH35ZNpBqCR8y8QLeeaGLL7UKdKLcFje3VQnosesDNHsU8jBvtvYmLJusxXsSUBC",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "48FTGTBBhezV7Ldk5g392NSxP2hwgEgWiSZQkMoNri7E"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "25VFRgQEfbJ3Pit6Z3mnZbKPK9BdQYGwdmfdcmderjYZ12BFNQYeowjMN1AYKKKcacF3UH35ZNpBqCR8y8QLeeaGLL7UKdKLcFje3VQnosesDNHsU8jBvtvYmLJusxXsSUBC"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW#zUC7KKoJk5ttwuuc8pmQDiUmtckEPTwcaFVZe4DSFV7fURuoRnD17D3xkBK3A9tZqdADkTTMKSwNkhjo9Hs6HfgNUXo48TNRaxU6XPLSPdRgMc15jCD5DfN34ixjoVemY62JxnW"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "21LWABB5R6mqxvcU6LWMMt9yCAVyt8C1mHREs1EAX23fLcAEPMK4dWx59Jd6RpJ5geGt881vH9yPzZyC8WpHhS2g296mumPxJA3Aghp9jMoACE13rtTie8FYdgzgUw24eboA",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "86rp8w6Q7zgDdKqYxZsdTyhZogzwbcR7wf3VQrhV3xLG"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "21LWABB5R6mqxvcU6LWMMt9yCAVyt8C1mHREs1EAX23fLcAEPMK4dWx59Jd6RpJ5geGt881vH9yPzZyC8WpHhS2g296mumPxJA3Aghp9jMoACE13rtTie8FYdgzgUw24eboA"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU#zUC7FB43ErjeTPiBLZ8wWT3aBTL7QnJ6AAZh9opgV5dKkw291mC23yTnKQ2pTcSgLbdKnVJ1ARn6XrwxWqvFg5dRFzCjwSg1j35nRgs5c2nbqkJ4auPTyPtkJ3xcABRNWaDX6QU"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+      "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "21XhJ3o4ZSgDgRoyP4Pp8agXMwLycuRa1U6fM4ZzJBxH3gJEQbiuwP3Qh2zNoofNrBKPqp3FgXxGvW84cFwMD29oA7Q9w3L8Sjcc3e9mZqFgs8iWxSsDNRcbQdoYtGaxu11r",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "5LjJ3yibKGP4zKbNgqeiQ284g8LJYnbF7ZBve7Ke9qZ5"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/bls12381-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+          "type": "Bls12381G2Key2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "21XhJ3o4ZSgDgRoyP4Pp8agXMwLycuRa1U6fM4ZzJBxH3gJEQbiuwP3Qh2zNoofNrBKPqp3FgXxGvW84cFwMD29oA7Q9w3L8Sjcc3e9mZqFgs8iWxSsDNRcbQdoYtGaxu11r"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA#zUC7FNFB7UinoJ5tqkeEELWLsytHBdHpwQ7wLVFAYRT6vqdr5uC3JPK6BVNNByj4KxvVKXoirT7VuqptSznjRCgvr7Ksuk42zyFw1GJSYNQSKCpjVcrZXoPUbR1P6zHmr97mVdA"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+        "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+        "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe",
+        "d": "S7Z1TuL05WHge8od0_mW8b3sRM747caCffsLwS6JZ-c"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "BLS12381_G1",
+            "x": "im0OQGMTkh4YEhAl16hQwUQTcOaRqIqThqtSwksFK7WaH6Qywypmc3VIDyydmYTe"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z5TcCmGLu7HrkT5FTnejDTKcH11LPMQLXMPHTRyzY4KdRvqpPLprH7s1ddWFD38cAkZoiDtofUmJVZyEweUTfwjG5H3znk3ir4tzmuDBUSNbNQ7U6jJqj5bkQLKRaQB1bpFJKGLEq3EBwsfPutL5D7p78kFeLNHznqbf5oGpik7ScaDbGLaTLh1Jtadi6VmPNNd44Cojk#z3tEEysHYz5kkgpfDAByfDVgAuvtSFLHSqoMWmmSZBU1LZtN2sDsAS6RVQSevfxv39kyty"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/ed25519-x25519.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/ed25519-x25519.json
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+{
+  "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "4zvwRjXUKGfvwnParsHAS3HuSVzV5cA4McphgmoCtajS"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "7By6kV2t2d188odEM4ExAve1UithKT6dLva4dwsDT3ak",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "6QN8DfuN9hjgHgPvLXqgzqYE3jRRGRrmJQZkd5tL8paR"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "4zvwRjXUKGfvwnParsHAS3HuSVzV5cA4McphgmoCtajS"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "7By6kV2t2d188odEM4ExAve1UithKT6dLva4dwsDT3ak"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkiTBz1ymuepAQ4HEHYSF1H8quG5GLVVQR3djdX3mDooWp#z6LShs9GGnqk85isEBzzshkuVWrVKsRp24GnDuHk8QWkARMW"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "6ASf5EcmmEHTgDJ4X4ZT5vT6iHVJBXPg5AN5YoTCpGWt"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "FcoNC5NqP9CePWbhfz95iHaEsCjGkZUioK9Ck7Qiw286",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "HBTcN2MrXNRj9xF9oi8QqYyuEPv3JLLjQKuEgW9oxVKP"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "6ASf5EcmmEHTgDJ4X4ZT5vT6iHVJBXPg5AN5YoTCpGWt"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "FcoNC5NqP9CePWbhfz95iHaEsCjGkZUioK9Ck7Qiw286"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkjchhfUsD6mmvni8mCdXHw216Xrm9bQe2mBH1P5RDjVJG#z6LSrHyXiPBhUbvPUtyUCdf32sniiMGPTAesgHrtEa4FePtr"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "8pM1DN3RiT8vbom5u1sNryaNT1nyL8CTTW3b5PwWXRBH"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "A5fe37PAxhX5WNKngBpGHhC1KpNE7nwbK9oX2tqwxYxU",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "ACa4PPJ1LnPNq1iwS33V3Akh7WtnC71WkKFZ9ccM6sX2"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "8pM1DN3RiT8vbom5u1sNryaNT1nyL8CTTW3b5PwWXRBH"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "A5fe37PAxhX5WNKngBpGHhC1KpNE7nwbK9oX2tqwxYxU"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MknGc3ocHs3zdPiJbnaaqDi58NGb4pk1Sp9WxWufuXSdxf#z6LSkkqoZRC34AEpbkhZCqLDcHQVAxuLpQ7kC8XCXMVUfvjE"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "HPYVwAQmskwT1qEEeRzhoomyfyupJGASQQtCXSNG8XS2"
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow",
+      "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "7ocvdvQinfqtyQ3Dh9aA7ggoVCQkmfaoueZazHETDv3B",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "FZrzd1osCnbK6y6MJzMBW1RcVfL524sNKhSbqRwMuwHT"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/ed25519-2018/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "type": "Ed25519VerificationKey2018",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "HPYVwAQmskwT1qEEeRzhoomyfyupJGASQQtCXSNG8XS2"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "7ocvdvQinfqtyQ3Dh9aA7ggoVCQkmfaoueZazHETDv3B"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkvqoYXQfDDJRv8L4wKzxYeuKyVZBfi9Qo6Ro8MiLH3kDQ#z6LSiUo6AEDat8Ze4nQzDo67SGuHLLwsUGkxndHGUjsywHow"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU": {
+    "seed": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "Ed25519",
+        "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "Ed25519",
+        "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8",
+        "d": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAU"
+      }
+    },
+    "keyAgreementKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "X25519",
+        "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "OKP",
+        "crv": "X25519",
+        "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs",
+        "d": "aEAAB3VBFPCQtgF3N__wRiXhMOgeiRGstpPC3gnJ1Eo"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "Ed25519",
+            "x": "_eT7oDCtAC98L31MMx9J0T-w7HR-zuvsY08f9MvKne8"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "X25519",
+            "x": "jRIz3oriXDNZmnb35XQb7K1UIlz3ae1ao1YSqLeBXHs"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6MkwYMhwTvsq376YBAcJHy3vyRWzBgn5vKfVqqDCgm7XVKU#z6LSmArkPSdTKjEESsExHRrSwUzYUHgDuWDewXc4nocasvFU"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/nist-curves.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/nist-curves.json
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+        "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-256",
+        "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+        "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM",
+        "d": "gPh-VvVS8MbvKQ9LSVVmfnxnKjHn4Tqj0bmbpehRlpc"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv#zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaerx9CtbPJ1q36T5Ln5wYt3MQYeGRG5ehnPAmxcf5mDZpv",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-256",
+            "x": "igrFmi0whuihKnj9R3Om1SoMph72wUGeFaBbzG2vzns",
+            "y": "efsX5b10x8yjyrj4ny3pGfLcY7Xby1KzgqOdqnsrJIM"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
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+      ],
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+      ],
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+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
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+      ],
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+      ]
+    }
+  },
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+    "verificationMethod": {
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+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
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+      "publicKeyJwk": {
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+        "crv": "P-256",
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+        "y": "hW2ojTNfH7Jbi8--CJUo3OCbH3y5n91g-IMA9MLMbTU"
+      },
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+        "d": "YjRs6vNvw4sYrzVVY8ipkEpDAD9PFqw1sUnvPRMA-WI"
+      }
+    },
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+      "@context": [
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+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
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+      "verificationMethod": [
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+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaerDaTF5BXEavCrfRZEk316dpbLsfPDZ3WJ5hRTPFU2169",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
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+            "y": "hW2ojTNfH7Jbi8--CJUo3OCbH3y5n91g-IMA9MLMbTU"
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+      ],
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+      ],
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+      ],
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+      ]
+    }
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+        "d": "hAyGZNj9031guBCdpAOaZkO-E5m-LKLYnMIq0-msrp8JLctseaOeNTHmP3uKVWwX"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
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+          "controller": "did:key:z82Lm1MpAkeJcix9K8TMiLd5NMAhnwkjjCBeWHXyu3U4oT2MVJJKXkcVBgjGhnLBn2Kaau9",
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+      ],
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+      ],
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+      ]
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+      }
+    },
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+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
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+      ]
+    }
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+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
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+      },
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+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
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+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
+      "verificationMethod": [
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+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7",
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+          }
+        }
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+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
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+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7#z2J9gaYxrKVpdoG9A4gRnmpnRCcxU6agDtFVVBVdn1JedouoZN7SzcyREXXzWgt3gGiwpoHq7K68X4m32D8HgzG8wv3sY5j7"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f": {
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+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
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+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "P-521",
+        "x": "AQgyFy6EwH3_u_KXPw8aTXTY7WSVytmbuJeFpq4U6LipxtSmBJe_jjRzms9qubnwm_fGoHMQlvQ1vzS2YLusR2V0",
+        "y": "Ab06MCcgoG7dM2I-VppdLV1k3lDoeHMvyYqHVfP05Ep2O7Zu0Qwd6IVzfZi9K0KMDud22wdnGUpUtFukZo0EeO15",
+        "d": "AbheZ-AA58LP4BpopCGCLH8ZoMdkdJaVOS6KK2NNmDCisr5_Ifxl-qcunrkOJ0CSauA4LJyNbCWcy28Bo6zgHTXQ"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "P-521",
+            "x": "AQgyFy6EwH3_u_KXPw8aTXTY7WSVytmbuJeFpq4U6LipxtSmBJe_jjRzms9qubnwm_fGoHMQlvQ1vzS2YLusR2V0",
+            "y": "Ab06MCcgoG7dM2I-VppdLV1k3lDoeHMvyYqHVfP05Ep2O7Zu0Qwd6IVzfZi9K0KMDud22wdnGUpUtFukZo0EeO15"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f#z2J9gcGdb2nEyMDmzQYv2QZQcM1vXktvy1Pw4MduSWxGabLZ9XESSWLQgbuPhwnXN7zP7HpTzWqrMTzaY5zWe6hpzJ2jnw4f"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb": {
+    "verificationMethod": {
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "type": "P256Key2021",
+      "controller": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "ekVhkcBFq3w7jULLkBVye6PwaTuMbhJYuzwFnNcgQAPV",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "9p4VRzdmhsnq869vQjVCTrRry7u4TtfRxhvBFJTGU2Cp"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/multikey-2021/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+          "type": "P256Key2021",
+          "controller": "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "ekVhkcBFq3w7jULLkBVye6PwaTuMbhJYuzwFnNcgQAPV"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb#zDnaeTiq1PdzvZXUaMdezchcMJQpBdH2VN4pgrrEhMCCbmwSb"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/rsa.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/rsa.json
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+{
+  "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i": {
+    "publicKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+      "e": "AQAB"
+    },
+    "privateKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+      "e": "AQAB",
+      "d": "Eym3sT4KLwBzo5pl5nY83-hAti92iLQRizkrKe22RbNi9Y1kKOBatdtGaJqFVztZZu5ERGKNuTd5VdsjJeekSbXviVGRtdHNCvgmRZlWA5261AgIUPxMmKW062GmGJbKQvscFfziBgHK6tyDBd8cZavqMFHi-7ilMYF7IsFBcJKM85x_30pnfd4YwhGQIc9hzv238aOwYKg8c-MzYhEVUnL273jaiLVlfZWQ5ca-GXJHmdOb_Y4fE5gpXfPFBseqleXsMp0VuXxCEsN30LIJHYscdPtbzLD3LFbuMJglFbQqYqssqymILGqJ7Tc2mB2LmXevfqRWz5D7A_K1WzvuoQ",
+      "p": "ANwlk-eVXPQplCmr7VddX8MAlN5YWvfXkbJe2KOhyS7naSlfMyeW6I0z6q6MAI4h8cs9yEzwmN1oEl_6tZ_-NPd1Oda2Hq5jHx0Jq2P5exIMMbzTTHbB-LjMB4c-b1DZLOrL7ZpCS-CcEHvBz4phzHa7gqz2SrNIGozufbjS_tK5",
+      "q": "AM6nKRFqRgHiUtGc0xJawpXJeokGhJQFfinDlakjkptuRQNv0BOz8fRUxk6zwwYrx-T_Yk-0oAFsD8qWIgiXg8Wf0bdRW0L0dIH4c6ff3mSREXeAT2h3XDaF0F1YKns08WyYWtOuIiYWChyO9sweK7AUuaOJ-6lr6lElzTGHVf-l",
+      "dp": "AIHFBPK2cRzchaIq3rVpLVHdveNzYexG_nOOxVVvwRANCUiB_b2Qj3Ts7aIGlS0zhTyxJql0Cig5eNtrBjVRvBdC2t1ebaeOdoC_enBsV8fDuG3-gExg-ySz4JwwiZ2252tg2qbb_a5hULYjARwpmkVDMzyR0mbsUfpRe3q_pcbB",
+      "dq": "Id2bCVOVLXHdiKReor9k7A8cmaAL0gYkasu2lwVRXU9w1-NXAiOXHydVaEhlSXmbRJflkJJVNmZzIAwCf830tko-oAAhKJPPFA2XRoeVdn2fkynf2YrV_cloICP2skI23kkJeW8sAXnTJmL3ZvP6zNxYn8hZCaa5u5qqSdeX7FE",
+      "qi": "WKIToXXnjl7GDbz7jCNbX9nWYOE5BDNzVmwiVOnyGoTZfwJ_qtgizj7pOapxi6dT9S9mMavmeAi6LAsEe1WUWtaKSNhbNh0PUGGXlXHGlhkS8jI1ot0e-scrHAuACE567YQ4VurpNorPKtZ5UENXIn74DEmt4l5m6902VF3X5Wo"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "RSA",
+            "n": "sbX82NTV6IylxCh7MfV4hlyvaniCajuP97GyOqSvTmoEdBOflFvZ06kR_9D6ctt45Fk6hskfnag2GG69NALVH2o4RCR6tQiLRpKcMRtDYE_thEmfBvDzm_VVkOIYfxu-Ipuo9J_S5XDNDjczx2v-3oDh5-CIHkU46hvFeCvpUS-L8TJSbgX0kjVk_m4eIb9wh63rtmD6Uz_KBtCo5mmR4TEtcLZKYdqMp3wCjN-TlgHiz_4oVXWbHUefCEe8rFnX1iQnpDHU49_SaXQoud1jCaexFn25n-Aa8f8bc5Vm-5SeRwidHa6ErvEhTvf1dz6GoNPp2iRvm-wJ1gxwWJEYPQ",
+            "e": "AQAB"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i#z4MXj1wBzi9jUstyPMS4jQqB6KdJaiatPkAtVtGc6bQEQEEsKTic4G7Rou3iBf9vPmT5dbkm9qsZsuVNjq8HCuW1w24nhBFGkRE4cd2Uf2tfrB3N7h4mnyPp1BF3ZttHTYv3DLUPi1zMdkULiow3M1GfXkoC6DoxDUm1jmN6GBj22SjVsr6dxezRVQc7aj9TxE7JLbMH1wh5X3kA58H3DFW8rnYMakFGbca5CB2Jf6CnGQZmL7o5uJAdTwXfy2iiiyPxXEGerMhHwhjTA1mKYobyk2CpeEcmvynADfNZ5MBvcCS7m3XkFCMNUYBS9NQ3fze6vMSUPsNa6GVYmKx2x6JrdEjCk3qRMMmyjnjCMfR4pXbRMZa3i"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zgghBUVkqmWS8e1ioRVp2WN9Vw6x4NvnE9PGAyQsPqM3fnfPf8EdauiRVfBTcVDyzhqM5FFC7ekAvuV1cJHawtfgB9wDcru1hPDobk3hqyedijhgWmsYfJCmodkiiFnjNWATE7PvqTyoCjcmrc8yMRXmFPnoASyT5beUd4YZxTE9VfgmavcPy3BSouNmASMQ8xUXeiRwjb7xBaVTiDRjkmyPD7NYZdXuS93gFhyDFr5b3XLg7Rfj9nHEqtHDa7NmAX7iwDAbMUFEfiDEf9hrqZmpAYJracAjTTR8Cvn6mnDXMLwayNG8dcsXFodxok2qksYF4D8ffUxMRmyyQVQhhhmdSi4YaMPqTnC1J6HTG9Yfb98yGSVaWi4TApUhLXFow2ZvB6vqckCNhjCRL2R4MDUSk71qzxWHgezKyDeyThJgdxydrn1osqH94oSeA346eipkJvKqYREXBKwgB5VL6WF4qAK6sVZxJp2dQBfCPVZ4EbsBQaJXaVK7cNcWG8tZBFWZ79gG9Cu6C4u8yjBS8Ux6dCcJPUTLtixQu4z2n5dCsVSNdnP1EEs8ZerZo5pBgc68w4Yuf9KL3xVxPnAB1nRCBfs9cMU6oL1EdyHbqrTfnjE8HpY164akBqe92LFVsk8RusaGsVPrMekT8emTq5y8v8CabuZg5rDs3f9NPEtogjyx49wiub1FecM5B7QqEcZSYiKHgF4mfkteT2": {
+    "publicKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+      "e": "AQAB"
+    },
+    "privateKeyJwk": {
+      "kty": "RSA",
+      "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+      "e": "AQAB",
+      "d": "TMq1H-clVG7PihkjCqJbRFLMj9wmx6_qfauYwPBKK-HYfWujdW5vxBO6Q-jpqy7RxhiISmxYCBVuw_BuKMqQtR8Q_G9StBzaWYjHfn3Vp6Poz4umLqOjbI2NWNks_ybpGbd30oAK8V5ZkO04ozJpkN4i92hzK3mIc5-z1HiTNUPMn6cStab0VCn6em_ylltV774CEcRJ3OLgid7OUspRt_rID3qyreYbOulTu5WXHIGEnZDzrciIlz1dbcVldpUhD0VAP5ZErD2uUP5oztBNcTTn0YBF8CrOALuQVdaz_t_sNS3P0kWeT1eQ0QwDskO5Hw-Aey2tFeWk1bQyLoQ1A0jsw8mDbkO2zrGfJoxmVBkueTK-q64_n1kV7W1aeJFRj4NwEWmwcrs8GSOGOn38fGB_Y3Kci04qvD6L0QZbFkAVzcJracnxbTdHCEX0jsAAPbYC8M_8PyrPJvPC4IAAWTRrSRbysb7r7viRf4A1vTK9VT7uYyxj7Kzx2cU12d9QBXYfdQ2744bUE7HqN-Vh2rHvv2l5v6vzBRoZ5_OhHHVeUYwC9LouE9lSVAObbFM-Qe1SvzbbwN91LziI7UzUc_xMAEiNwt6PpnIAWAhdvSRawEllTwUcn89udHd5UhiAcm-RQOqXIdA9Aly6d8TT8R1p-ZnQ_gbZyBZeS39AuvU=",
+      "p": "1p4cypsJeTyVXXc5bQpvzVenPy78OHXtGcFQnbTjW8x1GsvJ-rlHAcjUImd44pgNQNe-iYpeUg3KqfONeedNgQCFd8kP7GoVAd45mEvsGBXvjoCXOBMQlsf8UU_hm_LKhVvTvTmMGoudnNv5qYNDMCGJGzwoG-aSvROlIoXzHmDnusZ-hKsDxM9j0PPz21t99Y_Fr30Oq3FIWXPVmLYmfyZYQkxm9a9WNMkqRbwJuMwGI6V9ABsQ1dW_KJzp_aEBbJLcDr9DsWhm9ErLeAlzyaDYEai6wCtKm9em4LDwCbKhJq3hWEp1sIG-hwx1sk7N4i-b8lBijjEQE-dbSQxUlw==",
+      "q": "yUqMejfrttGujadj7Uf7q91KM7nbQGny4TjD-CqibcFE-s2_DExCgP1wfhUPfJr2uPQDIe4g12uaNoa5GbCSDaQwEmQpurC_5mazt-z-_tbI24hoPQm5Hq67fZz-jDE_3OccLPLIWtajJqmxHbbB5VqskMuXo8KDxPRfBQBhykmb9_5M8pY2ggZOV4shCUn5E9nOnvibvw5Wx4CBtWUtca4rhpd3mVen1d8xCe4xTG_ni_w1lwdxzU1GmRFqgTuZWzL0r2FKzJg7hju1SOEe4tKMxQ-xs2HyNaMM__SLsNmS3lsYZ8r2hqcjEMQQZI0T_O-3BjIpyg986P8j055E0w==",
+      "dp": "DujzJRw6P0L3OYQT6EBmXgSt6NTRzvZaX4SvnhU4CmOc6xynTpTamwQhwLYhjtRzb0LNyO5k-RxeLQpvlL1-A-1OWHEOeyUvim6u36a-ozm659KFLu8cIu2H2PpMuTHX4gXsIuRBmIKEk6YwpRcqbsiVpt-6BZ4yKZKY0Vou9rhSwQYTOhJLc7vYumaIVX_4szumxzdP8pcvKI_EkhRtfj3iudBnAsCIo6gqGKgkoMMD1iwkEALRW5m66w5jrywlVi6pvRiKkmOna2da1V8KvUJAYJGxT7JyP3tu64M_Wd0gFvjTg_fAT1_kJau27YlOAl2-Xso43poH_OoAzIVfxw==",
+      "dq": "XI6Z76z9BxB9mgcpTLc3wzw63XQNnB3bn7JRcjBwhdVD2at3uLjsL5HaAy-98kbzQfJ56kUr9sI0o_Po8yYc0ob3z80c3wpdAx2gb-dbDWVH8KJVhBOPestPzR--cEpJGlNuwkBU3mgplyKaHZamq8a46M-lB5jurEbN1mfpj3GvdSYKzdVCdSFfLqP76eCI1pblinW4b-6w-oVdn0JJ1icHPpkxVmJW-2Hok69iHcqrBtRO9AZpTsTEvKekeI4mIyhYGLi9AzzQyhV0c3GImTXFoutng5t7GyzBUoRpI0W4YeQzYa6TEzGRTylIfGPemATF_OReENp0TlLbb3gsHw==",
+      "qi": "m7uZk4AsOfJ1V2RY8lmEF518toCV7juKuS_b_OUx8B0dRG0_kbF1cH-Tmrgsya3bwkYx5HeZG81rX7SRjh-0nVPOMW3tGqU5U9f59DXqvOItJIJ6wvWvWXnuna2-NstYCotFQWadIKjk4wjEKj-a4NJt4D_F4csyeyqWOH2DiUFzBGGxxdEoD5t_HEeNXuWQ6-SiV0x5ZVMln3TSh7IOMl70Smm8HcQF5mOsWg3N0wIg-yffxPrs6r15TRuW1MfT-bZk2GLrtHF1TkIoT1e00jWK4eBl2oRxiJGONUBMTEHV85Fr0yztnA99AgHnrMbE_4ehvev4h5DEWvFyFuJN_g=="
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key: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",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key: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#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",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key: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",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "RSA",
+            "n": "qMCkFFRFWtzUyZeK8mgJdyM6SEQcXC5E6JwCRVDld-jlJs8sXNOE_vliexq34wZRQ4hk53-JPFlvZ_QjRgIxdUxSMiZ3S5hlNVvvRaue6SMakA9ugQhnfXaWORro0UbPuHLms-bg5StDP8-8tIezu9c1H1FjwPcdbV6rAvKhyhnsM10qP3v2CPbdE0q3FOsihoKuTelImtO110E7N6fLn4U3EYbC4OyViqlrP1o_1M-R-tiM1cb4pD7XKJnIs6ryZdfOQSPBJwjNqSdN6Py_tdrFgPDTyacSSdpTVADOM2IMAoYbhV1N5APhnjOHBRFyKkF1HffQKpmXQLBqvUNNjuhmpVKWBtrTdcCKrglFXiw0cKGHKxIirjmiOlB_HYHg5UdosyE3_1Txct2U7-WBB6QXak1UgxCzgKYBDI8UPA0RlkUuHHP_Zg0fVXrXIInHO04MYxUeSps5qqyP6dJBu_v_BDn3zUq6LYFwJ_-xsU7zbrKYB4jaRlHPoCj_eDC-rSA2uQ4KXHBB8_aAqNFC9ukWxc26Ifz9dF968DLuL30bi-ZAa2oUh492Pw1bg89J7i4qTsOOfpQvGyDV7TGhKuUG3Hbumfr2w16S-_3EI2RIyd1nYsflE6ZmCkZQMG_lwDAFXaqfyGKEDouJuja4XH8r4fGWeGTrozIoniXT1HU",
+            "e": "AQAB"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key: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#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"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/secp256k1.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/secp256k1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+{
+  "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme": {
+    "seed": "9085d2bef69286a6cbb51623c8fa258629945cd55ca705cc4e66700396894e0c",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "23o6Sau8NxxzXcgSc3PLcNxrzrZpbLeBn1izfv3jbKhuv",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "AjA4cyPUbbfW5wr6iZeRbJLhgH3qDt6q6LMkRw36KpxT"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "23o6Sau8NxxzXcgSc3PLcNxrzrZpbLeBn1izfv3jbKhuv"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme#zQ3shokFTS3brHcDQrn82RUDfCZESWL1ZdCEJwekUDPQiYBme"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2": {
+    "seed": "f0f4df55a2b3ff13051ea814a8f24ad00f2e469af73c363ac7e9fb999a9072ed",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "291KzQhqCPC18PqH83XKhxv1HdqrdnxyS7dh15t2uNRzJ",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "HDbR1D5W3CoNbUKYzUbHH2PRF1atshtVupXgXTQhNB9E"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "291KzQhqCPC18PqH83XKhxv1HdqrdnxyS7dh15t2uNRzJ"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2#zQ3shtxV1FrJfhqE1dvxYRcCknWNjHc3c5X1y3ZSoPDi2aur2"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N": {
+    "seed": "6b0b91287ae3348f8c2f2552d766f30e3604867e34adc37ccbb74a8e6b893e02",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "oesQ92MLiAkt2pjBcJFbW7H4DvzKJv22cotjYbmC2JEe",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "8CrrWVdzDnvaS7vS5dd2HetFSebwEN46XEFrNDdtWZSZ"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "oesQ92MLiAkt2pjBcJFbW7H4DvzKJv22cotjYbmC2JEe"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N#zQ3shZc2QzApp2oymGvQbzP8eKheVshBHbU4ZYjeXqwSKEn6N"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy": {
+    "seed": "c0a6a7c560d37d7ba81ecee9543721ff48fea3e0fb827d42c1868226540fac15",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "pg3p1vprqePgUoqfAQ1TTgxhL6zLYhHyzooR1pqLxo9F",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "Dy2fnt8ba4NmbRBXas9bo1BtYgpYFr6ThpFhJbuA3PRn"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "pg3p1vprqePgUoqfAQ1TTgxhL6zLYhHyzooR1pqLxo9F"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy#zQ3shadCps5JLAHcZiuX5YUtWHHL8ysBJqFLWvjZDKAWUBGzy"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj": {
+    "seed": "175a232d440be1e0788f25488a73d9416c04b6f924bea6354bf05dd2f1a75133",
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "publicKeyBase58": "24waDFAUAS16UpZwQQTXVEAmm17rQRjadjuAeBDW8aqL1",
+      "privateKeyBase58": "2aA6WgZnPiVMBX3LvKSTg3KaFKyzfKpvEacixB3yyTgv"
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/secp256k1-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+          "type": "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "24waDFAUAS16UpZwQQTXVEAmm17rQRjadjuAeBDW8aqL1"
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj#zQ3shptjE6JwdkeKN4fcpnYQY3m9Cet3NiHdAfpvSUZBFoKBj"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS": {
+    "verificationKeyPair": {
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+      "controller": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "publicKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "secp256k1",
+        "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+        "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc"
+      },
+      "privateKeyJwk": {
+        "kty": "EC",
+        "crv": "secp256k1",
+        "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+        "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc",
+        "d": "J5yKm7OXFsXDEutteGYeT0CAfQJwIlHLSYkQxKtgiyo"
+      }
+    },
+    "didDocument": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "EC",
+            "crv": "secp256k1",
+            "x": "TEIJN9vnTq1EXMkqzo7yN_867-foKc2pREv45Fw_QA8",
+            "y": "9yiymlzdxKCiRbYq7p-ArRB-C1ytjHE-eb7RDTi6rVc"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "assertionMethod": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "authentication": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "capabilityInvocation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "capabilityDelegation": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS#zQ3shjmnWpSDEbYKpaFm4kTs9kXyqG6N2QwCYHNPP4yubqgJS"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/vectors.go
+++ b/did/testvectors/vectors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+//go:build jwx_es256k
+
+package testvectors
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/mr-tron/base58"
+)
+
+type Vectors map[string]Vector
+
+// This is pretty gross but the structure allows the repeated Verifier,
+// PublicKeyJwk and PublicKeyBase58 account for the fact that the test
+// files are very inconsistent.
+type Vector struct {
+	VerificationKeyPair Verifier
+	VerificationMethod  Verifier
+	PublicKeyJwk        json.RawMessage
+	DidDocument         json.RawMessage // TODO: if we start producing DID documents, we should test this too
+}
+
+type Verifier struct {
+	ID              string
+	Type            string
+	PublicKeyBase58 string
+	PublicKeyJwk    json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	// If the public key is in base58
+	if pubB58 := v.PubKeyBase58(); len(pubB58) > 0 {
+		pubBytes, err := base58.Decode(pubB58)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		t, err := v.PubKeyType()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var unmarshaler crypto.PubKeyUnmarshaller
+
+		switch t {
+		case "Ed25519VerificationKey2018":
+			unmarshaler = crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey
+		case "EcdsaSecp256k1VerificationKey2019":
+			unmarshaler = crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey
+		// This is weak as it assumes the P256 curve - that's all the vectors contain (for now)
+		case "P256Key2021":
+			unmarshaler = compressedEcdsaPublicKeyUnmarshaler
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.New("failed to resolve unmarshaler")
+		}
+
+		return unmarshaler(pubBytes)
+	}
+
+	// If the public key is in a JWK
+	if pubJwk := v.PubKeyJwk(); len(pubJwk) > 0 {
+		key, err := jwk.ParseKey(pubJwk)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var a any
+
+		if err := key.Raw(&a); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		switch a.(type) {
+		case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
+			epub := a.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+
+			if epub.Curve == secp256k1.S256() {
+				bytes := append([]byte{0x04}, append(epub.X.Bytes(), epub.Y.Bytes()...)...)
+
+				return crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PublicKey(bytes)
+			}
+
+			asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(epub)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(asn1)
+		case ed25519.PublicKey:
+			return crypto.UnmarshalEd25519PublicKey(a.(ed25519.PublicKey))
+		case *rsa.PublicKey:
+			asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(a.(*rsa.PublicKey))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			return crypto.UnmarshalRsaPublicKey(asn1)
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.New("unsupported key type")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If we don't find a public key at all
+	return nil, errors.New("vector's public key not found")
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyBase58() string {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyBase58) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyBase58
+	}
+
+	return v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyBase58
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyJwk() json.RawMessage {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyJwk) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.PublicKeyJwk
+	}
+
+	if len(v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyJwk) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationMethod.PublicKeyJwk
+	}
+
+	return v.PublicKeyJwk
+}
+
+func (v Vector) PubKeyType() (string, error) {
+	if len(v.VerificationKeyPair.Type) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationKeyPair.Type, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(v.VerificationMethod.Type) > 0 {
+		return v.VerificationMethod.Type, nil
+	}
+
+	return "", errors.New("vector's type not found")
+}
+
+func compressedEcdsaPublicKeyUnmarshaler(data []byte) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	x, y := elliptic.UnmarshalCompressed(elliptic.P256(), data)
+
+	ecdsaPublicKey := ecdsa.PublicKey{
+		Curve: elliptic.P256(),
+		X:     x,
+		Y:     y,
+	}
+
+	asn1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(&ecdsaPublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalECDSAPublicKey(asn1)
+}
--- a/did/testvectors/x25519.json
+++ b/did/testvectors/x25519.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+  "didDocument": {
+    "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F#z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "4Dy8E9UaZscuPUf2GLxV44RCNL7oxmEXXkgWXaug1WKV"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F#z6LSeu9HkTHSfLLeUs2nnzUSNedgDUevfNQgQjQC23ZCit6F"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha#z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "J3PiFeuSyLugy4DKn87TwK5cnruRgPtxouzXUqg99Avp"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha#z6LStiZsmxiK4odS4Sb6JmdRFuJ6e1SYP157gtiCyJKfrYha"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/x25519-2019/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ#z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+          "type": "X25519KeyAgreementKey2019",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ",
+          "publicKeyBase58": "CgTbngDMe7yHHfxPMvhpaFRpFoQWKgXAgwenJj8PsFDe"
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ#z6LSoMdmJz2Djah2P4L9taDmtqeJ6wwd2HhKZvNToBmvaczQ"
+      ]
+    },
+    "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz": {
+      "@context": [
+        "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
+        "https://w3id.org/security/suites/jws-2020/v1"
+      ],
+      "id": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+      "verificationMethod": [
+        {
+          "id": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz#z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+          "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
+          "controller": "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz",
+          "publicKeyJwk": {
+            "kty": "OKP",
+            "crv": "X25519",
+            "x": "467ap28wHJGEXJAb4mLrokqq8A-txA_KmoQTcj31XzU"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "keyAgreement": [
+        "did:key:z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz#z6LSrzxMVydCourtpA6JLEYupT7ZUQ34hLfQZfRN5H47zLdz"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,35 +1,43 @@
 module github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan

-go 1.24.4
-
-toolchain go1.24.5
+go 1.23

 require (
-	github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it v1.0.0-pre1
-	github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.6.1
-	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0
+	github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0
+	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1
 	github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3
+	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multihash v0.2.3
 	github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/ucan-wg/go-varsig v1.0.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+	gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1
 )

 require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 // indirect
+	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
+	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,34 +1,51 @@
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it v1.0.0-pre1 h1:NTGAC7z52TwFegEF7c+csUr/6Al1nAo6ValAAxOsjto=
-github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it v1.0.0-pre1/go.mod h1:7m9syDnXFTg5GmUEcydpO4Rs3eYT4McFH7vCw5fp3A4=
-github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.6.1 h1:VkOLRubHdisGrHnTu89g08aQEWEgRU7LVEop3GbIcMk=
-github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.6.1/go.mod h1:V6oF8njAwxJ5gRo1Q7Cxab24xs5NCWZBeaHHBklR8mA=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0-20190314233015-f79a8a8ca69d/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
+github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1 h1:B4jJJDHelWcDhlRQxWeo0Npa/pYKBLrirAQoTN45txo=
+github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.1/go.mod h1:nXbxhEmQfOZhWml3D1cDK5M1FLnMSozpbFN/m3RmGZc=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.1.0 h1:zPMNGQCm0g4QTY27fOCorQW7EryeQ/U0x++OzVrdms8=
-github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:2OfgNZ5wDpcsFmHmCK5gZTPcCXqlm2ArzUIkw9czNJo=
-github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 h1:NMZiJj8QnKe1LgsbDayM4UoHwbvwDRwnI3hwNaAHRnc=
-github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0/go.mod h1:ZXNYxsqcloTdSy/rNShjYzMhyjf0LaoftYK0p+A3h40=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.1 h1:7PltbUIQB7u/FfZ39+DGa/ShuMyJ5ilcvdfma9wOH6Y=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.1/go.mod h1:2OfgNZ5wDpcsFmHmCK5gZTPcCXqlm2ArzUIkw9czNJo=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0 h1:rpfIENRNNilwHwZeG5+P150SMrnNEcHYvcCuK6dPZSg=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:v57UDF4pDQJcEfFUCRop3lJL149eHGSe9Jvczhzjo/0=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6/go.mod h1:4ptaffx2x8+WTWXmUCuVU6aPUX1/Mz7zb5vbUoiM6w0=
 github.com/go-yaml/yaml v2.1.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:w2MrLa16VYP0jy6N7M5kHaCkaLENm+P+Tv+MfurjSw0=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3 h1:KZ5WoDbxAIgm2HNbYckL0se1fHD6rz5j4ywS6ebzDqA=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1 h1:EGx4pi6eqNxGaHF6qqu48+N2wcFQ5qg5FXgOdqsJ5d8=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1/go.mod h1:wJfORRmW1u3UXTncJ5qlYoELFm8eSnnEO6hX4iZ3EWY=
-github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0 h1:goEKKhaGm0ul11IHA7I6p1GmKz8kEYniqFopaB5Otwg=
-github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0/go.mod h1:0L7vmeNXpQpUS9vt+yEARkJ8rOg43DF3iPgn4GIN0mk=
+github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1 h1:A/T3qGvxi4kpKWWcPC/PgbvDA2bjVLO7n4UeVwnbs/s=
+github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1/go.mod h1:uQHwDeX4c6CtyrFwdqyhpNcxVewur1M7l7fNU7LKwZk=
 github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0 h1:n4JmcpOlPDIxBcY037SVfpd1G+Sj1nKZah0m6QH9C2E=
 github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0/go.mod h1:3RLqy//ERg/y5oShXXdx5YIp50cFGOanyMctpPjsvxQ=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible h1:xdiiI2gbIgH/gLH7ADydsJ1uDOEzR8yvV7C0MuV77Wo=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 h1:66ze0taIn2H33fBvCkXuv9BmCwDfafmiIVpKV9kKGuY=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9/go.mod h1:rqkxqrZ1EhYM9G+hXH7YdowN5R5RGN6NK4QwQ3WMXF8=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8 h1:+StwCXwm9PdpiEkPyzBXIy+M9KUb4ODm0Zarf1kS5BM=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:Lcz8mBdAVJIBVzewtcLocK12l3Y+JytZYpaMropDUws=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2 h1:Cg2gVSc9h7sz9NOByczrbUvLopQmXrfFx//N+AkAr5k=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2/go.mod h1:UrEqBzIR2U6CnzVyUtfM6oZNMt/7O7Vohk2J0OGSAtU=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 h1:ydWCStUeJLkpYyjLDHihupbn2tYmZ7m22BGkcvZZrIE=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1/go.mod h1:qiltp3Mt56+55GPVCbTdM9MlqhvzyuL6W/NMDA8vA5E=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 h1:qgmgIRhpvBqexMJjA/PmwSvhNk679oqD1RbovdCGW8k=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6/go.mod h1:mwwz3JMTPBjHUkkDv/IGJ39aALInZLrhBp0X7KGUZlo=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2 h1:gMXo1q4c2pHmC3dn8LzRhJfP1ceCbgSiT9lUydIzltI=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2/go.mod h1:Momfcq3AnRlRjI5b5O8/G5/BvpzrhoFTZcn06fEOPt4=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1 h1:Y2ltVl8J6izLYFs54BVcpXLv5msSW4o8eXwnzZLI32E=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:4LvZg7oxu6Q5VJwn7Mk/UwooNRnTHUpXBj2C4j3HNx0=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 h1:oAzP2fvZGQKWkvHa1/SAcFolBEca1oN+mQ7eooNBEYU=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1/go.mod h1:5ZHFbivi4xwXxhxY9XHDe2FHo6/Z7WWmtT7T5nBBp3I=
+github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0 h1:oK4mSFcQz7cTQIfqbe4MIj9gLW+mnanjyFtc6cdF0Y8=
+github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0/go.mod h1:N+vh8gMqimBzdKkSMVuydVDq+UV5QTWy5HSiZacSbPg=
+github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3 h1:NHz30+G7D8Y8YmznrVZZla0ofVANrvBl2c+oARfMeDQ=
+github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3/go.mod h1:4Y5vFyCUiJuluEPmpnKYf6WFx5ViKPUYs/ixe9ANFZ8=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 h1:6kaan5IFmwTNynnKKpDHe6FWHohJOHhCPchzK49dzMM=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Pz6AKMiUdngCLpeTL/RJY1M9rUuPMYujV5xJjtbRSN8=
 github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 h1:T/HDJBh4ZCPbU39/+c3rRvE0uKBQlU27+QI8LJ4t64o=
@@ -37,6 +54,8 @@ github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 h1:pVx9xoSPqEIQG8o+UbAe7DNi51oej1NtK+aG
 github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Kj3tFY6zNr+ABYMqeUNeGvkIC/UYgtWibDcT0rExnbI=
 github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 h1:lFsAbNOGeKtuKozrtBsAkSVhv1p9D0/qedU9rQyccr0=
 github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qvnKE++v+2MWCfePClUEjE78Z7P2a1UV0xHgWc0hkp4=
+github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0 h1:BCBzs61E3AGHcYYTv8dqRH43ZfyrqM8RXVPT8t13tLQ=
+github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0/go.mod h1:sBXrNzucqkFJhvKOiwwLyqamGa/P5EIXNPLovyhQCII=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0 h1:isdYCVLvksgWlMW9OZRYJEa9pZETFivncJHmHnnd87g=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0/go.mod h1:bFBZX4lKCA/2lyOFSAoKH5SS6oPyjtnzK/XTFDPkNuk=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0 h1:pb/dlPnzee/Sxv/j4PmkDRxCOi3hXTz3IbPKOXWJkmg=
@@ -52,6 +71,8 @@ github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0/go.mod h1:/zvteZs/GwLtCgZ4BL6CBsk9IKIlexP43ObX
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0 h1:73kH8U+JUqXU8lRuOHeVHaa/SZPifC7BkcraZVejAe8=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
+github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 h1:9BQrFxC+YOHJlTlHGkTrFWf59nbL3XnCoFLTwDCI7ys=
+github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0/go.mod h1:BqMnlJP91P8d+4ibuonYZw9mfnzI9HfxselHZr5aAcs=
 github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0/go.mod h1:1NzhyTcUVG4SuEtjjoZeVRXNmyL/1OwPU0+IJeTBvfc=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v1.2.0 h1:42S6lae5dvLc7BrLu/0ugRtcFVjoJNMC/N3yZFZkDFs=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v1.2.0/go.mod h1:tcbTF8ujkAEcZ8TElKY+i30BzYlVhC/LOxJk7iOWnoo=
@@ -59,29 +80,38 @@ github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.7.2 h1:9RBaZCeXEQ3UselpuwUQHltGVXvdwm6cv1hg
 github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.7.2/go.mod h1:Vw0tHAZW6lzCRk3xgdin6fKYcG+G3Pg9vgXWeJpQFMM=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 h1:7c1g84S4BPRrfL5Xrdp6fOJ206sU9y293DDHaoy0bLI=
 github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:JwIasOWyU6f++ZhiEuf87xNszmSA2myDM2Kzu9HwQUA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/ucan-wg/go-varsig v1.0.0 h1:Hrc437Zg+B5Eoajg+qZQZI3Q3ocPyjlnp3/Bz9ZnlWw=
-github.com/ucan-wg/go-varsig v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Sakln6IPooDPH+ClQ0VvR09TuwUhHcfLqcPiPkMZGh0=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.10/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0 h1:GDDkbFiaK8jsSDJfjId/PEGEShv6ugrt4kYsC5UIDaQ=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0/go.mod h1:x6AKhvSSexNrVSrViXSHUEbICjmGXhtgABaHIySUSGw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 h1:ypSNr+bnYL2YhwoMt2zPxHFmbAN1KZs/njMG3hxUp30=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0/go.mod h1:T+wALwcMOSE0kXgUAnPAHqTLW+XHgcELELW8VaDgm/M=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240719175910-8a7402abbf56 h1:2dVuKD2vS7b0QIHQbpyTISPd0LeHDbnYEryqj5Q1ug8=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240719175910-8a7402abbf56/go.mod h1:M4RDyNAINzryxdtnbRXRL/OHtkFuWGRjvuhBJpk2IlY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 h1:RI27ohtqKCnwULzJLqkv897zojh5/DwS/ENaMzUOaWI=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190328211700-ab21143f2384/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1 h1:EENdUnS3pdur5nybKYIh2Vfgc8IUNBjxDPSjtiJcOzU=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:isy3WKz7GK6uNw/sbHzfKBLvlvXwUyV06n6brMxxopU=
 lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 h1:sJ3XhFINmHSrYCgl958hscfIa3bw8x4DqMP3u1YvoYE=
 lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0/go.mod h1:0OFRp7fBtAylGVCO40o87sbupkyIGgbpv1+M1k1LM6k=
--- a/pkg/args/args.go
+++ b/pkg/args/args.go
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 package args

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"iter"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"

@@ -16,12 +14,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
 )

-var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key not found in meta")
-
 // Args are the Command's arguments when an invocation Token is processed by the executor.
 // This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations
 // and transformations, while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
@@ -40,16 +35,6 @@ func New() *Args {
 	}
 }

-// GetNode retrieves a value as a raw IPLD node.
-// Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
-func (a *Args) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	v, ok := a.Values[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return v, nil
-}
-
 // Add inserts a key/value pair in the Args set.
 //
 // Accepted types for val are any CBOR compatible type, or directly IPLD values.
@@ -63,51 +48,27 @@ func (a *Args) Add(key string, val any) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("value for key %q: %w", key, err)
-	}
-
 	a.Values[key] = node
 	a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)

 	return nil
 }

-type Iterator interface {
-	Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node]
-}
-
 // Include merges the provided arguments into the existing arguments.
 //
 // If duplicate keys are encountered, the new value is silently dropped
 // without causing an error.
-func (a *Args) Include(other Iterator) {
-	for key, value := range other.Iter() {
+func (a *Args) Include(other *Args) {
+	for _, key := range other.Keys {
 		if _, ok := a.Values[key]; ok {
 			// don't overwrite
 			continue
 		}
-		a.Values[key] = value
+		a.Values[key] = other.Values[key]
 		a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)
 	}
 }

-// Len return the number of arguments.
-func (a *Args) Len() int {
-	return len(a.Keys)
-}
-
-// Iter iterates over the args key/values
-func (a *Args) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return func(yield func(string, ipld.Node) bool) {
-		for _, key := range a.Keys {
-			if !yield(key, a.Values[key]) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // ToIPLD wraps an instance of an Args with an ipld.Node.
 func (a *Args) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
 	sort.Strings(a.Keys)
@@ -174,14 +135,3 @@ func (a *Args) Clone() *Args {
 	}
 	return res
 }
-
-// Validate checks that all values in the Args are valid according to UCAN specs
-func (a *Args) Validate() error {
-	for key, value := range a.Values {
-		if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(value); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("value for key %q: %w", key, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/pkg/args/args_test.go
+++ b/pkg/args/args_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package args_test

 import (
-	"maps"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"

@@ -9,13 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
 )

@@ -136,138 +133,23 @@ func TestArgs_Include(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "val4", must(argsIn.Values["key4"].AsString()))
 }

-func TestIterCloneEquals(t *testing.T) {
-	a := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("foo", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	expected := map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"foo": basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}
-
-	// args -> iter
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(a.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> iter
-	ro := a.ReadOnly()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(ro.Iter()))
-
-	// args -> clone -> iter
-	clone := a.Clone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(clone.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> WriteableClone -> iter
-	wclone := ro.WriteableClone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(wclone.Iter()))
-
-	require.True(t, a.Equals(wclone))
-	require.True(t, ro.Equals(wclone.ReadOnly()))
-}
-
-func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
-	a1 := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a1.Add("samekey", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, a1.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	a2 := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a2.Add("samekey", "othervalue")) // check no overwrite
-	require.NoError(t, a2.Add("otherkey", 1234))
-
-	a1.Include(a2)
-
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"samekey":  basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz":      basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-		"otherkey": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}, maps.Collect(a1.Iter()))
-}
-
-func TestArgsIntegerBounds(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		key     string
-		val     int64
-		wantErr string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "valid int",
-			key:  "valid",
-			val:  42,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "max safe integer",
-			key:  "max",
-			val:  limits.MaxInt53,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "min safe integer",
-			key:  "min",
-			val:  limits.MinInt53,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "exceeds max safe integer",
-			key:     "tooBig",
-			val:     limits.MaxInt53 + 1,
-			wantErr: "exceeds safe integer bounds",
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "below min safe integer",
-			key:     "tooSmall",
-			val:     limits.MinInt53 - 1,
-			wantErr: "exceeds safe integer bounds",
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "duplicate key",
-			key:     "duplicate",
-			val:     42,
-			wantErr: "duplicate key",
-		},
-	}
-
-	a := args.New()
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("duplicate", 1)) // tests duplicate key
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := a.Add(tt.key, tt.val)
-			if tt.wantErr != "" {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				val, err := a.GetNode(tt.key)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				i, err := val.AsInt()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, tt.val, i)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 const (
 	argsSchema = "type Args { String : Any }"
 	argsName   = "Args"
 )

 var (
-	once      sync.Once
-	ts        *schema.TypeSystem
-	errSchema error
+	once sync.Once
+	ts   *schema.TypeSystem
+	err  error
 )

 func argsType() schema.Type {
 	once.Do(func() {
-		ts, errSchema = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes([]byte(argsSchema))
+		ts, err = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes([]byte(argsSchema))
 	})
-	if errSchema != nil {
-		panic(errSchema)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
 	}

 	return ts.TypeByName(argsName)
--- a/pkg/args/builder.go
+++ b/pkg/args/builder.go
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-package args
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-)
-
-// Builder allows the fluid construction of an Args.
-type Builder struct {
-	args *Args
-	errs error
-}
-
-// NewBuilder returns a Builder which will assemble the Args.
-func NewBuilder() *Builder {
-	return &Builder{
-		args: New(),
-	}
-}
-
-// Add inserts a new key/val into the Args being assembled while collecting
-// any errors caused by duplicate keys.
-func (b *Builder) Add(key string, val any) *Builder {
-	b.errs = errors.Join(b.errs, b.args.Add(key, val))
-
-	return b
-}
-
-// Build returns the assembled Args or an error containing a list of
-// errors encountered while trying to build the Args.
-func (b *Builder) Build() (*Args, error) {
-	if b.errs != nil {
-		return nil, b.errs
-	}
-
-	return b.args, nil
-}
-
-// BuildIPLD is the same as Build except it takes the additional step of
-// converting the Args to an ipld.Node.
-func (b *Builder) BuildIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
-	args, err := b.Build()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return args.ToIPLD()
-}
-
-// MustBuild is the same as Build except it panics if an error occurs.
-func (b *Builder) MustBuild() *Args {
-	args, err := b.Build()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(b.errs)
-	}
-
-	return args
-}
-
-// MustBuildIPLD is the same as BuildIPLD except it panics if an error
-// occurs.
-func (b *Builder) MustBuildIPLD() ipld.Node {
-	node, err := b.BuildIPLD()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return node
-}
--- a/pkg/args/builder_test.go
+++ b/pkg/args/builder_test.go
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-package args_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-)
-
-func TestBuilder_XXX(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	const (
-		keyOne = "key1"
-		valOne = "string"
-		keyTwo = "key2"
-		valTwo = 42
-	)
-
-	exp := args.New()
-	exp.Add(keyOne, valOne)
-	exp.Add(keyTwo, valTwo)
-
-	expNode, err := exp.ToIPLD()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	disjointKeys := args.NewBuilder().
-		Add(keyOne, valOne).
-		Add(keyTwo, valTwo)
-
-	duplicateKeys := args.NewBuilder().
-		Add(keyOne, valOne).
-		Add(keyTwo, valTwo).
-		Add(keyOne, "oh no!")
-
-	t.Run("MustBuild succeeds with disjoint keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act *args.Args
-
-		require.NotPanics(t, func() {
-			act = disjointKeys.MustBuild()
-		})
-		assert.Equal(t, exp, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuild fails with duplicate keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act *args.Args
-
-		require.Panics(t, func() {
-			act = duplicateKeys.MustBuild()
-		})
-		assert.Nil(t, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuildIPLD succeeds with disjoint keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act ipld.Node
-
-		require.NotPanics(t, func() {
-			act = disjointKeys.MustBuildIPLD()
-		})
-		assert.Equal(t, expNode, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuildIPLD fails with duplicate keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act ipld.Node
-
-		require.Panics(t, func() {
-			act = duplicateKeys.MustBuildIPLD()
-		})
-		assert.Nil(t, act)
-	})
-}
--- a/pkg/args/readonly.go
+++ b/pkg/args/readonly.go
@@ -1,33 +1,17 @@
 package args

-import (
-	"iter"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-)
+import "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"

 type ReadOnly struct {
 	args *Args
 }

-func (r ReadOnly) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	return r.args.GetNode(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Len() int {
-	return r.args.Len()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return r.args.Iter()
-}
-
 func (r ReadOnly) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
 	return r.args.ToIPLD()
 }

-func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other ReadOnly) bool {
-	return r.args.Equals(other.args)
+func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other *Args) bool {
+	return r.args.Equals(other)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
--- a/pkg/container/Readme.md
+++ b/pkg/container/Readme.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # Token container

-The specification has been promoted to https://github.com/ucan-wg/container.
-
 ## Why do I need that?

 Some common situation asks to package multiple tokens together:
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPadding
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPadding
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPaddingGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPaddingGzipped
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-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
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URL
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URL
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URLGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URLGzipped
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-PH4sIAAAAAAAA_5zW65MU1f3HcS7-hB8igpfIgqUxCqLC0tfTfUADMzs7M87ObubaOzMEsM-lp6eb6Zmee49GvEKwVBQRgygIUVHLCwoqoJAAikCQaJRICCqFGPCCcXVFoaBMJbukKs929h94P3nV-ZzvSg2XrEkV9u7kwFW3J6bv7bj7tflfrjm4e8_grc7Dke4jPx6c_Mm87olH_O9Of35_59-X7z2xe056dKx7156F074aOXzCcemCRe-Y4T3n3v7SNV-fdd4qVfcLA48NPDbwArtYxqo1mcxJT2ebmWZmUgE3s09jtUxqMsmQKSZ1ptRBu5lF0WK75ZbawpVO25NW2rLtfgG5XFZKtlwBr1GPVfyKU9YjZS_BOEv0yVouNxmpBUxr-TH6osmv4Uyx-L9NM5PUWqLtmqTohbQnkWp1i5JlxiOWLxAFAdaJeU13Z0gwWsN2AOdzc267A6tz5uDmGTPvUH-pNVfUOWU6CBfLqP9ZkqUl9fc6w3KqRmTVUDWGB1BiiKoDCBhJptRABAuCxrJY0zHPQBZjbLCY8hKCVBOplbMwDXbdsO9O4ZT5m20fTPywBymh3HfTBjDl5MzlT65xpm15kC4-f_2hlTtKyQUbrj78wBPfjn1e3T9i7OmuEfmt25d4z_q2K_0H36lRiw_9NbK0Szy0d3A_kPKuFk6qOYqVTSCj2uGNknxdT0BN0Etlqklxr8QaSqzF468oQl-R0oo7rztKQaK5crqzmMq7vOV4uh4jFZ2zPIrfFL0hS_ZYOFikDSA1ku1FAqJEZIRUA2gMy0OeY4EOKGVlHmCDIgZKKhYhp2NKGQR5YvBYZAWVp4j0Io1b4N905xU_e_SJj1-4pAfpbefa207fnMit_9XP39xxw7D3Fk0bH7vs09W_3uwcG3Vk5Nxv14yYP2Zj7lLPQ01Nnw0bsmXTssuZprL6-dX3zB3U9NH9q8_tB1KhgwUG8gA54HH5OcMyW1vqjmLnO11GNB0Ph6ut8WI1zAbdSMv2FclKhWK2riCS9trFvDvmd3tC0bpo8SAeC5QExZfiO3LeIOuKePkGkBrJnkEiWJYlnjEg1nhERSKouowIUgEvGUTGRBN5Ims6QiyVZVUwNIp4GUNOxr1I199x4OH_y6103Q-3DOhBuhYw1x1Y9eHYjejREfahp2Z9SNaqo83Xb0yff-mFr3_srFg7at3FV2aEy28atv2p8zbc-313YOQ3y65gm1Z9MHzdipHm0H4gFYmaLrQGWjpFLp4ICmagamWKHI560tlAsoa1uNcotoQKWj7fGuvz3Ck1v5hJgvZQJGYIKTlcFrypWocVLHPuEC_oWa2e0M3OVsen-BuZuwayZ-YOckQARDJ4TLAsChqUdVHVOBkA1pA5GVKGkaiqA04CDISiIcoUMhRjCHuRmjJraxO7f_ji-PiTE3pf0g83F4Zc-hF4-7uTV4XPG7xw986TC__2_qlnjrf9OLDrrKfeXioPGvtN0-NHRv8OHh7_5fzP1V3Lt40Zar-z-c3Vtx5O54b0AykTCrGsVS1iKmkdapQ1q6lqKWkV2gD1J3MIY09SlHw5O6yHgn1FqnoTLU66YobsbASoKq46rmoka2c8LomNkHBFYH2VVldNa-GTQgNIjWR7kTiVAIYRsYEFTcMCgpDqogw4TFXGwKqmYaACRtMJ4ClmEDAQFaHAYAbSXqRXxt9z8fIVxXOXjpjI9SDtXIkK6MJ3T6xbv-WuN7azi9K8UGl5a1t056x9G6fgxJJ5g03lSBk_O2juXV0Lnh2kVHfIwcqrKw-9dboId5X-eU5__iRPLhyxMsF03C9ZnWYKtRfZajIbUDjb68k7XFG2UL5adKesKOwrku42qkgrRaK2lI1jYJaMelnpaLf9RhW0sfmUrjk-FymaAcHBDSA1ku1FYjVeBBpGBqUCpjIUKdI5TuAwwqqhiQAAyvAQ6BoDBCgiwSCizMsSQhzfi_SP-2K_-PGE9saxTzMze5Dy-z0P7Di679olRys3fzdIXbZgbpvy0Krm5oXnnP_1w9yzj0yF8_64bCjzW2H22feEv48NLk6_8UD32fWPNvlf_CS18OUB_UDSE1WcaNUKSsqx_SjA-zNeLYI4T0cybfM4pbMg4AknnbbOetjqK1K-blcKUt4DWcNrVBzBIiJ2fGE7W8gCKZbI4WhBy4KkP9MWhA0gNZL9LxJLVMQhA_KEkTAjEkbnBZFILMQGQRLPi5gSpAOqEShqqoFFWZA4jCHoRRLeO9XcMqtwy7p35cd6kIY99snirRBtnvqcHN9benz4hCuG3LJt9bafZki7thTP_mHpi5PGXfbY6N1Nm68Z992tLD51S-q5DR98dsnhAbNSNzwZvOr_-4FUTdpy0XIjlg0nZSHkqaneUBVUCylgZEtmwQ3LhZrhR3WtkrX7PHegSpISVKtKuCYFyu11s5pK6FHbR112BNtsIZUOt1fSHVIuLzYydw1kz8ydoGqUF4nBizIHZYFyog5ZLHCU0QwEOZGROVEiusr824blDCgBSSIMgGdO8ClPP7KYPJnsQIeKG3uQrnz5teFvvD98hrrOc3nrmK3rn9s_-09PjBzaddOwxDl3Hz1xfEx810uPhvYcbL3sL9dNWjnuxamjXnCFEheAP29i5nXf3tGf6y7r6qwrJZfHlLyGLCvuWCf05Qp6JGDYBaNWqnvS5bKN_VRBVaWvSDnJBG4lHBEAl05yIccVIHZabmmLBttdobSjaKY3FRY9alvY42oAqZFsL5KKCAaEQkMlokgpyzKijhlRpaIoGZClCLCU1ahOIGQhFWSDQwLLqkhlzrwkvOH-ScEtSw68Omr87B6kpYWRa185WbvuC8u8aMC0i1pXbHeO72P9982fsHhh2xbf8WGe0y5Zq-wAk3YenZ05evG93MzVAx78aXJlxr1r2hce7A9Srqh6jIIVjNU7INENUg7Tqmz7tFBb2pfy-oq6zxuOOO0kWo27-3yC58tCwi900DxOtpk-k2txFCfuCGKllnOscqVk-W0N1dmoFcw3coI3kO1FElVWYhiiGhzgCS-xPES6zFKVAZxgyIAXJZWjAOsygppAEG_8Z-wIQZzai7Ri5eyp3V8981nL9fET_woAAP__svLMp3sQAAA
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Bytes
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Bytes
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/BytesGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/BytesGzipped
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/containertest.go
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/containertest.go
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-package containertest
-
-import _ "embed"
-
-//go:embed Base64StdPadding
-var Base64StdPadding string
-
-//go:embed Base64StdPaddingGzipped
-var Base64StdPaddingGzipped string
-
-//go:embed Base64URL
-var Base64URL string
-
-//go:embed Base64URLGzipped
-var Base64URLGzipped string
-
-//go:embed Bytes
-var Bytes []byte
-
-//go:embed BytesGzipped
-var BytesGzipped []byte
--- a/pkg/container/packaging.go
+++ b/pkg/container/packaging.go
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-)
-
-const containerVersionTag = "ctn-v1"
-
-type header byte
-
-const (
-	headerRawBytes             = header(0x40)
-	headerBase64StdPadding     = header(0x42)
-	headerBase64URL            = header(0x43)
-	headerRawBytesGzip         = header(0x4D)
-	headerBase64StdPaddingGzip = header(0x4F)
-	headerBase64URLGzip        = header(0x50)
-)
-
-func (h header) encoder(w io.Writer) *payloadWriter {
-	res := &payloadWriter{rawWriter: w, writer: w, header: h}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerBase64StdPadding, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip:
-		b64Writer := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, res.writer)
-		res.writer = b64Writer
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{b64Writer}, res.closers...)
-	case headerBase64URL, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		b64Writer := base64.NewEncoder(base64.RawURLEncoding, res.writer)
-		res.writer = b64Writer
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{b64Writer}, res.closers...)
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytesGzip, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		gzipWriter := gzip.NewWriter(res.writer)
-		res.writer = gzipWriter
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{gzipWriter}, res.closers...)
-	}
-
-	return res
-}
-
-func payloadDecoder(r io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
-	headerBuf := make([]byte, 1)
-	_, err := r.Read(headerBuf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	h := header(headerBuf[0])
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytes,
-		headerBase64StdPadding,
-		headerBase64URL,
-		headerRawBytesGzip,
-		headerBase64StdPaddingGzip,
-		headerBase64URLGzip:
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown container header")
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerBase64StdPadding, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip:
-		r = base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r)
-	case headerBase64URL, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		r = base64.NewDecoder(base64.RawURLEncoding, r)
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytesGzip, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		gzipReader, err := gzip.NewReader(r)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		r = gzipReader
-	}
-
-	return r, nil
-}
-
-var _ io.WriteCloser = &payloadWriter{}
-
-// payloadWriter is tasked with two things:
-// - prepend the header byte
-// - call Close() on all the underlying io.Writer
-type payloadWriter struct {
-	rawWriter   io.Writer
-	writer      io.Writer
-	header      header
-	headerWrote bool
-	closers     []io.Closer
-}
-
-func (w *payloadWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	if !w.headerWrote {
-		_, err := w.rawWriter.Write([]byte{byte(w.header)})
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		w.headerWrote = true
-	}
-	return w.writer.Write(p)
-}
-
-func (w *payloadWriter) Close() error {
-	var errs error
-	for _, closer := range w.closers {
-		if err := closer.Close(); err != nil {
-			errs = errors.Join(errs, err)
-		}
-	}
-	return errs
-}
--- a/pkg/container/reader.go
+++ b/pkg/container/reader.go
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 package container

 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"iter"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/cbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token"
@@ -18,34 +18,87 @@ import (
 )

 var ErrNotFound = fmt.Errorf("not found")
-var ErrMultipleInvocations = fmt.Errorf("multiple invocations")

 // Reader is a token container reader. It exposes the tokens conveniently decoded.
-type Reader map[cid.Cid]bundle
+type Reader map[cid.Cid]token.Token

-type bundle struct {
-	sealed []byte
-	token  token.Token
+// GetToken returns an arbitrary decoded token, from its CID.
+// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetToken(cid cid.Cid) (token.Token, error) {
+	tkn, ok := ctn[cid]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	return tkn, nil
 }

-// FromBytes decodes a container from a []byte
-func FromBytes(data []byte) (Reader, error) {
-	return FromReader(bytes.NewReader(data))
+// GetDelegation is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Token, with the right type.
+func (ctn Reader) GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	tkn, err := ctn.GetToken(cid)
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tkn, ok := tkn.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+		return tkn, nil
+	}
+	return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
 }

-// FromString decodes a container from a string
-func FromString(s string) (Reader, error) {
-	return FromReader(strings.NewReader(s))
+// GetAllDelegations returns all the delegation.Token in the container.
+func (ctn Reader) GetAllDelegations() iter.Seq2[cid.Cid, *delegation.Token] {
+	return func(yield func(cid.Cid, *delegation.Token) bool) {
+		for c, t := range ctn {
+			if t, ok := t.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+				if !yield(c, t) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

-// FromReader decodes a container from an io.Reader.
-func FromReader(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
-	payload, err := payloadDecoder(r)
+// GetInvocation returns the first found invocation.Token.
+// If none are found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetInvocation() (*invocation.Token, error) {
+	for _, t := range ctn {
+		if inv, ok := t.(*invocation.Token); ok {
+			return inv, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ErrNotFound
+}
+
+func FromCar(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	_, it, err := readCar(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	n, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(payload, cbor.Decode)
+	ctn := make(Reader)
+
+	for block, err := range it {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		err = ctn.addToken(block.data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctn, nil
+}
+
+func FromCarBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCar(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
+}
+
+func FromCbor(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	n, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(r, dagcbor.Decode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -67,7 +120,7 @@ func FromReader(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: version must be string")
 	}
-	if version != containerVersionTag {
+	if version != currentContainerVersion {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported container version: %s", version)
 	}

@@ -94,122 +147,8 @@ func FromReader(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
 	return ctn, nil
 }

-// GetToken returns an arbitrary decoded token, from its CID.
-// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetToken(cid cid.Cid) (token.Token, error) {
-	bndl, ok := ctn[cid]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return bndl.token, nil
-}
-
-// GetSealed returns an arbitrary sealed token, from its CID.
-// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetSealed(cid cid.Cid) ([]byte, error) {
-	bndl, ok := ctn[cid]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return bndl.sealed, nil
-}
-
-// GetAllTokens return all the tokens in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllTokens() iter.Seq[token.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(token.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if !yield(token.Bundle{
-				Cid:     c,
-				Decoded: bndl.token,
-				Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-			}) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// GetDelegation is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Token, with the right type.
-// If not found, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
-	tkn, err := ctn.GetToken(cid)
-	if err != nil { // only ErrNotFound expected
-		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-	}
-	if tkn, ok := tkn.(*delegation.Token); ok {
-		return tkn, nil
-	}
-	return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-}
-
-// GetDelegationBundle is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Bundle, with the right type.
-// If not found, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetDelegationBundle(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Bundle, error) {
-	bndl, ok := ctn[cid]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-	}
-	if tkn, ok := bndl.token.(*delegation.Token); ok {
-		return &delegation.Bundle{
-			Cid:     cid,
-			Decoded: tkn,
-			Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-		}, nil
-	}
-	return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-}
-
-// GetAllDelegations returns all the delegation.Token in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllDelegations() iter.Seq[*delegation.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(*delegation.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if t, ok := bndl.token.(*delegation.Token); ok {
-				if !yield(&delegation.Bundle{
-					Cid:     c,
-					Decoded: t,
-					Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-				}) {
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// GetInvocation returns a single invocation.Token.
-// If none are found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-// If more than one invocation exists, ErrMultipleInvocations is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetInvocation() (*invocation.Token, error) {
-	var res *invocation.Token
-	for _, bndl := range ctn {
-		if inv, ok := bndl.token.(*invocation.Token); ok {
-			if res != nil {
-				return nil, ErrMultipleInvocations
-			}
-			res = inv
-		}
-	}
-	if res == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}
-
-// GetAllInvocations returns all the invocation.Token in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllInvocations() iter.Seq[invocation.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(invocation.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if t, ok := bndl.token.(*invocation.Token); ok {
-				if !yield(invocation.Bundle{
-					Cid:     c,
-					Decoded: t,
-					Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-				}) {
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+func FromCborBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCbor(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
 }

 func (ctn Reader) addToken(data []byte) error {
@@ -217,19 +156,6 @@ func (ctn Reader) addToken(data []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctn[c] = bundle{
-		sealed: data,
-		token:  tkn,
-	}
+	ctn[c] = tkn
 	return nil
 }
-
-// ToWriter convert a container Reader into a Writer.
-// Most likely, you only want to use this in tests for convenience.
-func (ctn Reader) ToWriter() Writer {
-	writer := NewWriter()
-	for _, bndl := range ctn {
-		writer.AddSealed(bndl.sealed)
-	}
-	return writer
-}
--- a/pkg/container/serial_test.go
+++ b/pkg/container/serial_test.go
@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/controller/did-key"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/crypto/ed25519"
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
@@ -23,22 +22,14 @@ import (

 func TestContainerRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name           string
-		expectedHeader header
-		writer         any
+		name   string
+		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
+		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
 	}{
-		{"Bytes", headerRawBytes, Writer.ToBytes},
-		{"BytesWriter", headerRawBytes, Writer.ToBytesWriter},
-		{"BytesGzipped", headerRawBytesGzip, Writer.ToBytesGzipped},
-		{"BytesGzippedWriter", headerRawBytesGzip, Writer.ToBytesGzippedWriter},
-		{"Base64StdPadding", headerBase64StdPadding, Writer.ToBase64StdPadding},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingWriter", headerBase64StdPadding, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingWriter},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzipped", headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzippedWriter", headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter},
-		{"Base64URL", headerBase64URL, Writer.ToBase64URL},
-		{"Base64URLWriter", headerBase64URL, Writer.ToBase64URLWriter},
-		{"Base64URLGzipped", headerBase64URLGzip, Writer.ToBase64URLGzipped},
-		{"Base64URLGzipWriter", headerBase64URLGzip, Writer.ToBase64URLGzipWriter},
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			tokens := make(map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token)
@@ -48,53 +39,21 @@ func TestContainerRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {

 			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				dlg, c, data := randToken()
-				writer.AddSealed(data)
+				writer.AddSealed(c, data)
 				tokens[c] = dlg
 				dataSize += len(data)
 			}

-			var reader Reader
-			var serialLen int
+			buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)

-			switch fn := tc.writer.(type) {
-			case func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error:
-				buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
-				err := fn(writer, buf)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = buf.Len()
+			err := tc.writer(writer, buf)
+			require.NoError(t, err)

-				h, err := buf.ReadByte()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), h)
-				err = buf.UnreadByte()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Logf("data size %d", dataSize)
+			t.Logf("container overhead: %d%%, %d bytes", int(float32(buf.Len()-dataSize)/float32(dataSize)*100.0), buf.Len()-dataSize)

-				reader, err = FromReader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			case func(ctn Writer) ([]byte, error):
-				b, err := fn(writer)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = len(b)
-
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), b[0])
-
-				reader, err = FromBytes(b)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			case func(ctn Writer) (string, error):
-				s, err := fn(writer)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = len(s)
-
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), s[0])
-
-				reader, err = FromString(s)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-
-			t.Logf("data size %d, container size %d, overhead: %d%%, %d bytes",
-				dataSize, serialLen, int(float32(serialLen-dataSize)/float32(dataSize)*100.0), serialLen-dataSize)
+			reader, err := tc.reader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
+			require.NoError(t, err)

 			for c, dlg := range tokens {
 				tknRead, err := reader.GetToken(c)
@@ -139,18 +98,16 @@ func BenchmarkContainerSerialisation(b *testing.B) {
 		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
 		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
 	}{
-		{"Bytes", Writer.ToBytesWriter, FromReader},
-		{"BytesGzipped", Writer.ToBytesGzippedWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64StdPadding", Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzipped", Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64URL", Writer.ToBase64URLWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64URLGzip", Writer.ToBase64URLGzipWriter, FromReader},
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
 	} {
 		writer := NewWriter()

 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-			_, _, data := randToken()
-			writer.AddSealed(data)
+			_, c, data := randToken()
+			writer.AddSealed(c, data)
 		}

 		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
@@ -173,12 +130,15 @@ func BenchmarkContainerSerialisation(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }

-func randDID() (ed25519.PrivateKey, did.DID) {
-	_, privKey, err := ed25519.GenerateKeyPair()
+func randDID() (crypto.PrivKey, did.DID) {
+	privKey, _, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	d, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	d := didkeyctl.FromPrivateKey(privKey)
 	return privKey, d
 }

@@ -200,12 +160,13 @@ func randToken() (*delegation.Token, cid.Cid, []byte) {

 	opts := []delegation.Option{
 		delegation.WithExpiration(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)),
+		delegation.WithSubject(iss),
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		opts = append(opts, delegation.WithMeta(randomString(8), randomString(10)))
 	}

-	t, err := delegation.Root(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
+	t, err := delegation.New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -221,20 +182,21 @@ func FuzzContainerRead(f *testing.F) {
 	for tokenCount := 0; tokenCount < 10; tokenCount++ {
 		writer := NewWriter()
 		for i := 0; i < tokenCount; i++ {
-			_, _, data := randToken()
-			writer.AddSealed(data)
+			_, c, data := randToken()
+			writer.AddSealed(c, data)
 		}
-		data, err := writer.ToBytes()
+		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+		err := writer.ToCbor(buf)
 		require.NoError(f, err)

-		f.Add(data)
+		f.Add(buf.Bytes())
 	}

 	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
 		start := time.Now()

 		// search for panics
-		_, _ = FromBytes(data)
+		_, _ = FromCbor(bytes.NewReader(data))

 		if time.Since(start) > 100*time.Millisecond {
 			panic("too long")
--- a/pkg/container/writer.go
+++ b/pkg/container/writer.go
@@ -1,145 +1,65 @@
 package container

 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"io"
-	"slices"

+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/cbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 )

+// TODO: should we have a multibase to wrap the cbor? but there is no reader/write in go-multibase :-(
+
+const currentContainerVersion = "ctn-v1"
+
 // Writer is a token container writer. It provides a convenient way to aggregate and serialize tokens together.
-type Writer map[string]struct{}
+type Writer map[cid.Cid][]byte

 func NewWriter() Writer {
 	return make(Writer)
 }

 // AddSealed includes a "sealed" token (serialized with a ToSealed* function) in the container.
-func (ctn Writer) AddSealed(data []byte) {
-	ctn[string(data)] = struct{}{}
+func (ctn Writer) AddSealed(cid cid.Cid, data []byte) {
+	ctn[cid] = data
 }

-// ToBytes encode the container into raw bytes.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return ctn.toBytes(headerRawBytes)
-}
-
-// ToBytesWriter is the same as ToBytes, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerRawBytes, w)
-}
-
-// ToBytesGzipped encode the container into gzipped bytes.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesGzipped() ([]byte, error) {
-	return ctn.toBytes(headerRawBytesGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBytesGzippedWriter is the same as ToBytesGzipped, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesGzippedWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerRawBytesGzip, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPadding encode the container into a base64 string, with standard encoding and padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPadding() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64StdPadding)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingWriter is the same as ToBase64StdPadding, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64StdPadding, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped encode the container into a pre-gzipped base64 string, with standard encoding and padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64StdPaddingGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter is the same as ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URL encode the container into base64 string, with URL-safe encoding and no padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URL() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64URL)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URLWriter is the same as ToBase64URL, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64URL, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URLGzipped encode the container into pre-gzipped base64 string, with URL-safe encoding and no padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLGzipped() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64URLGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URLGzipWriter is the same as ToBase64URL, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLGzipWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64URLGzip, w)
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toBytes(header header) ([]byte, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := ctn.toWriter(header, &buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return buf.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toString(header header) (string, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := ctn.toWriter(header, &buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return buf.String(), nil
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toWriter(header header, w io.Writer) (err error) {
-	encoder := header.encoder(w)
-
-	defer func() {
-		err = encoder.Close()
-	}()
-	node, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-		qp.MapEntry(ma, containerVersionTag, qp.List(int64(len(ctn)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
-			tokens := make([][]byte, 0, len(ctn))
-			for data := range ctn {
-				tokens = append(tokens, []byte(data))
+func (ctn Writer) ToCar(w io.Writer) error {
+	return writeCar(w, nil, func(yield func(carBlock, error) bool) {
+		for c, bytes := range ctn {
+			if !yield(carBlock{c: c, data: bytes}, nil) {
+				return
 			}
-			slices.SortFunc(tokens, bytes.Compare)
-			for _, data := range tokens {
-				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Bytes(data))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCarBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCar(w2)
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCbor(w io.Writer) error {
+	node, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+		qp.MapEntry(ma, currentContainerVersion, qp.List(int64(len(ctn)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+			for _, bytes := range ctn {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Bytes(bytes))
 			}
 		}))
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(encoder, node, cbor.Encode)
+	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(w, node, dagcbor.Encode)
 }

-// ToReader convert a container Writer into a Reader.
-// Most likely, you only want to use this in tests for convenience.
-// This is not optimized and can panic.
-func (ctn Writer) ToReader() Reader {
-	data, err := ctn.ToBytes()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	reader, err := FromBytes(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return reader
+func (ctn Writer) ToCborBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCbor(w2)
 }
--- a/pkg/container/writer_test.go
+++ b/pkg/container/writer_test.go
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestWriterDedup(t *testing.T) {
-	ctn := NewWriter()
-
-	_, _, sealed := randToken()
-	ctn.AddSealed(sealed)
-	require.Len(t, ctn, 1)
-
-	ctn.AddSealed(sealed)
-	require.Len(t, ctn, 1)
-}
--- a/pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// KeySize represents valid AES key sizes
+type KeySize int
+
+const (
+	KeySize128 KeySize = 16 // AES-128
+	KeySize192 KeySize = 24 // AES-192
+	KeySize256 KeySize = 32 // AES-256 (recommended)
+)
+
+// IsValid returns true if the key size is valid for AES
+func (ks KeySize) IsValid() bool {
+	switch ks {
+	case KeySize128, KeySize192, KeySize256:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+var ErrShortCipherText = errors.New("ciphertext too short")
+var ErrNoEncryptionKey = errors.New("encryption key is required")
+var ErrInvalidKeySize = errors.New("invalid key size: must be 16, 24, or 32 bytes")
+var ErrZeroKey = errors.New("encryption key cannot be all zeros")
+
+// GenerateKey generates a random AES key of default size KeySize256 (32 bytes).
+// Returns an error if the specified size is invalid or if key generation fails.
+func GenerateKey() ([]byte, error) {
+	return GenerateKeyWithSize(KeySize256)
+}
+
+// GenerateKeyWithSize generates a random AES key of the specified size.
+// Returns an error if the specified size is invalid or if key generation fails.
+func GenerateKeyWithSize(size KeySize) ([]byte, error) {
+	if !size.IsValid() {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidKeySize
+	}
+
+	key := make([]byte, size)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, key); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate AES key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+// EncryptWithAESKey encrypts data using AES-GCM with the provided key.
+// The key must be 16, 24, or 32 bytes long (for AES-128, AES-192, or AES-256).
+// Returns the encrypted data with the nonce prepended, or an error if encryption fails.
+func EncryptWithAESKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err := validateAESKey(key); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	nonce := make([]byte, gcm.NonceSize())
+	if _, err = io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return gcm.Seal(nonce, nonce, data, nil), nil
+}
+
+// DecryptStringWithAESKey decrypts data that was encrypted with EncryptWithAESKey.
+// The key must match the one used for encryption.
+// Expects the input to have a prepended nonce.
+// Returns the decrypted data or an error if decryption fails.
+func DecryptStringWithAESKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err := validateAESKey(key); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(data) < gcm.NonceSize() {
+		return nil, ErrShortCipherText
+	}
+
+	nonce, ciphertext := data[:gcm.NonceSize()], data[gcm.NonceSize():]
+	decrypted, err := gcm.Open(nil, nonce, ciphertext, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return decrypted, nil
+}
+
+func validateAESKey(key []byte) error {
+	if key == nil {
+		return ErrNoEncryptionKey
+	}
+
+	if !KeySize(len(key)).IsValid() {
+		return ErrInvalidKeySize
+	}
+
+	// check if key is all zeros
+	for _, b := range key {
+		if b != 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ErrZeroKey
+}
--- a/pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes_test.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/internal/crypto/aes_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package secretbox
+package crypto

 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

-func TestSecretBoxEncryption(t *testing.T) {
+func TestAESEncryption(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	key := make([]byte, keySize) // generate random 32-byte key
+	key := make([]byte, 32) // generated random 32-byte key
 	_, errKey := rand.Read(key)
 	require.NoError(t, errKey)

@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ func TestSecretBoxEncryption(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:    "invalid key size",
 			data:    []byte("hello world"),
-			key:     make([]byte, 16), // Only 32 bytes allowed now
+			key:     make([]byte, 31),
 			wantErr: ErrInvalidKeySize,
 		},
 		{
 			name:    "zero key returns error",
 			data:    []byte("hello world"),
-			key:     make([]byte, keySize),
+			key:     make([]byte, 32),
 			wantErr: ErrZeroKey,
 		},
 	}
@@ -56,22 +56,24 @@ func TestSecretBoxEncryption(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

-			encrypted, err := EncryptWithKey(tt.data, tt.key)
+			encrypted, err := EncryptWithAESKey(tt.data, tt.key)
 			if tt.wantErr != nil {
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+
 				return
 			}
 			require.NoError(t, err)

-			// Verify encrypted data is different and includes nonce
-			require.Greater(t, len(encrypted), 24) // At least nonce size
-			if len(tt.data) > 0 {
-				require.NotEqual(t, tt.data, encrypted[24:]) // Ignore nonce prefix
-			}
-
-			decrypted, err := DecryptStringWithKey(encrypted, tt.key)
+			decrypted, err := DecryptStringWithAESKey(encrypted, tt.key)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.True(t, bytes.Equal(tt.data, decrypted))
+
+			if tt.key == nil {
+				require.Equal(t, tt.data, encrypted)
+				require.Equal(t, tt.data, decrypted)
+			} else {
+				require.NotEqual(t, tt.data, encrypted)
+				require.True(t, bytes.Equal(tt.data, decrypted))
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -79,15 +81,10 @@ func TestSecretBoxEncryption(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDecryptionErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	key := make([]byte, keySize)
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
 	_, err := rand.Read(key)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	// Create valid encrypted data for tampering tests
-	validData := []byte("test message")
-	encrypted, err := EncryptWithKey(validData, key)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
 	tests := []struct {
 		name   string
 		data   []byte
@@ -96,25 +93,19 @@ func TestDecryptionErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			name:   "short ciphertext",
-			data:   make([]byte, 23), // Less than nonce size
+			data:   []byte("short"),
 			key:    key,
 			errMsg: "ciphertext too short",
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "invalid ciphertext",
-			data:   make([]byte, 24), // Just nonce size
+			data:   make([]byte, 16), // just nonce size
 			key:    key,
-			errMsg: "decryption failed",
-		},
-		{
-			name:   "tampered ciphertext",
-			data:   tamperWithBytes(encrypted),
-			key:    key,
-			errMsg: "decryption failed",
+			errMsg: "message authentication failed",
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "missing key",
-			data:   encrypted,
+			data:   []byte("<22>`M<><4D><EFBFBD>l\u001AIF<49>\u0012<31><32><EFBFBD>=h<>?<3F>c<EFBFBD> <20><>\u0012<31><32><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>\u001C<31>\u0018Ƽ(g"),
 			key:    nil,
 			errMsg: "encryption key is required",
 		},
@@ -125,20 +116,9 @@ func TestDecryptionErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

-			_, err := DecryptStringWithKey(tt.data, tt.key)
+			_, err := DecryptStringWithAESKey(tt.data, tt.key)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// tamperWithBytes modifies a byte in the encrypted data to simulate tampering
-func tamperWithBytes(data []byte) []byte {
-	if len(data) < 25 { // Need at least nonce + 1 byte
-		return data
-	}
-	tampered := make([]byte, len(data))
-	copy(tampered, data)
-	tampered[24] ^= 0x01 // Modify first byte after nonce
-	return tampered
-}
--- a/pkg/meta/meta.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/meta.go
@@ -3,15 +3,13 @@ package meta
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"iter"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta/internal/crypto"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/secretbox"
 )

 var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key not found in meta")
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, err
 		return "", err
 	}

-	decrypted, err := secretbox.DecryptStringWithKey(v, encryptionKey)
+	decrypted, err := crypto.DecryptStringWithAESKey(v, encryptionKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, erro
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	decrypted, err := secretbox.DecryptStringWithKey(v, encryptionKey)
+	decrypted, err := crypto.DecryptStringWithAESKey(v, encryptionKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -121,6 +119,7 @@ func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, erro

 // GetNode retrieves a value as a raw IPLD node.
 // Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
+// Returns datamodel.ErrWrongKind if the value has the wrong type.
 func (m *Meta) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	v, ok := m.Values[key]
 	if !ok {
@@ -150,19 +149,18 @@ func (m *Meta) Add(key string, val any) error {
 // AddEncrypted adds a key/value pair in the meta set.
 // The value is encrypted with the given encryptionKey.
 // Accepted types for the value are: string, []byte.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
 func (m *Meta) AddEncrypted(key string, val any, encryptionKey []byte) error {
 	var encrypted []byte
 	var err error

 	switch val := val.(type) {
 	case string:
-		encrypted, err = secretbox.EncryptWithKey([]byte(val), encryptionKey)
+		encrypted, err = crypto.EncryptWithAESKey([]byte(val), encryptionKey)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	case []byte:
-		encrypted, err = secretbox.EncryptWithKey(val, encryptionKey)
+		encrypted, err = crypto.EncryptWithAESKey(val, encryptionKey)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -173,41 +171,6 @@ func (m *Meta) AddEncrypted(key string, val any, encryptionKey []byte) error {
 	return m.Add(key, encrypted)
 }

-type Iterator interface {
-	Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node]
-}
-
-// Include merges the provided meta into the existing one.
-//
-// If duplicate keys are encountered, the new value is silently dropped
-// without causing an error.
-func (m *Meta) Include(other Iterator) {
-	for key, value := range other.Iter() {
-		if _, ok := m.Values[key]; ok {
-			// don't overwrite
-			continue
-		}
-		m.Values[key] = value
-		m.Keys = append(m.Keys, key)
-	}
-}
-
-// Len returns the number of key/values.
-func (m *Meta) Len() int {
-	return len(m.Values)
-}
-
-// Iter iterates over the meta key/values
-func (m *Meta) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return func(yield func(string, ipld.Node) bool) {
-		for _, key := range m.Keys {
-			if !yield(key, m.Values[key]) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // Equals tells if two Meta hold the same key/values.
 func (m *Meta) Equals(other *Meta) bool {
 	if len(m.Keys) != len(other.Keys) {
@@ -225,8 +188,6 @@ func (m *Meta) Equals(other *Meta) bool {
 }

 func (m *Meta) String() string {
-	sort.Strings(m.Keys)
-
 	buf := strings.Builder{}
 	buf.WriteString("{")

@@ -248,18 +209,5 @@ func (m *Meta) String() string {

 // ReadOnly returns a read-only version of Meta.
 func (m *Meta) ReadOnly() ReadOnly {
-	return ReadOnly{meta: m}
-}
-
-// Clone makes a deep copy.
-func (m *Meta) Clone() *Meta {
-	res := &Meta{
-		Keys:   make([]string, len(m.Keys)),
-		Values: make(map[string]ipld.Node, len(m.Values)),
-	}
-	copy(res.Keys, m.Keys)
-	for k, v := range m.Values {
-		res.Values[k] = v
-	}
-	return res
+	return ReadOnly{m: m}
 }
--- a/pkg/meta/meta_test.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/meta_test.go
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@ package meta_test

 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"maps"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
@@ -78,53 +75,3 @@ func TestMeta_Add(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	})
 }
-
-func TestIterCloneEquals(t *testing.T) {
-	m := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m.Add("foo", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, m.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	expected := map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"foo": basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}
-
-	// meta -> iter
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(m.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> iter
-	ro := m.ReadOnly()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(ro.Iter()))
-
-	// meta -> clone -> iter
-	clone := m.Clone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(clone.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> WriteableClone -> iter
-	wclone := ro.WriteableClone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(wclone.Iter()))
-
-	require.True(t, m.Equals(wclone))
-	require.True(t, ro.Equals(wclone.ReadOnly()))
-}
-
-func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
-	m1 := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m1.Add("samekey", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, m1.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	m2 := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m2.Add("samekey", "othervalue")) // check no overwrite
-	require.NoError(t, m2.Add("otherkey", 1234))
-
-	m1.Include(m2)
-
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"samekey":  basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz":      basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-		"otherkey": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}, maps.Collect(m1.Iter()))
-}
--- a/pkg/meta/readonly.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/readonly.go
@@ -1,64 +1,50 @@
 package meta

 import (
-	"iter"
-
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 )

 // ReadOnly wraps a Meta into a read-only facade.
 type ReadOnly struct {
-	meta *Meta
+	m *Meta
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetBool(key string) (bool, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetBool(key)
+	return r.m.GetBool(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetString(key string) (string, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetString(key)
+	return r.m.GetString(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetEncryptedString(key, encryptionKey)
+	return r.m.GetEncryptedString(key, encryptionKey)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetInt64(key string) (int64, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetInt64(key)
+	return r.m.GetInt64(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetFloat64(key string) (float64, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetFloat64(key)
+	return r.m.GetFloat64(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetBytes(key string) ([]byte, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetBytes(key)
+	return r.m.GetBytes(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetEncryptedBytes(key, encryptionKey)
+	return r.m.GetEncryptedBytes(key, encryptionKey)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetNode(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Len() int {
-	return r.meta.Len()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return r.meta.Iter()
+	return r.m.GetNode(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other ReadOnly) bool {
-	return r.meta.Equals(other.meta)
+	return r.m.Equals(other.m)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
-	return r.meta.String()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) WriteableClone() *Meta {
-	return r.meta.Clone()
+	return r.m.String()
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/ipld.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/ipld.go
@@ -9,15 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
 )

 func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (Policy, error) {
-	if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("policy contains integer values outside safe bounds: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return statementsFromIPLD("/", node)
 }

@@ -81,7 +76,7 @@ func statementFromIPLD(path string, node datamodel.Node) (Statement, error) {
 		}
 	case 3:
 		switch op {
-		case KindEqual, KindNotEqual, KindLessThan, KindLessThanOrEqual, KindGreaterThan, KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
+		case KindEqual, KindLessThan, KindLessThanOrEqual, KindGreaterThan, KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
 			sel, err := arg2AsSelector(op)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
--- a/pkg/policy/ipld_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/ipld_test.go
@@ -21,31 +21,10 @@ func TestIpldRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
  ]
 ]`

-	// must contain all the operators
-	const allOps = `
-[
-  ["and", [
-    ["==", ".foo1", ".bar1"],
-    ["!=", ".foo2", ".bar2"]
-  ]],
-  ["or", [
-    [">", ".foo5", 5.2],
-    [">=", ".foo6", 6.2]
-  ]],
-  ["not", ["like", ".foo7", "*@example.com"]],
-  ["all", ".foo8",
-    ["<", ".foo3", 3]
-  ],
-  ["any", ".foo9",
-    ["<=", ".foo4", 4]
-  ]
-]`
-
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		name, dagJsonStr string
 	}{
 		{"illustrativeExample", illustrativeExample},
-		{"allOps", allOps},
 	} {
 		nodes, err := ipld.Decode([]byte(tc.dagJsonStr), dagjson.Decode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/pkg/policy/limits/int.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/limits/int.go
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package limits
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
-)
-
-const (
-	// MaxInt53 represents the maximum safe integer in JavaScript (2^53 - 1)
-	MaxInt53 int64 = 9007199254740991
-	// MinInt53 represents the minimum safe integer in JavaScript (-2^53 + 1)
-	MinInt53 int64 = -9007199254740991
-)
-
-func ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node ipld.Node) error {
-	switch node.Kind() {
-	case ipld.Kind_Int:
-		val := must.Int(node)
-		if val > MaxInt53 || val < MinInt53 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe bounds", val)
-		}
-	case ipld.Kind_List:
-		it := node.ListIterator()
-		for !it.Done() {
-			_, v, err := it.Next()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(v); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	case ipld.Kind_Map:
-		it := node.MapIterator()
-		for !it.Done() {
-			_, v, err := it.Next()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(v); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/limits/int_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/limits/int_test.go
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-package limits
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(t *testing.T) {
-	buildMap := func() datamodel.Node {
-		nb := basicnode.Prototype.Any.NewBuilder()
-		qp.Map(1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-			qp.MapEntry(ma, "foo", qp.Int(MaxInt53+1))
-		})(nb)
-		return nb.Build()
-	}
-
-	buildList := func() datamodel.Node {
-		nb := basicnode.Prototype.Any.NewBuilder()
-		qp.List(1, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
-			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(MinInt53-1))
-		})(nb)
-		return nb.Build()
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		input   datamodel.Node
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "valid int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(42),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "max safe int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MaxInt53),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "min safe int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MinInt53),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "above MaxInt53",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MaxInt53 + 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "below MinInt53",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MinInt53 - 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "nested map with invalid int",
-			input:   buildMap(),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "nested list with invalid int",
-			input:   buildList(),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(tt.input)
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "exceeds safe bounds")
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/literal/literal.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/literal/literal.go
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 var Bool = basicnode.NewBool
@@ -60,6 +58,8 @@ func List[T any](l []T) (ipld.Node, error) {
 // Any creates an IPLD node from any value
 // If possible, use another dedicated function for your type for performance.
 func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
+	// TODO: handle uint overflow below
+
 	// some fast path
 	switch val := v.(type) {
 	case bool:
@@ -67,11 +67,7 @@ func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
 	case string:
 		return basicnode.NewString(val), nil
 	case int:
-		i := int64(val)
-		if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i)
-		}
-		return basicnode.NewInt(i), nil
+		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
 	case int8:
 		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
 	case int16:
@@ -79,9 +75,6 @@ func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
 	case int32:
 		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
 	case int64:
-		if val > limits.MaxInt53 || val < limits.MinInt53 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", val)
-		}
 		return basicnode.NewInt(val), nil
 	case uint:
 		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
@@ -92,9 +85,6 @@ func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
 	case uint32:
 		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
 	case uint64:
-		if val > uint64(limits.MaxInt53) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsigned integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", val)
-		}
 		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
 	case float32:
 		return basicnode.NewFloat(float64(val)), nil
@@ -178,17 +168,9 @@ func anyAssemble(val any) qp.Assemble {
 	case reflect.Bool:
 		return qp.Bool(rv.Bool())
 	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
-		i := rv.Int()
-		if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("integer %d exceeds safe bounds", i))
-		}
-		return qp.Int(i)
+		return qp.Int(rv.Int())
 	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
-		u := rv.Uint()
-		if u > uint64(limits.MaxInt53) {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsigned integer %d exceeds safe bounds", u))
-		}
-		return qp.Int(int64(u))
+		return qp.Int(int64(rv.Uint()))
 	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
 		return qp.Float(rv.Float())
 	case reflect.String:
--- a/pkg/policy/literal/literal_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/literal/literal_test.go
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import (
 	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 func TestList(t *testing.T) {
@@ -216,7 +214,7 @@ func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.True(t, asLink.(cidlink.Link).Equals(cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")))

-	_, err = Any(data["func"])
+	v, err = Any(data["func"])
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }

@@ -256,56 +254,6 @@ func BenchmarkAny(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 }

-func TestAnyAssembleIntegerOverflow(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		input     interface{}
-		shouldErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "valid int",
-			input:     42,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "max safe int",
-			input:     limits.MaxInt53,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "min safe int",
-			input:     limits.MinInt53,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow int",
-			input:     int64(limits.MaxInt53 + 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "underflow int",
-			input:     int64(limits.MinInt53 - 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow uint",
-			input:     uint64(limits.MaxInt53 + 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := Any(tt.input)
-			if tt.shouldErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func must[T any](t T, err error) T {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
--- a/pkg/policy/match.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/match.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package policy
 import (
 	"cmp"
 	"fmt"
-	"math"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
@@ -82,17 +81,6 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 			}
 			return boolToRes(datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, res))
 		}
-	case KindNotEqual:
-		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
-			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
-			if err != nil {
-				return matchResultNoData, cur
-			}
-			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
-				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
-			}
-			return boolToRes(!datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, res))
-		}
 	case KindGreaterThan:
 		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
 			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
@@ -261,22 +249,10 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 	panic(fmt.Errorf("unimplemented statement kind: %s", cur.Kind()))
 }

-// isOrdered compares two IPLD nodes and returns true if they satisfy the given ordering function.
-// It supports comparison of integers and floats, returning false for:
-//   - Nodes of different or unsupported kinds
-//   - Integer values outside JavaScript's safe integer bounds (±2^53-1)
-//   - Non-finite floating point values (NaN or ±Inf)
-//
-// The satisfies parameter is a function that interprets the comparison result:
-//   - For ">" it returns true when order is 1
-//   - For ">=" it returns true when order is 0 or 1
-//   - For "<" it returns true when order is -1
-//   - For "<=" it returns true when order is -1 or 0
 func isOrdered(expected ipld.Node, actual ipld.Node, satisfies func(order int) bool) bool {
 	if expected.Kind() == ipld.Kind_Int && actual.Kind() == ipld.Kind_Int {
 		a := must.Int(actual)
 		b := must.Int(expected)
-
 		return satisfies(cmp.Compare(a, b))
 	}

@@ -289,11 +265,6 @@ func isOrdered(expected ipld.Node, actual ipld.Node, satisfies func(order int) b
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("extracting selector float: %w", err))
 		}
-
-		if math.IsInf(a, 0) || math.IsNaN(a) || math.IsInf(b, 0) || math.IsNaN(b) {
-			return false
-		}
-
 		return satisfies(cmp.Compare(a, b))
 	}

--- a/pkg/policy/match_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/match_test.go
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ import (

 func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("equality", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("eq string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("string", func(t *testing.T) {
 			nd := literal.String("test")

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("test")))
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("int", func(t *testing.T) {
 			nd := literal.Int(138)

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Int(138)))
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq float", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("float", func(t *testing.T) {
 			nd := literal.Float(1.138)

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Float(1.138)))
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
 			l0 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")}
 			l1 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafkreifau35r7vi37tvbvfy3hdwvgb4tlflqf7zcdzeujqcjk3rsphiwte")}

@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
 			nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
 				"foo": "bar",
 			})
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
 			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{"foo"})

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".[0]", literal.String("foo")))
@@ -134,132 +137,6 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.False(t, ok)
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.String("test")
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("test")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("test2")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(1138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.138)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Float(1.138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Float(11.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
-			l0 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")}
-			l1 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafkreifau35r7vi37tvbvfy3hdwvgb4tlflqf7zcdzeujqcjk3rsphiwte")}
-
-			nd := literal.Link(l0)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Link(l0)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Link(l1)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
-				"foo": "bar",
-			})
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foo", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[\"foo\"]", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foo", literal.String("baz")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			// missing data will fail, as not optional
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foobar", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{"foo"})
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[0]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[0]", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			// missing data will fail, as not optional
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[1]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-		})
 	})

 	t.Run("inequality", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -371,61 +248,20 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.False(t, ok)
 			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})
-
-		t.Run("lt float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("lte float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
 	})

 	t.Run("negation", func(t *testing.T) {
-		nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
-			"foo": false,
-		})
+		nd := literal.Bool(false)

-		pol := MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foo", literal.Bool(true))))
+		pol := MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".", literal.Bool(true))))
 		ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
 		require.Nil(t, leaf)

-		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foo", literal.Bool(false))))
+		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".", literal.Bool(false))))
 		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.False(t, ok)
 		require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-		// missing data will fail, as not optional
-		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foobar", literal.Bool(true))))
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-		require.False(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, MustConstruct(Equal(".foobar", literal.Bool(true)))[0], leaf)
 	})

 	t.Run("conjunction", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -649,7 +485,6 @@ func FuzzMatch(f *testing.F) {
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["all", ".reviewer", ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]]]`), []byte(`{"reviewer": [{"email": "alice@example.com"}, {"email": "bob@example.com"}]}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["any", ".tags", ["or", [["==", ".", "news"], ["==", ".", "press"]]]]]`), []byte(`{"tags": ["news", "press"]}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["==", ".name", "Alice"]]`), []byte(`{"name": "Alice"}`))
-	f.Add([]byte(`[["!=", ".name", "Alice"]]`), []byte(`{"name": "Alice"}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[[">", ".age", 30]]`), []byte(`{"age": 31}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["<=", ".height", 180]]`), []byte(`{"height": 170}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["not", ["==", ".status", "inactive"]]]`), []byte(`{"status": "active"}`))
@@ -1069,3 +904,55 @@ func TestPartialMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestInvocationValidation applies the example policy to the second
+// example arguments as defined in the [Validation] section of the
+// invocation specification.
+//
+// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
+func TestInvocationValidationSpecExamples(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	pol := MustConstruct(
+		Equal(".from", literal.String("alice@example.com")),
+		Any(".to", Like(".", "*@example.com")),
+	)
+
+	t.Run("with passing args", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		argsNode, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 2, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "from", qp.String("alice@example.com"))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "to", qp.List(2, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.String("bob@example.com"))
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.String("carol@not.example.com"))
+			}))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "title", qp.String("Coffee"))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "body", qp.String("Still on for coffee"))
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		exec, stmt := pol.Match(argsNode)
+		assert.True(t, exec)
+		assert.Nil(t, stmt)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fails on recipients (second statement)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		argsNode, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 2, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "from", qp.String("alice@example.com"))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "to", qp.List(2, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.String("bob@null.com"))
+				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.String("carol@elsewhere.example.com"))
+			}))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "title", qp.String("Coffee"))
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, "body", qp.String("Still on for coffee"))
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		exec, stmt := pol.Match(argsNode)
+		assert.False(t, exec)
+		assert.NotNil(t, stmt)
+	})
+}
--- a/pkg/policy/policy.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policy.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (

 const (
 	KindEqual              = "=="   // implemented by equality
-	KindNotEqual           = "!="   // implemented by equality
 	KindGreaterThan        = ">"    // implemented by equality
 	KindGreaterThanOrEqual = ">="   // implemented by equality
 	KindLessThan           = "<"    // implemented by equality
@@ -88,13 +87,6 @@ func Equal(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
 	}
 }

-func NotEqual(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return func() (Statement, error) {
-		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
-		return equality{kind: KindNotEqual, selector: sel, value: value}, err
-	}
-}
-
 func GreaterThan(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
 	return func() (Statement, error) {
 		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
@@ -133,7 +125,7 @@ func (n negation) Kind() string {

 func (n negation) String() string {
 	child := n.statement.String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", %s]`, n.Kind(), strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", "%s"]`, n.Kind(), strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
 }

 func Not(cstor Constructor) Constructor {
@@ -157,7 +149,7 @@ func (c connective) String() string {
 	for i, statement := range c.statements {
 		childs[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(statement.String(), "\n", "\n  ")
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", [\n  %s\n]]", c.kind, strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", [\n  %s]]\n", c.kind, strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
 }

 func And(cstors ...Constructor) Constructor {
@@ -216,7 +208,7 @@ func (n quantifier) Kind() string {

 func (n quantifier) String() string {
 	child := n.statement.String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", \"%s\",\n  %s\n]", n.Kind(), n.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", \"%s\",\n  %s]", n.Kind(), n.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
 }

 func All(selector string, cstor Constructor) Constructor {
--- a/pkg/policy/policy_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policy_test.go
@@ -28,14 +28,12 @@ func ExamplePolicy() {
 	// [
 	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
 	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
 	//   ["any", ".tags",
 	//     ["or", [
 	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
 	// ]
 }

@@ -61,14 +59,12 @@ func ExamplePolicy_accumulate() {
 	// [
 	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
 	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
 	//   ["any", ".tags",
 	//     ["or", [
 	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
 	// ]
 }

--- a/pkg/policy/policytest/spec.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policytest/spec.go
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-package policytest
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-)
-
-// EmptyPolicy provides a Policy with no statements.
-var EmptyPolicy = policy.Policy{}
-
-// SpecPolicy provides a  valid Policy containing the statements that are included
-// in the second code block of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecPolicy = policy.MustConstruct(
-	policy.Equal(".from", literal.String("alice@example.com")),
-	policy.Any(".to", policy.Like(".", "*@example.com")),
-)
-
-// TODO: Replace the URL for [Validation] above when the delegation
-//       specification has been finished/merged.
-
-// SpecValidArguments provides valid, instantiated Arguments containing
-// the key/value pairs that are included in portion of the second code block
-// of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecValidArguments = args.NewBuilder().
-	Add("from", "alice@example.com").
-	Add("to", []string{
-		"bob@example.com",
-		"carol@not.example.com",
-	}).
-	Add("title", "Coffee").
-	Add("body", "Still on for coffee").
-	MustBuild()
-
-var specValidArgumentsIPLD = mustIPLD(SpecValidArguments)
-
-// SpecInvalidArguments provides invalid, instantiated Arguments containing
-// the key/value pairs that are included in portion of the second code block
-// of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecInvalidArguments = args.NewBuilder().
-	Add("from", "alice@example.com").
-	Add("to", []string{
-		"bob@null.com",
-		"carol@elsewhere.example.com",
-	}).
-	Add("title", "Coffee").
-	Add("body", "Still on for coffee").
-	MustBuild()
-
-var specInvalidArgumentsIPLD = mustIPLD(SpecInvalidArguments)
-
-func mustIPLD(args *args.Args) ipld.Node {
-	node, err := args.ToIPLD()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return node
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/policytest/spec_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policytest/spec_test.go
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package policytest
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-// TestInvocationValidation applies the example policy to the second
-// example arguments as defined in the [Validation] section of the
-// invocation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-func TestInvocationValidationSpecExamples(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	t.Run("with passing args", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		exec, stmt := SpecPolicy.Match(specValidArgumentsIPLD)
-		assert.True(t, exec)
-		assert.Nil(t, stmt)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("fails on recipients (second statement)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		exec, stmt := SpecPolicy.Match(specInvalidArgumentsIPLD)
-		assert.False(t, exec)
-		assert.NotNil(t, stmt)
-	})
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/parsing.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/parsing.go
@@ -6,24 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 var (
 	indexRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?\d+$`)
 	sliceRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^((\-?\d+:\-?\d*)|(\-?\d*:\-?\d+))$`)
-
-	// Field name requirements:
-	// - Must start with ASCII letter, Unicode letter, or underscore
-	// - Can contain:
-	//   - ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z)
-	//   - ASCII digits (0-9)
-	//   - Unicode letters (\p{L})
-	//   - Dollar sign ($)
-	//   - Underscore (_)
-	//   - Hyphen (-)
-	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_\p{L}][a-zA-Z0-9$_\p{L}\-]*$`)
+	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_]*?$`)
 )

 func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
@@ -68,9 +56,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, newParseError("invalid index", str, col, tok)
 				}
-				if int64(idx) > limits.MaxInt53 || int64(idx) < limits.MinInt53 {
-					return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", idx), str, col, tok)
-				}
 				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, index: idx})

 			// explicit field, ["abcd"]
@@ -92,9 +77,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
 					}
-					if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-						return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("slice index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i), str, col, tok)
-					}
 					rng[0] = i
 				}
 				if splt[1] == "" {
@@ -104,9 +86,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
 					}
-					if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-						return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("slice index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i), str, col, tok)
-					}
 					rng[1] = i
 				}
 				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, slice: rng[:]})
@@ -173,37 +152,37 @@ func tokenize(str string) []string {
 	return toks
 }

-type parseErr struct {
+type parseerr struct {
 	msg string
 	src string
 	col int
 	tok string
 }

-func (p parseErr) Name() string {
+func (p parseerr) Name() string {
 	return "ParseError"
 }

-func (p parseErr) Message() string {
+func (p parseerr) Message() string {
 	return p.msg
 }

-func (p parseErr) Column() int {
+func (p parseerr) Column() int {
 	return p.col
 }

-func (p parseErr) Error() string {
+func (p parseerr) Error() string {
 	return p.msg
 }

-func (p parseErr) Source() string {
+func (p parseerr) Source() string {
 	return p.src
 }

-func (p parseErr) Token() string {
+func (p parseerr) Token() string {
 	return p.tok
 }

 func newParseError(message string, source string, column int, token string) error {
-	return parseErr{message, source, column, token}
+	return parseerr{message, source, column, token}
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/parsing_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/parsing_test.go
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package selector

 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
@@ -33,29 +30,6 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
 		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
 		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo_bar")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo_bar")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo-bar")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo-bar")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo*bar")
-		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid segment")
 	})

 	t.Run("explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -575,67 +549,4 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
 		require.Error(t, err)
 	})
-
-	t.Run("extended field names", func(t *testing.T) {
-		validFields := []string{
-			".basic",
-			".user_name",
-			".user-name",
-			".userName$special",
-			".αβγ",        // Greek letters
-			".użytkownik", // Polish characters
-			".用户",         // Chinese characters
-			".사용자",        // Korean characters
-			"._private",
-			".number123",
-			".camelCase",
-			".snake_case",
-			".kebab-case",
-			".mixed_kebab-case",
-			".with$dollar",
-			".MIXED_Case_123",
-			".unicodeø",
-		}
-
-		for _, field := range validFields {
-			sel, err := Parse(field)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "field: %s", field)
-			require.NotNil(t, sel)
-		}
-
-		invalidFields := []string{
-			".123number",         // Can't start with digit
-			".@special",          // @ not allowed
-			".space name",        // No spaces
-			".#hashtag",          // No #
-			".name!",             // No !
-			".{brackets}",        // No brackets
-			".name/with/slashes", // No slashes
-		}
-
-		for _, field := range invalidFields {
-			sel, err := Parse(field)
-			require.Error(t, err, "field: %s", field)
-			require.Nil(t, sel)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("integer overflow", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d]", limits.MinInt53-1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		// Test slice overflow
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d:42]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[1:%d]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-	})
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/selector.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/selector.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type Selector []segment
 // Select perform the selection described by the selector on the input IPLD DAG.
 // Select can return:
 //   - exactly one matched IPLD node
-//   - a resolutionErr error if not being able to resolve to a node
+//   - a resolutionerr error if not being able to resolve to a node
 //   - nil and no errors, if the selector couldn't match on an optional segment (with ?).
 func (s Selector) Select(subject ipld.Node) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	return resolve(s, subject, nil)
@@ -266,32 +266,19 @@ func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int64, length int64) (start int64, end int64) {
 	case slice[0] == math.MinInt:
 		start = 0
 	case slice[0] < 0:
-		// Check for potential overflow before adding
-		if -slice[0] > length {
-			start = 0
-		} else {
-			start = length + slice[0]
-		}
+		start = length + slice[0]
 	}
-
 	switch {
 	case slice[1] == math.MaxInt:
 		end = length
 	case slice[1] < 0:
-		// Check for potential overflow before adding
-		if -slice[1] > length {
-			end = 0
-		} else {
-			end = length + slice[1]
-		}
+		end = length + slice[1]
 	}

 	// backward iteration is not allowed, shortcut to an empty result
 	if start >= end {
 		start, end = 0, 0
-		return
 	}
-
 	// clamp out of bound
 	if start < 0 {
 		start = 0
@@ -299,14 +286,11 @@ func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int64, length int64) (start int64, end int64) {
 	if start > length {
 		start = length
 	}
-	if end < 0 {
-		end = 0
-	}
 	if end > length {
 		end = length
 	}

-	return
+	return start, end
 }

 func kindString(n datamodel.Node) string {
@@ -316,27 +300,27 @@ func kindString(n datamodel.Node) string {
 	return n.Kind().String()
 }

-type resolutionErr struct {
+type resolutionerr struct {
 	msg string
 	at  []string
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Name() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Name() string {
 	return "ResolutionError"
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Message() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Message() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("can not resolve path: .%s", strings.Join(r.at, "."))
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) At() []string {
+func (r resolutionerr) At() []string {
 	return r.at
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Error() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Error() string {
 	return r.Message()
 }

 func newResolutionError(message string, at []string) error {
-	return resolutionErr{message, at}
+	return resolutionerr{message, at}
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/selector_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/selector_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package selector

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"math"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Empty(t, res)

-		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionErr{}, "error should be a resolution error")
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionerr{}, "error should be a resolution error")
 	})

 	t.Run("optional not exists", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -351,63 +350,9 @@ func FuzzParseAndSelect(f *testing.F) {

 		// look for panic()
 		_, err = sel.Select(node)
-		if err != nil && !errors.As(err, &resolutionErr{}) {
+		if err != nil && !errors.As(err, &resolutionerr{}) {
 			// not normal, we should only have resolution errors
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	})
 }
-
-func TestResolveSliceIndices(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		slice     []int64
-		length    int64
-		wantStart int64
-		wantEnd   int64
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "normal case",
-			slice:     []int64{1, 3},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 1,
-			wantEnd:   3,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "negative indices",
-			slice:     []int64{-2, -1},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 3,
-			wantEnd:   4,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow protection negative start",
-			slice:     []int64{math.MinInt64, 3},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   3,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow protection negative end",
-			slice:     []int64{0, math.MinInt64},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "max bounds",
-			slice:     []int64{0, math.MaxInt64},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   5,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			start, end := resolveSliceIndices(tt.slice, tt.length)
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantStart, start)
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantEnd, end)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/pkg/secretbox/secretbox.go
+++ b/pkg/secretbox/secretbox.go
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-package secretbox
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox"
-)
-
-const keySize = 32 // secretbox allows only 32-byte keys
-
-var ErrShortCipherText = errors.New("ciphertext too short")
-var ErrNoEncryptionKey = errors.New("encryption key is required")
-var ErrInvalidKeySize = errors.New("invalid key size: must be 32 bytes")
-var ErrZeroKey = errors.New("encryption key cannot be all zeros")
-
-// GenerateKey generates a random 32-byte key to be used by EncryptWithKey and DecryptWithKey
-func GenerateKey() ([]byte, error) {
-	key := make([]byte, keySize)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, key); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate key: %w", err)
-	}
-	return key, nil
-}
-
-// EncryptWithKey encrypts data using NaCl's secretbox with the provided key.
-// 40 bytes of overhead (24-byte nonce + 16-byte MAC) are added to the plaintext size.
-func EncryptWithKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	if err := validateKey(key); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var secretKey [keySize]byte
-	copy(secretKey[:], key)
-
-	// Generate 24 bytes of random data as nonce
-	var nonce [24]byte
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce[:]); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Encrypt and authenticate data
-	encrypted := secretbox.Seal(nonce[:], data, &nonce, &secretKey)
-	return encrypted, nil
-}
-
-// DecryptStringWithKey decrypts data using secretbox with the provided key
-func DecryptStringWithKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	if err := validateKey(key); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if len(data) < 24 {
-		return nil, ErrShortCipherText
-	}
-
-	var secretKey [keySize]byte
-	copy(secretKey[:], key)
-
-	var nonce [24]byte
-	copy(nonce[:], data[:24])
-
-	decrypted, ok := secretbox.Open(nil, data[24:], &nonce, &secretKey)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, errors.New("decryption failed")
-	}
-
-	return decrypted, nil
-}
-
-func validateKey(key []byte) error {
-	if key == nil {
-		return ErrNoEncryptionKey
-	}
-
-	if len(key) != keySize {
-		return ErrInvalidKeySize
-	}
-
-	// check if key is all zeros
-	for _, b := range key {
-		if b != 0 {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return ErrZeroKey
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegation.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegation.go
@@ -10,14 +10,11 @@ package delegation
 // TODO: change the "delegation" link above when the specification is merged

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it"
-
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
@@ -47,15 +44,16 @@ type Token struct {
 	expiration *time.Time
 }

-// New creates a validated delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-// This is typically used to delegate a given power to another agent.
+// New creates a validated Token from the provided parameters and options.
 //
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on (subject)".
-func New(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, sub did.DID, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+// When creating a delegated token, the Issuer's (iss) DID is assembled
+// using the public key associated with the private key sent as the first
+// parameter.
+func New(iss, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
 	tkn := &Token{
 		issuer:   iss,
 		audience: aud,
-		subject:  sub,
+		subject:  did.Undef,
 		command:  cmd,
 		policy:   pol,
 		meta:     meta.NewMeta(),
@@ -83,27 +81,16 @@ func New(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, sub d
 	return tkn, nil
 }

-// Root creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-// This is typically used to create and give power to an agent.
+// Root creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided
+// parameters and options.
 //
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on itself".
-func Root(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, iss, opts...)
-}
+// When creating a root token, both the Issuer's (iss) and Subject's
+// (sub) DIDs are assembled from the public key associated with the
+// private key passed as the first argument.
+func Root(iss, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+	opts = append(opts, WithSubject(iss))

-// Powerline creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-//
-// Powerline is a pattern for automatically delegating all future delegations to another agent regardless of Subject.
-// This is a very powerful pattern, use it only if you understand it.
-// Powerline delegations MUST NOT be used as the root delegation to a resource
-//
-// A very common use case for Powerline is providing a stable DID across multiple agents (e.g. representing a user with
-// multiple devices). This enables the automatic sharing of authority across their devices without needing to share keys
-// or set up a threshold scheme. It is also flexible, since a Powerline delegation MAY be revoked.
-//
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on anything".
-func Powerline(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, nil, opts...)
+	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
 }

 // Issuer returns the did.DID representing the Token's issuer.
@@ -155,16 +142,6 @@ func (t *Token) Expiration() *time.Time {
 	return t.expiration
 }

-// IsRoot tells if the token is a root delegation.
-func (t *Token) IsRoot() bool {
-	return t.issuer.Equal(t.subject)
-}
-
-// IsPowerline tells if the token is a powerline delegation.
-func (t *Token) IsPowerline() bool {
-	return t.subject == nil
-}
-
 // IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the current time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
 // This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
 func (t *Token) IsValidNow() bool {
@@ -183,37 +160,11 @@ func (t *Token) IsValidAt(ti time.Time) bool {
 	return true
 }

-func (t *Token) String() string {
-	var res strings.Builder
-
-	var kind string
-	switch {
-	case t.issuer == t.subject:
-		kind = " (root delegation)"
-	case t.subject == nil:
-		kind = " (powerline delegation)"
-	default:
-		kind = " (normal delegation)"
-	}
-
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Issuer: %s\n", t.Issuer()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Audience: %s\n", t.Audience()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Subject: %s%s\n", t.Subject(), kind))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Command: %s\n", t.Command()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Policy: %s\n", t.Policy()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Nonce: %s\n", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(t.Nonce())))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Meta: %s\n", t.Meta()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("NotBefore: %v\n", t.NotBefore()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Expiration: %v", t.Expiration()))
-
-	return res.String()
-}
-
 func (t *Token) validate() error {
 	var errs error

 	requiredDID := func(id did.DID, fieldname string) {
-		if id == nil {
+		if !id.Defined() {
 			errs = errors.Join(errs, fmt.Errorf(`a valid did is required for %s: %s`, fieldname, id.String()))
 		}
 	}
@@ -238,7 +189,7 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {

 	tkn.issuer, err = did.Parse(m.Iss)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse issuer: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse iss: %w", err)
 	}

 	if tkn.audience, err = did.Parse(m.Aud); err != nil {
@@ -263,19 +214,9 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 	tkn.nonce = m.Nonce

 	tkn.meta = m.Meta
-	if tkn.meta == nil {
-		tkn.meta = meta.NewMeta()
-	}

-	tkn.notBefore, err = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Nbf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse notBefore: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	tkn.expiration, err = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Exp)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse expiration: %w", err)
-	}
+	tkn.notBefore = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Nbf)
+	tkn.expiration = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Exp)

 	if err := tkn.validate(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
--- a/token/delegation/delegation_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegation_test.go
@@ -1,47 +1,64 @@
 package delegation_test

 import (
-	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/didtest"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
 )

-//go:embed testdata/new.dagjson
-var newDagJson []byte
-
-//go:embed testdata/powerline.dagjson
-var powerlineDagJson []byte
-
-//go:embed testdata/root.dagjson
-var rootDagJson []byte
-
 const (
 	nonce = "6roDhGi0kiNriQAz7J3d+bOeoI/tj8ENikmQNbtjnD0"

 	subJectCmd = "/foo/bar"
 	subjectPol = `
 [
-  ["==", ".status", "draft"],
-  ["all", ".reviewer",
-    ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-  ],
-  ["any", ".tags",
-    ["or", [
-      ["==", ".", "news"],
-      ["==", ".", "press"]
-    ]]
-  ]
+	[
+		"==",
+		".status",
+		"draft"
+	],
+	[
+		"all",
+		".reviewer",
+		[
+			"like",
+			".email",
+			"*@example.com"
+		]
+	],
+	[
+		"any",
+		".tags",
+		[
+			"or",
+			[
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"news"
+				],
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"press"
+				]
+			]
+		]
+	]
 ]
 `

+	newCID  = "zdpuAwa4qv3ncMDPeDoqVxjZy3JoyWsbqUzm94rdA1AvRFkkw"
+	rootCID = "zdpuAkgGmUp5JrXvehGuuw9JA8DLQKDaxtK3R8brDQQVC2i5X"
+
 	aesKey = "xQklMmNTnVrmaPBq/0pwV5fEwuv/iClF5HWak9MsgI8="
 )

@@ -58,24 +75,24 @@ func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	t.Run("New", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(),
+		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
 			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
+			delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
 			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
 			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
 			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
 		)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.False(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
 		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.Equal(t, newDagJson, data)
+		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "new.dagjson")
 	})

 	t.Run("Root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
 		tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
 			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
 			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
@@ -84,31 +101,10 @@ func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
 		)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.True(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
 		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.Equal(t, rootDagJson, data)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("Powerline", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tkn, err := delegation.Powerline(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
-			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
-			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
-			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
-			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
-		)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.True(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
-		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		require.Equal(t, powerlineDagJson, data)
+		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "root.dagjson")
 	})
 }

@@ -157,7 +153,7 @@ func TestEncryptedMeta(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

-			tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+			tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
 				delegation.WithEncryptedMetaString(tt.key, tt.value, encryptionKey),
 			)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -195,7 +191,7 @@ func TestEncryptedMeta(t *testing.T) {
 		}

 		// Create token with multiple encrypted values
-		tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, opts...)
+		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, opts...)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

 		data, err := tkn.ToDagCbor(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceAlice.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceAlice.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceBob.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceBob.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobBob.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobBob.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobCarol.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobCarol.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolCarol.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolCarol.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanDan.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanDan.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinErin.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinErin.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenFrankFrank.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenFrankFrank.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/generator.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/generator.go
@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
-	"go/format"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it"
-	didkeyctl "github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/controller/did-key"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/crypto"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/didtest"
+	"github.com/dave/jennifer/jen"
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/policytest"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation/delegationtest"
 )
@@ -31,11 +27,11 @@ const (
 var constantNonce = []byte{0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b}

 type newDelegationParams struct {
-	privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes // iss
+	privKey crypto.PrivKey
 	aud     did.DID
+	sub     did.DID
 	cmd     command.Command
 	pol     policy.Policy
-	sub     did.DID
 	opts    []delegation.Option
 }

@@ -71,25 +67,6 @@ type generator struct {
 	chains []proof
 }

-func (g *generator) createSelfDelegations(personas []didtest.Persona) error {
-	for _, persona := range personas {
-		_, err := g.createDelegation(newDelegationParams{
-			privKey: persona.PrivKey(),
-			aud:     persona.DID(),
-			cmd:     delegationtest.NominalCommand,
-			pol:     policytest.EmptyPolicy,
-			sub:     persona.DID(),
-			opts: []delegation.Option{
-				delegation.WithNonce(constantNonce),
-			},
-		}, persona.Name()+persona.Name(), noopVariant())
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari variant) error {
 	acc.name += personas[0].Name()

@@ -109,9 +86,9 @@ func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari vari
 		privKey: personas[0].PrivKey(),
 		aud:     personas[1].DID(),
 		cmd:     delegationtest.NominalCommand,
-		pol:     policytest.EmptyPolicy,
-		sub:     didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(),
+		pol:     policy.Policy{},
 		opts: []delegation.Option{
+			delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
 			delegation.WithNonce(constantNonce),
 		},
 	}
@@ -138,7 +115,7 @@ func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari vari
 				p.cmd = delegationtest.AttenuatedCommand
 			}},
 			{name: "InvalidSubject", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.sub = didtest.PersonaBob.DID()
+				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaBob.DID()))
 			}},
 			{name: "InvalidExpired", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
 				// Note: this makes the generator not deterministic
@@ -151,9 +128,6 @@ func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari vari
 				}
 				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithNotBefore(nbf))
 			}},
-			{name: "ValidExamplePolicy", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.pol = policytest.SpecPolicy
-			}},
 		}

 		// Start a branch in the recursion for each of the variants
@@ -177,9 +151,12 @@ func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari vari
 func (g *generator) createDelegation(params newDelegationParams, name string, vari variant) (cid.Cid, error) {
 	vari.variant(&params)

-	issDID := didkeyctl.FromPrivateKey(params.privKey)
+	issDID, err := did.FromPrivKey(params.privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cid.Undef, err
+	}

-	tkn, err := delegation.New(issDID, params.aud, params.cmd, params.pol, params.sub, params.opts...)
+	tkn, err := delegation.New(issDID, params.aud, params.cmd, params.pol, params.opts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cid.Undef, err
 	}
@@ -222,71 +199,36 @@ func (g *generator) createProofChain(name string, prf []cid.Cid) {
 }

 func (g *generator) writeGoFile() error {
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	file := jen.NewFile("delegationtest")
+	file.HeaderComment("Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.")

-	Println := func(a ...any) { _, _ = fmt.Fprintln(buf, a...) }
-	Printf := func(format string, a ...any) { _, _ = fmt.Fprintf(buf, format, a...) }
-
-	Println("// Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.")
-	Println()
-	Println("package delegationtest")
-	Println()
-	Println("import (")
-	Println("\t\"github.com/ipfs/go-cid\"")
-	Println()
-	Println("\t\"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation\"")
-	Println(")")
-
-	refs := make(map[cid.Cid]string, len(g.dlgs))
+	refs := map[cid.Cid]string{}

 	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
 		refs[d.id] = d.name + "CID"

-		Println()
-		Println("var (")
-		Printf("\t%sCID    = cid.MustParse(\"%s\")\n", d.name, d.id.String())
-		Printf("\t%sSealed = mustGetBundle(%s).Sealed\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Printf("\t%sBundle = mustGetBundle(%s)\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Printf("\t%s       = mustGetBundle(%s).Decoded\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Println(")")
+		file.Var().Defs(
+			jen.Id(d.name+"CID").Op("=").Qual("github.com/ipfs/go-cid", "MustParse").Call(jen.Lit(d.id.String())),
+			jen.Id(d.name).Op("=").Id("mustGetDelegation").Call(jen.Id(d.name+"CID")),
+		)
+		file.Line()
 	}

-	Println()
-	Println("var AllTokens = []*delegation.Token{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%s,\n", d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
-	Println()
-	Println("var AllBundles = []delegation.Bundle{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%sBundle,\n", d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
-	Println()
-	Println("var cidToName = map[cid.Cid]string{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%sCID: \"%s\",\n", d.name, d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
 	for _, c := range g.chains {
-		Println()
-		Printf("var %s = []cid.Cid{\n", c.name)
+		g := jen.CustomFunc(jen.Options{
+			Multi:     true,
+			Separator: ",",
+			Close:     "\n",
+		}, func(g *jen.Group) {
+			slices.Reverse(c.prf)
+			for _, p := range c.prf {
+				g.Id(refs[p])
+			}
+		})

-		for _, d := range slices.Backward(c.prf) {
-			Printf("\t%s,\n", refs[d])
-		}
-
-		Println("}")
+		file.Var().Id(c.name).Op("=").Index().Qual("github.com/ipfs/go-cid", "Cid").Values(g)
+		file.Line()
 	}

-	out, err := format.Source(buf.Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return os.WriteFile("../token_gen.go", out, 0666)
+	return file.Save("../token_gen.go")
 }
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/main.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/main.go
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
 )

 func main() {
 	gen := &generator{}
-	err := gen.createSelfDelegations(didtest.Personas())
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	err = gen.chainPersonas(didtest.Personas(), acc{}, noopVariant())
+	err := gen.chainPersonas(didtest.Personas(), acc{}, noopVariant())
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/token.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/token.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"

-	_ "github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/verifiers/did-key"
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
@@ -19,12 +18,12 @@ var (
 	// Execution of this command is generally prohibited in tests.
 	ExpandedCommand = command.MustParse("/expanded")

-	// NominalCommand is the command used for most test tokens and proof-chains.
-	// Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
+	// NominalCommand is the command used for most test tokens and proof-
+	// chains.  Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
 	NominalCommand = ExpandedCommand.Join("nominal")

-	// AttenuatedCommand is a sub-command of the NominalCommand.
-	// Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
+	// AttenuatedCommand is a sub-command of the NominalCommand.  Execution
+	// of this command is generally allowed in tests.
 	AttenuatedCommand = NominalCommand.Join("attenuated")
 )

@@ -36,21 +35,21 @@ const TokenDir = "data"
 //go:embed data
 var fs embed.FS

-var _ delegation.Loader = (*DelegationLoader)(nil)
+var _ delegation.Loader = (*delegationLoader)(nil)

-type DelegationLoader struct {
-	bundles map[cid.Cid]delegation.Bundle
+type delegationLoader struct {
+	tokens map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token
 }

 var (
 	once sync.Once
-	ldr  *DelegationLoader
+	ldr  delegation.Loader
 )

 // GetDelegationLoader returns a singleton instance of a test
 // DelegationLoader containing all the tokens present in the data/
 // directory.
-func GetDelegationLoader() *DelegationLoader {
+func GetDelegationLoader() delegation.Loader {
 	once.Do(func() {
 		var err error
 		ldr, err = loadDelegations()
@@ -62,21 +61,22 @@ func GetDelegationLoader() *DelegationLoader {
 }

 // GetDelegation implements invocation.DelegationLoader.
-func (l *DelegationLoader) GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
-	bundle, ok := l.bundles[id]
+func (l *delegationLoader) GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	tkn, ok := l.tokens[id]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
 	}
-	return bundle.Decoded, nil
+
+	return tkn, nil
 }

-func loadDelegations() (*DelegationLoader, error) {
+func loadDelegations() (delegation.Loader, error) {
 	dirEntries, err := fs.ReadDir(TokenDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	bundles := make(map[cid.Cid]delegation.Bundle, len(dirEntries))
+	tkns := make(map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token, len(dirEntries))

 	for _, dirEntry := range dirEntries {
 		data, err := fs.ReadFile(filepath.Join(TokenDir, dirEntry.Name()))
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ func loadDelegations() (*DelegationLoader, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}

-		bundles[id] = delegation.Bundle{Cid: id, Decoded: tkn, Sealed: data}
+		tkns[id] = tkn
 	}

-	return &DelegationLoader{
-		bundles: bundles,
+	return &delegationLoader{
+		tokens: tkns,
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -103,14 +103,10 @@ func GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
 	return GetDelegationLoader().GetDelegation(id)
 }

-func CidToName(id cid.Cid) string {
-	return cidToName[id]
-}
-
-func mustGetBundle(id cid.Cid) delegation.Bundle {
-	bundle, ok := GetDelegationLoader().bundles[id]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound)
+func mustGetDelegation(id cid.Cid) *delegation.Token {
+	tkn, err := GetDelegation(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
 	}
-	return bundle
+	return tkn
 }
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_gen.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_gen.go
@@ -2,334 +2,131 @@

 package delegationtest

-import (
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
+import gocid "github.com/ipfs/go-cid"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
+var (
+	TokenAliceBobCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicidrwvmac5lvjypucgityrtjsknojraio7ujjli4r5eyby66wjzm")
+	TokenAliceBob    = mustGetDelegation(TokenAliceBobCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenAliceAliceCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiddqsv5rrpcormtcs3dg7hzwjr2grxyyozc2f2surxdbnctdqpfzi")
-	TokenAliceAliceSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceAliceCID).Sealed
-	TokenAliceAliceBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceAliceCID)
-	TokenAliceAlice       = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceAliceCID).Decoded
+	TokenBobCarolCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreihxv2uhq43oxllzs2xfvxst7wtvvvl7pohb2chcz6hjvfv2ntea5u")
+	TokenBobCarol    = mustGetDelegation(TokenBobCarolCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenBobBobCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreid4dwdov4yijvnb7xxhcndsxifzw5yry4sm4frex6relttlnledo4")
-	TokenBobBobSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenBobBobCID).Sealed
-	TokenBobBobBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenBobBobCID)
-	TokenBobBob       = mustGetBundle(TokenBobBobCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDanCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreihclsgiroazq3heqdswvj2cafwqbpboicq7immo65scl7ahktpsdq")
+	TokenCarolDan    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDanCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenCarolCarolCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiekuehdsubdfllqecsat4gsfveyqq6442ejuiqfsgu3tplrus5l3e")
-	TokenCarolCarolSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolCarolCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolCarolBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolCarolCID)
-	TokenCarolCarol       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolCarolCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErinCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicja6ihewy64p3ake56xukotafjlkh4uqep2qhj52en46zzfwby3e")
+	TokenDanErin    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErinCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenDanDanCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigzd442yhyizbx54kd76ewxssh5owuxv26ziittnblnj4h3a555dm")
-	TokenDanDanSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanDanCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanDanBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanDanCID)
-	TokenDanDan       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanDanCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrankCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicjlx3lobxm6hl5s4htd4ydwkkqeiou6rft4rnvulfdyoew565vka")
+	TokenErinFrank    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrankCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenErinErinCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigl5lbogpzq7iyz6qkzhicv4zscu26j62k4ydgcqogdiqmks5tz7q")
-	TokenErinErinSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinErinCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinErinBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinErinCID)
-	TokenErinErin       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinErinCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreid3m3pk53gqgp5rlzqhvpedbwsqbidqlp4yz64vknwbzj7bxrmsr4")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenFrankFrankCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreic6hgmqf2vwszboldlqeobpy2plpkcmj4dhhug76akcnafb2pt6em")
-	TokenFrankFrankSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenFrankFrankCID).Sealed
-	TokenFrankFrankBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenFrankFrankCID)
-	TokenFrankFrank       = mustGetBundle(TokenFrankFrankCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifn4sy5onwajx3kqvot5mib6m6xarzrqjozqbzgmzpmc5ox3g2uzm")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenAliceBobCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifa35rjstdm37cjudzs72ab22rnh5blny725khtapox63fnsj6pbe")
-	TokenAliceBobSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID).Sealed
-	TokenAliceBobBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID)
-	TokenAliceBob       = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreidmpgd36jznmq42bs34o4qi3fcbrsh4idkg6ejahudejzwb76fwxe")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenBobCarolCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiaysaafvfplhjsjywaqfletlr2sziui3sekkczwp2srszdoezwc7u")
-	TokenBobCarolSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID).Sealed
-	TokenBobCarolBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID)
-	TokenBobCarol       = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreiekhtm237vyapk3c6voeb5lnz54crebqdqi3x4wn4u4cbrrhzsqfe")
+	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenCarolDanCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreibwpzxcvrere7g5riv3dhza4xibrvulxcvj2nwxu6ozp572o2sbfa")
-	TokenCarolDanSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDanBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID)
-	TokenCarolDan       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicrvzqferyy7rgo75l5rn6r2nl7zyeexxjmu3dm4ff7rn2coblj4y")
+	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenDanErinCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreichxodkcokcbvomxhmlf3g3j3zokruxvca63itynf7ib3hsmi4hla")
-	TokenDanErinSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErinBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID)
-	TokenDanErin       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreie6fhspk53kplcc2phla3e7z7fzldlbmmpuwk6nbow5q6s2zjmw2q")
+	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenErinFrankCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigg434khwxqyfasnk63pi542uwtbrlpfd5sgjfrddqqcba3tardlu")
-	TokenErinFrankSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrankBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID)
-	TokenErinFrank       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifgksz6756if42tnc6rqsnbaa2u3fdrveo7ek44lnj2d64d5sw26u")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifxdve23izhlg7fhzqh32i6wxtw33rqidm3cb72pghxlovnensjwe")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreibdwew5nypsxrm4fq73wu6hw3lgwwiolj3bi33xdrbgcf3ogm6fty")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreieblevkqh2xnbr4x5mosvwv7rboat7ip6ucqvefb2pomrb4qjg4wu")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicr364mj3n7x4iyhcksxypelktcqkkw3ptg7ggxtqegw3p3mr6zc4")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreia2ckukamhpeqpcdhevr75ym66vqem432dx4dwbdrdkh63pke3r3i")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreigenypixaxvhzlry5rjnywvjyl4xvzlzxz2ui74uzys7qdhos4bbu")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreibftsq3mhjd5itg6jbos4doccwspvmnilpuduniv2el7mnl45z33y")
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifvnfb7zqocpdysedcvjkb4y7tqfuziuqjhbbdoay4zg33pwpbzqi")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreig5gsifqn3afnyaoqtjhnud2w7tnrda57eiel3d45vbp47hjyayey")
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicvydzt3obkqx7krmoi3zu4tlirlksibxfks5jc7vlvjxjamv2764")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiex2qyrw3xmye4fk5wdf6ukea3ojbokq77k6y566hupj6cicszi3e")
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreicea5y2nvlitvxijkupeavtg23i7ktjk3uejnaquguurzptiabk4u")
+	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreie7snyknubaeh4ruig7wxvos54b7skmwsnegf6k23bsffs5btbiiq")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifsgqzkmxj2vexuts3z766mwcjreiisjg2jykyzf7tbj5sclutpvq")
+	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID)
 )

 var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicrfmlw4nqqk5t7j6r7ct3c7jlxeasyetb6fq3556vmtihcnbi54i")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID = gocid.MustParse("bafyreifbfegon24c6dndiqyktahzs65vhyasrygbw7nhsvojn6distsdre")
+	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive    = mustGetDelegation(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID)
 )

-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreietx2sjsm72sbgjnosdnejwlqc5dadlolh2bjl6ifxdllslup7ecm")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifhdiem6r5fh3wwaa6uszqe5uashfwaastqjyvzssbiju4mravx3y")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiff7fqutstzz2ep5gzs2mqnt4rka7ezscrzpijyc4jjeopqm7oxxq")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigxfwcynzsy4v4po36s3mz5nf6mg4kpptw6rpld3sc3c3mthq4noa")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifw4j2mxg4bovuhihvnhqgln7m57lvajt6fza4x4jc7sncyh66wxm")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigrrfefw4wvjitiheonigeldnem2loo4yp5cghdskteunuxyozkiq")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicdlvnc7iinl2eay3xc3yvtmwezifvfxywjud3defssstusngt6du")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreidvi5y42befcnb2qud23yt5memf4itn2v6xmw7gvdpihbnanvgqly")
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreid3mr53fjsntyyfbbzjx2n32d7atj3v4ztfufdkamrodm6kcjww64")
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiegytubdwqnl3gd7dddfmqhr4kyo4sb5446kjyqvvolk2wmwum6ae")
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var AllTokens = []*delegation.Token{
-	TokenAliceAlice,
-	TokenBobBob,
-	TokenCarolCarol,
-	TokenDanDan,
-	TokenErinErin,
-	TokenFrankFrank,
-	TokenAliceBob,
-	TokenBobCarol,
-	TokenCarolDan,
-	TokenDanErin,
-	TokenErinFrank,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy,
-}
-
-var AllBundles = []delegation.Bundle{
-	TokenAliceAliceBundle,
-	TokenBobBobBundle,
-	TokenCarolCarolBundle,
-	TokenDanDanBundle,
-	TokenErinErinBundle,
-	TokenFrankFrankBundle,
-	TokenAliceBobBundle,
-	TokenBobCarolBundle,
-	TokenCarolDanBundle,
-	TokenDanErinBundle,
-	TokenErinFrankBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-}
-
-var cidToName = map[cid.Cid]string{
-	TokenAliceAliceCID:                       "TokenAliceAlice",
-	TokenBobBobCID:                           "TokenBobBob",
-	TokenCarolCarolCID:                       "TokenCarolCarol",
-	TokenDanDanCID:                           "TokenDanDan",
-	TokenErinErinCID:                         "TokenErinErin",
-	TokenFrankFrankCID:                       "TokenFrankFrank",
-	TokenAliceBobCID:                         "TokenAliceBob",
-	TokenBobCarolCID:                         "TokenBobCarol",
-	TokenCarolDanCID:                         "TokenCarolDan",
-	TokenDanErinCID:                          "TokenDanErin",
-	TokenErinFrankCID:                        "TokenErinFrank",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID:  "TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID:   "TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID: "TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID:  "TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID:   "TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID: "TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID:          "TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID:           "TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID:         "TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID:          "TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID:           "TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID:         "TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID:         "TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID:          "TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID:        "TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID:      "TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy",
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID:       "TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy",
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID:     "TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy",
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBob = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBob = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarol = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarol = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDanCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErinCID,
 	TokenCarolDanCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrankCID,
 	TokenDanErinCID,
 	TokenCarolDanCID,
@@ -337,20 +134,20 @@ var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank = []cid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
@@ -358,20 +155,20 @@ var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
 	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
@@ -379,20 +176,20 @@ var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidSubject = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID,
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
@@ -400,20 +197,20 @@ var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpired = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID,
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
@@ -421,44 +218,23 @@ var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }

-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
+var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidInactive = []gocid.Cid{
 	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
 	TokenBobCarolCID,
 	TokenAliceBobCID,
 }
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
--- a/token/delegation/examples_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/examples_test.go
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/didtest"
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ func ExampleNew() {
 		)),
 	)

-	tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(), cmd, pol, didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(),
+	tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(), cmd, pol,
+		delegation.WithSubject(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID()),
 		delegation.WithExpirationIn(time.Hour),
 		delegation.WithNotBeforeIn(time.Minute),
 		delegation.WithMeta("foo", "bar"),
@@ -57,37 +58,37 @@ func ExampleNew() {

 	// Example output:
 	//
-	// issDid: did:key:z6Mkf4WtCwPDtamsZvBJA4eSVcE7vZuRPy5Skm4HaoQv81i1
+	// issDid: did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU
 	//
-	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuB1bzMdGAtzBej9ZBJbW3ppsjP2Cf9KZ8xMjdhUjaf3vz1
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAsqfZkgg2jgZyob23sq1J9xwtf9PHgt1PsskVCMq7Vvxk
 	//
-	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: glhAQhZTTb4U1rin/oLFre618Ol5/leaP758T6EkHYfQaNmFYad7yVTer8bbM1Zp2LxrV3eEYeWkHeL3F0V3zWC/CaJhaEg0Ae0B7QETcXN1Y2FuL2RsZ0AxLjAuMC1yYy4xqWNhdWR4OGRpZDprZXk6ejZNa2pXRlU4SHRmTXF1V241TUVROXIyMnpXcXlDTjF2YXpHdzZnNnB6Y2l6aU5WY2NtZGgvZm9vL2JhcmNleHAaaItoW2Npc3N4OGRpZDprZXk6ejZNa2Y0V3RDd1BEdGFtc1p2QkpBNGVTVmNFN3ZadVJQeTVTa200SGFvUXY4MWkxY25iZhpoi1qHY3BvbIODYj09Zy5zdGF0dXNlZHJhZnSDY2FsbGkucmV2aWV3ZXKDZGxpa2VmLmVtYWlsbSpAZXhhbXBsZS5jb22DY2FueWUudGFnc4Jib3KCg2I9PWEuZG5ld3ODYj09YS5lcHJlc3Njc3VieDhkaWQ6a2V5Ono2TWtuVXoxbVNqNHB2UzZhVVVIZWtDSGRVUHY3SEJoRHlEQlpRMlczVnVqYzVxQ2RtZXRhomNiYXoYe2Nmb29jYmFyZW5vbmNlTHa1D4DJ78LvscA/hg==
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
 	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
 	//	[
 	//		{
 	//			"/": {
-	//				"bytes": "QhZTTb4U1rin/oLFre618Ol5/leaP758T6EkHYfQaNmFYad7yVTer8bbM1Zp2LxrV3eEYeWkHeL3F0V3zWC/CQ"
+	//				"bytes": "5rvl8uKmDVGvAVSt4m/0MGiXl9dZwljJJ9m2qHCoIB617l26UvMxyH5uvN9hM7ozfVATiq4mLhoGgm9IGnEEAg"
 	//			}
 	//		},
 	//		{
 	//			"h": {
 	//				"/": {
-	//					"bytes": "NAHtAe0BE3E"
+	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
 	//				}
 	//			},
 	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
-	//				"aud": "did:key:z6MkjWFU8HtfMquWn5MEQ9r22zWqyCN1vazGw6g6pzciziNV",
+	//				"aud": "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv",
 	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
-	//				"exp": 1753966683,
-	//				"iss": "did:key:z6Mkf4WtCwPDtamsZvBJA4eSVcE7vZuRPy5Skm4HaoQv81i1",
+	//				"exp": 1728933098,
+	//				"iss": "did:key:z6MkhVFznPeR572rTK51UjoTNpnF8cxuWfPm9oBMPr7y8ABe",
 	//				"meta": {
 	//					"baz": 123,
 	//					"foo": "bar"
 	//				},
-	//				"nbf": 1753963143,
+	//				"nbf": 1728929558,
 	//				"nonce": {
 	//					"/": {
-	//						"bytes": "drUPgMnvwu+xwD+G"
+	//						"bytes": "u0HMgJ5Y+M84I/66"
 	//					}
 	//				},
 	//				"pol": [
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ func ExampleNew() {
 	//						]
 	//					]
 	//				],
-	//				"sub": "did:key:z6MknUz1mSj4pvS6aUUHekCHdUPv7HBhDyDBZQ2W3Vujc5qC"
+	//				"sub": "did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"
 	//			}
 	//		}
 	//	]
@@ -166,36 +167,38 @@ func ExampleRoot() {

 	// Example output:
 	//
+	// issDid: did:key:z6MknWJqz17Y4AfsXSJUFKomuBR4GTkViM7kJYutzTMkCyFF
+	//
 	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAkwYz8nY7uU8j3F6wVTfFY1VEoExwvUAYBEwRWfTozddE
 	//
-	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
 	//
 	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
 	//	[
 	//		{
 	//			"/": {
-	//				"bytes": "TIXb2wnBByq/llaQ4RLoWTxheAwamCNo2sKL8SQJbq0EVRvdfUQDKNpuMVkvtyUR6tUdZlKv1BcXjfGEaF2XAA"
+	//				"bytes": "VpW67FJ+myNi+azvnw2jivuiqXTuMrDZI2Qdaa8jE1Oi3mkjnm7DyqSQGADcomcuDslMWKmJ+OIyvbPG5PtSAw"
 	//			}
 	//		},
 	//		{
 	//			"h": {
 	//				"/": {
-	//					"bytes": "NAHtAe0BE3E"
+	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
 	//				}
 	//			},
 	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
-	//				"aud": "did:key:z6Mkf4WtCwPDtamsZvBJA4eSVcE7vZuRPy5Skm4HaoQv81i1",
+	//				"aud": "did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU",
 	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
-	//				"exp": 1753966461,
-	//				"iss": "did:key:z6MknUz1mSj4pvS6aUUHekCHdUPv7HBhDyDBZQ2W3Vujc5qC",
+	//				"exp": 1732568424,
+	//				"iss": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p",
 	//				"meta": {
 	//					"baz": 123,
 	//					"foo": "bar"
 	//				},
-	//				"nbf": 1753962921,
+	//				"nbf": 1732564884,
 	//				"nonce": {
 	//					"/": {
-	//						"bytes": "bHBuMcpx6+3l1nRe"
+	//						"bytes": "wzDc03WBciJIGPWG"
 	//					}
 	//				},
 	//				"pol": [
@@ -233,7 +236,7 @@ func ExampleRoot() {
 	//						]
 	//					]
 	//				],
-	//				"sub": "did:key:z6MknUz1mSj4pvS6aUUHekCHdUPv7HBhDyDBZQ2W3Vujc5qC"
+	//				"sub": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"
 	//			}
 	//		}
 	//	]
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ func ExampleRoot() {
 // The following example demonstrates how to get a delegation.Token from
 // a DAG-CBOR []byte.
 func ExampleFromSealed() {
-	const cborBase64 = "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"
+	const cborBase64 = "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"

 	cborBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(cborBase64)
 	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
@@ -262,24 +265,22 @@ func ExampleFromSealed() {
 	fmt.Println("Expiration (exp):", tkn.Expiration())

 	// Output:
-	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAsgmtmC849BEApGCJm2fTSzwtHiAqQnuJCMBBBCbFiadd
-	// Issuer (iss): did:key:z6Mkf4WtCwPDtamsZvBJA4eSVcE7vZuRPy5Skm4HaoQv81i1
-	// Audience (aud): did:key:z6MkjWFU8HtfMquWn5MEQ9r22zWqyCN1vazGw6g6pzciziNV
-	// Subject (sub): did:key:z6MknUz1mSj4pvS6aUUHekCHdUPv7HBhDyDBZQ2W3Vujc5qC
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAw26pFuvZa2Z9YAtpZZnWN6VmnRFr7Z8LVY5c7RVWoxGY
+	// Issuer (iss): did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2
+	// Audience (aud): did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv
+	// Subject (sub): did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2
 	// Command (cmd): /foo/bar
 	// Policy (pol): [
 	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
 	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
 	//   ["any", ".tags",
 	//     ["or", [
 	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
 	// ]
-	// Nonce (nonce): 35490e43b72d54ca9e1c4a2b
+	// Nonce (nonce): 000102030405060708090a0b
 	// Meta (meta): {}
 	// NotBefore (nbf): <nil>
 	// Expiration (exp): <nil>
--- a/token/delegation/interop_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/interop_test.go
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-package delegation
-
-import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/crypto"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/crypto/ed25519"
-	"github.com/multiformats/go-varint"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// This comes from https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec/blob/main/fixtures/1.0.0/delegation.json
-//
-//go:embed testdata/interop_delegation.json
-var interopDelegation []byte
-
-type interop struct {
-	Version    string            `json:"version"`
-	Comments   string            `json:"comments"`
-	Principals map[string]string `json:"principals"`
-	Valid      []validTestCase   `json:"valid"`
-}
-
-type validTestCase struct {
-	Name     string       `json:"name"`
-	Token    string       `json:"token"`
-	CID      string       `json:"cid"`
-	Envelope envelopeData `json:"envelope"`
-}
-
-type envelopeData struct {
-	Payload   payloadData `json:"payload"`
-	Signature string      `json:"signature"`
-	Algorithm string      `json:"alg"`
-	Encoding  string      `json:"enc"`
-	Spec      string      `json:"spec"`
-	Version   string      `json:"version"`
-}
-
-type payloadData struct {
-	Issuer    string          `json:"iss"`
-	Audience  string          `json:"aud"`
-	Subject   string          `json:"sub"`
-	Command   string          `json:"cmd"`
-	Policies  json.RawMessage `json:"pol"`
-	ExpiresAt int64           `json:"exp"`
-	Nonce     string          `json:"nonce"`
-}
-
-func TestInterop(t *testing.T) {
-	var testData interop
-	err := json.Unmarshal(interopDelegation, &testData)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.Equal(t, "1.0.0-rc.1", testData.Version)
-
-	// alice, err := decodeKey(testData.Principals["alice"])
-	// require.NoError(t, err)
-	// bob, err := decodeKey(testData.Principals["bob"])
-	// require.NoError(t, err)
-	// carol, err := decodeKey(testData.Principals["carol"])
-	// require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	t.Run("valid", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for _, tc := range testData.Valid {
-			t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				dlgBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(tc.Token)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-				dlg, c, err := FromSealed(dlgBytes)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, tc.CID, c.String())
-
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.Issuer, dlg.Issuer().String())
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.Audience, dlg.Audience().String())
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.Subject, dlg.Subject().String())
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.Command, dlg.Command().String())
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.Command, dlg.Command().String())
-				require.JSONEq(t, string(tc.Envelope.Payload.Policies), dlg.Policy().String())
-				require.Equal(t, tc.Envelope.Payload.ExpiresAt, dlg.expiration.Unix())
-				nonceBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(tc.Envelope.Payload.Nonce)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, nonceBytes, dlg.Nonce())
-			})
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func decodeKey(key string) (crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes, error) {
-	bytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	code, read, err := varint.FromUvarint(bytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if code != 0x1300 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid varint code: %d", code)
-	}
-
-	return ed25519.PrivateKeyFromSeed(bytes[read:])
-}
--- a/token/delegation/ipld.go
+++ b/token/delegation/ipld.go
@@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
 package delegation

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"

-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it"
-	"github.com/MetaMask/go-did-it/crypto"
 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"

+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )

 // ToSealed wraps the delegation token in an envelope, generates the
 // signature, encodes the result to DAG-CBOR and calculates the CID of
 // the resulting binary data.
-func (t *Token) ToSealed(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) ([]byte, cid.Cid, error) {
+func (t *Token) ToSealed(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, cid.Cid, error) {
 	data, err := t.ToDagCbor(privKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, cid.Undef, err
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func (t *Token) ToSealed(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) ([]byte, cid.Cid
 }

 // ToSealedWriter is the same as ToSealed but accepts an io.Writer.
-func (t *Token) ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) (cid.Cid, error) {
+func (t *Token) ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) (cid.Cid, error) {
 	cidWriter := envelope.NewCIDWriter(w)

 	if err := t.ToDagCborWriter(cidWriter, privKey); err != nil {
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@ func (t *Token) ToSealedWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningByte
 // verifies that the envelope's signature is correct based on the public
 // key taken from the issuer (iss) field and calculates the CID of the
 // incoming data.
-func FromSealed(data []byte, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
-	tkn, err := FromDagCbor(data, resolvOpts...)
+func FromSealed(data []byte) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
+	tkn, err := FromDagCbor(data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
@@ -62,10 +63,10 @@ func FromSealed(data []byte, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, cid.Ci
 }

 // FromSealedReader is the same as Unseal but accepts an io.Reader.
-func FromSealedReader(r io.Reader, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
+func FromSealedReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, cid.Cid, error) {
 	cidReader := envelope.NewCIDReader(r)

-	tkn, err := FromDagCborReader(cidReader, resolvOpts...)
+	tkn, err := FromDagCborReader(cidReader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, cid.Undef, err
 	}
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ func FromSealedReader(r io.Reader, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token,

 // Encode marshals a Token to the format specified by the provided
 // codec.Encoder.
-func (t *Token) Encode(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes, encFn codec.Encoder) ([]byte, error) {
+func (t *Token) Encode(privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) ([]byte, error) {
 	node, err := t.toIPLD(privKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ func (t *Token) Encode(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes, encFn codec.Encode
 }

 // EncodeWriter is the same as Encode, but accepts an io.Writer.
-func (t *Token) EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes, encFn codec.Encoder) error {
+func (t *Token) EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey, encFn codec.Encoder) error {
 	node, err := t.toIPLD(privKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -100,22 +101,22 @@ func (t *Token) EncodeWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes,
 }

 // ToDagCbor marshals the Token to the DAG-CBOR format.
-func (t *Token) ToDagCbor(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) ([]byte, error) {
+func (t *Token) ToDagCbor(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error) {
 	return t.Encode(privKey, dagcbor.Encode)
 }

 // ToDagCborWriter is the same as ToDagCbor, but it accepts an io.Writer.
-func (t *Token) ToDagCborWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) error {
+func (t *Token) ToDagCborWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error {
 	return t.EncodeWriter(w, privKey, dagcbor.Encode)
 }

 // ToDagJson marshals the Token to the DAG-JSON format.
-func (t *Token) ToDagJson(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) ([]byte, error) {
+func (t *Token) ToDagJson(privKey crypto.PrivKey) ([]byte, error) {
 	return t.Encode(privKey, dagjson.Encode)
 }

 // ToDagJsonWriter is the same as ToDagJson, but it accepts an io.Writer.
-func (t *Token) ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) error {
+func (t *Token) ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error {
 	return t.EncodeWriter(w, privKey, dagjson.Encode)
 }

@@ -124,29 +125,29 @@ func (t *Token) ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningByt
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
 // Token is invalid.
-func Decode(b []byte, decFn codec.Decoder, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
+func Decode(b []byte, decFn codec.Decoder) (*Token, error) {
 	node, err := ipld.Decode(b, decFn)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return FromIPLD(node, resolvOpts...)
+	return FromIPLD(node)
 }

 // DecodeReader is the same as Decode, but accept an io.Reader.
-func DecodeReader(r io.Reader, decFn codec.Decoder, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
+func DecodeReader(r io.Reader, decFn codec.Decoder) (*Token, error) {
 	node, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(r, decFn)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return FromIPLD(node, resolvOpts...)
+	return FromIPLD(node)
 }

 // FromDagCbor unmarshals the input data into a Token.
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
 // Token is invalid.
-func FromDagCbor(data []byte, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
-	pay, err := envelope.FromDagCbor[*tokenPayloadModel](data, resolvOpts...)
+func FromDagCbor(data []byte) (*Token, error) {
+	pay, err := envelope.FromDagCbor[*tokenPayloadModel](data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -160,26 +161,26 @@ func FromDagCbor(data []byte, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error
 }

 // FromDagCborReader is the same as FromDagCbor, but accept an io.Reader.
-func FromDagCborReader(r io.Reader, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
-	return DecodeReader(r, dagcbor.Decode, resolvOpts...)
+func FromDagCborReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, error) {
+	return DecodeReader(r, dagcbor.Decode)
 }

 // FromDagJson unmarshals the input data into a Token.
 //
 // An error is returned if the conversion fails, or if the resulting
 // Token is invalid.
-func FromDagJson(data []byte, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
-	return Decode(data, dagjson.Decode, resolvOpts...)
+func FromDagJson(data []byte) (*Token, error) {
+	return Decode(data, dagjson.Decode)
 }

 // FromDagJsonReader is the same as FromDagJson, but accept an io.Reader.
-func FromDagJsonReader(r io.Reader, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
-	return DecodeReader(r, dagjson.Decode, resolvOpts...)
+func FromDagJsonReader(r io.Reader) (*Token, error) {
+	return DecodeReader(r, dagjson.Decode)
 }

 // FromIPLD decode the given IPLD representation into a Token.
-func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token, error) {
-	pay, err := envelope.FromIPLD[*tokenPayloadModel](node, resolvOpts...)
+func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (*Token, error) {
+	pay, err := envelope.FromIPLD[*tokenPayloadModel](node)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -192,9 +193,18 @@ func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node, resolvOpts ...did.ResolutionOption) (*Token,
 	return tkn, err
 }

-func (t *Token) toIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivateKeySigningBytes) (datamodel.Node, error) {
+func (t *Token) toIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (datamodel.Node, error) {
+	// sanity check that privKey and issuer are matching
+	issPub, err := t.issuer.PubKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !issPub.Equals(privKey.GetPublic()) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("private key doesn't match the issuer")
+	}
+
 	var sub *string
-	if t.subject != nil {
+	if t.subject != did.Undef {
 		s := t.subject.String()
 		sub = &s
 	}
--- a/token/delegation/utilities.go
+++ b/token/delegation/utilities.go
@@ -15,10 +15,3 @@ type Loader interface {
 	// If not found, ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
 	GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*Token, error)
 }
-
-// Bundle carries together a decoded token with its Cid and raw signed data.
-type Bundle struct {
-	Cid     cid.Cid
-	Decoded *Token
-	Sealed  []byte
-}
--- a/token/delegation/options.go
+++ b/token/delegation/options.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package delegation
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 )

 // Option is a type that allows optional fields to be set during the
@@ -43,8 +45,7 @@ func WithMeta(key string, val any) Option {
 }

 // WithEncryptedMetaString adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
-// The string value is encrypted with the given key.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
+// The string value is encrypted with the given aesKey.
 func WithEncryptedMetaString(key, val string, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
 	return func(t *Token) error {
 		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
@@ -52,8 +53,7 @@ func WithEncryptedMetaString(key, val string, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
 }

 // WithEncryptedMetaBytes adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
-// The []byte value is encrypted with the given key.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
+// The []byte value is encrypted with the given aesKey.
 func WithEncryptedMetaBytes(key string, val, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
 	return func(t *Token) error {
 		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
@@ -83,6 +83,20 @@ func WithNotBeforeIn(nbf time.Duration) Option {
 	}
 }

+// WithSubject sets the Tokens's optional "subject" field to the value of
+// provided did.DID.
+//
+// This Option should only be used with the New constructor - since
+// Subject is a required parameter when creating a Token via the Root
+// constructor, any value provided via this Option will be silently
+// overwritten.
+func WithSubject(sub did.DID) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		t.subject = sub
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // WithNonce sets the Token's nonce with the given value.
 // If this option is not used, a random 12-byte nonce is generated for this required field.
 func WithNonce(nonce []byte) Option {
--- a/token/delegation/schema.go
+++ b/token/delegation/schema.go
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )

-// Tag is the string used as a key within the SigPayload that identifies
+// [Tag] is the string used as a key within the SigPayload that identifies
 // that the TokenPayload is a delegation.
 //
-// See: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#type-tag
+// [Tag]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#type-tag
 const Tag = "ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1"

 // TODO: update the above Tag URL once the delegation specification is merged.
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
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				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
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