policy: add a global boolean to enable tracing on policy matching

2024-11-07 10:43:01 +01:00
111 changed files with 880 additions and 5927 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/bench.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: go continuous benchmark
 on:
  push:
    branches:
-      - main
+      - v1

 permissions:
  contents: write
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
        with:
          go-version: "stable"
      - name: Run benchmark
--- a/.github/workflows/gotest.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gotest.yml
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}-latest
    name: ${{ matrix.os}} (go ${{ matrix.go }})
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v2
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
      - name: Go information
--- a/Readme.md
+++ b/Readme.md
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-<div align="center">
-  <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/v1/assets/logo.png" alt="go-ucan Logo" height="250"></img>
-  </a>
-
-  <h1 align="center">go-ucan</h1>
-
-  <p>
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/UCAN-v1.0.0--rc.1-blue" alt="UCAN v1.0.0-rc.1">
-    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tags">
-        <img alt="GitHub Tag" src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/tag/ucan-wg/go-ucan">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/actions?query=">
-      <img src="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/actions/workflows/gotest.yml/badge.svg" alt="Build Status">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://ucan-wg.github.io/go-ucan/dev/bench/">
-        <img alt="Go benchmarks" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Benchmarks-go-blue">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md">
-        <img alt="Apache 2.0 + MIT License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0+MIT-green">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Docs-godoc-blue" alt="Docs">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://discord.gg/JSyFG6XgVM">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Discord&message=join%20us!&color=mediumslateblue" alt="Discord">
-    </a>
-  </p>
-</div>
-
-This is a go library to help the next generation of web and decentralized applications make use
-of UCANs in their authorization flows.
-
-User Controlled Authorization Networks (UCANs) are a way of doing authorization where users are fully in control. OAuth is designed for a centralized world, UCAN is the distributed user controlled version.
-
-## Resources
-
-### Specifications
-
-The UCAN specification is separated in multiple sub-spec:
- [Main specification](https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec)
- [Delegation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld)
- [Invocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/invocation)
-
-Not implemented yet:
- [Revocation](https://github.com/ucan-wg/revocation/tree/first-draft)
- [Promise](https://github.com/ucan-wg/promise/tree/v1-rc1)
-
-### Talks
-
- [Decentralizing Auth, and UCAN Too - Brooklyn Zelenka (2023)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuHfrqw9gQA)
- [What's New in UCAN 1.0 - Brooklyn Zelenka (2024)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uohQzZcwF4)
-
-## Status
-
-`go-ucan` currently support the required parts of the UCAN specification: the main specification, delegation and invocation.
-
-Besides that, `go-ucan` also includes:
- a simplified [DID](https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/) and [did-key](https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-key/) implementation
- a [token container](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/tree/v1/pkg/container) with CBOR and CAR format, to package and carry tokens together, see [SPEC](pkg/container/SPEC.md)
- support for encrypted values in token's metadata
-
-## Getting Help
-
-For usage questions, usecases, or issues reach out to us in our `go-ucan`
-[Discord channel](https://discord.gg/3EHEQ6M8BC).
-
-We would be happy to try to answer your question or try opening a new issue on
-Github.
-
-## UCAN Gopher
-
-Artwork by [Bruno Monts](https://www.instagram.com/bruno_monts). Thank you [Renee French](http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/) for creating the [Go Gopher](https://blog.golang.org/gopher)
-
-## License
-
-This project is licensed under the double license [Apache 2.0 + MIT](https://github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/blob/v1/LICENSE.md).
--- a/assets/logo.png
+++ b/assets/logo.png
--- a/did/did.go
+++ b/did/did.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func MustParse(str string) DID {

 // Defined tells if the DID is defined, not equal to Undef.
 func (d DID) Defined() bool {
-	return d.code != 0 || len(d.bytes) > 0
+	return d.code == 0 || len(d.bytes) > 0
 }

 // PubKey returns the public key encapsulated by the did:key.
@@ -102,9 +102,6 @@ func (d DID) PubKey() (crypto.PubKey, error) {

 // String formats the decentralized identity document (DID) as a string.
 func (d DID) String() string {
-	if d == Undef {
-		return "(undefined)"
-	}
 	key, _ := mbase.Encode(mbase.Base58BTC, []byte(d.bytes))
 	return "did:key:" + key
 }
--- a/did/didtest/crypto.go
+++ b/did/didtest/crypto.go
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-// Package didtest provides Personas that can be used for testing.  Each
-// Persona has a name, crypto.PrivKey and associated crypto.PubKey and
-// did.DID.
-package didtest
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-)
-
-const (
-	alicePrivKeyB64 = "CAESQHdNJLBBiuc1AdwPHBkubB2KS1p0cv2JEF7m8tfwtrcm5ajaYPm+XmVCmtcHOF2lGDlmaiDA7emfwD3IrcyES0M="
-	bobPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQHBz+AIop1g+9iBDj+ufUc/zm9/ry7c6kDFO8Wl/D0+H63V9hC6s9l4npf3pYEFCjBtlR0AMNWMoFQKSlYNKo20="
-	carolPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQPrCgkcHnYFXDT9AlAydhPECBEivEuuVx9dJxLjVvDTmJIVNivfzg6H4mAiPfYS+5ryVVUZTHZBzvMuvvvG/Ks0="
-	danPrivKeyB64   = "CAESQCgNhzofKhC+7hW6x+fNd7iMPtQHeEmKRhhlduf/I7/TeOEFYAEflbJ0sAhMeDJ/HQXaAvsWgHEbJ3ZLhP8q2B0="
-	erinPrivKeyB64  = "CAESQKhCJo5UBpQcthko8DKMFsbdZ+qqQ5oc01CtLCqrE90dF2GfRlrMmot3WPHiHGCmEYi5ZMEHuiSI095e/6O4Bpw="
-	frankPrivKeyB64 = "CAESQDlXPKsy3jHh7OWTWQqyZF95Ueac5DKo7xD0NOBE5F2BNr1ZVxRmJ2dBELbOt8KP9sOACcO9qlCB7uMA1UQc7sk="
-)
-
-// Persona is a generic participant used for cryptographic testing.
-type Persona int
-
-// The provided Personas were selected from the first few generic
-// participants listed in this [table].
-//
-// [table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob#Cryptographic_systems
-const (
-	PersonaAlice Persona = iota + 1
-	PersonaBob
-	PersonaCarol
-	PersonaDan
-	PersonaErin
-	PersonaFrank
-)
-
-var privKeys map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey
-
-func init() {
-	privKeys = make(map[Persona]crypto.PrivKey, 6)
-	for persona, privKeyCfg := range privKeyB64() {
-		privKeyMar, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(privKeyCfg)
-		if err != nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		privKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(privKeyMar)
-		if err != nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		privKeys[persona] = privKey
-	}
-}
-
-// DID returns a did.DID based on the Persona's Ed25519 public key.
-func (p Persona) DID() did.DID {
-	d, err := did.FromPrivKey(p.PrivKey())
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return d
-}
-
-// Name returns the username of the Persona.
-func (p Persona) Name() string {
-	name, ok := map[Persona]string{
-		PersonaAlice: "Alice",
-		PersonaBob:   "Bob",
-		PersonaCarol: "Carol",
-		PersonaDan:   "Dan",
-		PersonaErin:  "Erin",
-		PersonaFrank: "Frank",
-	}[p]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown persona: %v", p))
-	}
-
-	return name
-}
-
-// PrivKey returns the Ed25519 private key for the Persona.
-func (p Persona) PrivKey() crypto.PrivKey {
-	res, ok := privKeys[p]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown persona: %v", p))
-	}
-	return res
-}
-
-func (p Persona) PrivKeyConfig() string {
-	res, ok := privKeyB64()[p]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown persona: %v", p))
-	}
-	return res
-}
-
-// PubKey returns the Ed25519 public key for the Persona.
-func (p Persona) PubKey() crypto.PubKey {
-	return p.PrivKey().GetPublic()
-}
-
-// PubKeyConfig returns the marshaled and encoded Ed25519 public key
-// for the Persona.
-func (p Persona) PubKeyConfig() string {
-	pubKeyMar, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(p.PrivKey().GetPublic())
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(pubKeyMar)
-}
-
-func privKeyB64() map[Persona]string {
-	return map[Persona]string{
-		PersonaAlice: alicePrivKeyB64,
-		PersonaBob:   bobPrivKeyB64,
-		PersonaCarol: carolPrivKeyB64,
-		PersonaDan:   danPrivKeyB64,
-		PersonaErin:  erinPrivKeyB64,
-		PersonaFrank: frankPrivKeyB64,
-	}
-}
-
-// Personas returns an (alphabetically) ordered list of the defined
-// Persona values.
-func Personas() []Persona {
-	return []Persona{
-		PersonaAlice,
-		PersonaBob,
-		PersonaCarol,
-		PersonaDan,
-		PersonaErin,
-		PersonaFrank,
-	}
-}
-
-// DidToName retrieve the persona's name from its DID.
-func DidToName(d did.DID) string {
-	return map[did.DID]string{
-		PersonaAlice.DID(): "Alice",
-		PersonaBob.DID():   "Bob",
-		PersonaCarol.DID(): "Carol",
-		PersonaDan.DID():   "Dan",
-		PersonaErin.DID():  "Erin",
-		PersonaFrank.DID(): "Frank",
-	}[d]
-}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ go 1.23

 require (
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0
-	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0
+	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1
 	github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.3
-	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.33.0
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multihash v0.2.3
 	github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 	gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1
 )

@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 // indirect
@@ -35,8 +34,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
 	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1 h1:EGx4pi6eqNxGaHF6qqu48+N2wcFQ5qg5FXgOdqsJ5d8=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1/go.mod h1:wJfORRmW1u3UXTncJ5qlYoELFm8eSnnEO6hX4iZ3EWY=
-github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0 h1:goEKKhaGm0ul11IHA7I6p1GmKz8kEYniqFopaB5Otwg=
-github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.5.0/go.mod h1:0L7vmeNXpQpUS9vt+yEARkJ8rOg43DF3iPgn4GIN0mk=
+github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1 h1:A/T3qGvxi4kpKWWcPC/PgbvDA2bjVLO7n4UeVwnbs/s=
+github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1/go.mod h1:uQHwDeX4c6CtyrFwdqyhpNcxVewur1M7l7fNU7LKwZk=
 github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0 h1:n4JmcpOlPDIxBcY037SVfpd1G+Sj1nKZah0m6QH9C2E=
 github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.21.0/go.mod h1:3RLqy//ERg/y5oShXXdx5YIp50cFGOanyMctpPjsvxQ=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible h1:xdiiI2gbIgH/gLH7ADydsJ1uDOEzR8yvV7C0MuV77Wo=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 h1:66ze0taIn2H33fBvCkXuv9BmCwDfafmiIVpKV9kKGuY=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9/go.mod h1:rqkxqrZ1EhYM9G+hXH7YdowN5R5RGN6NK4QwQ3WMXF8=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8 h1:+StwCXwm9PdpiEkPyzBXIy+M9KUb4ODm0Zarf1kS5BM=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:Lcz8mBdAVJIBVzewtcLocK12l3Y+JytZYpaMropDUws=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6 h1:qgmgIRhpvBqexMJjA/PmwSvhNk679oqD1RbovdCG
 github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc v1.0.6/go.mod h1:mwwz3JMTPBjHUkkDv/IGJ39aALInZLrhBp0X7KGUZlo=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2 h1:gMXo1q4c2pHmC3dn8LzRhJfP1ceCbgSiT9lUydIzltI=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/iter v1.0.2/go.mod h1:Momfcq3AnRlRjI5b5O8/G5/BvpzrhoFTZcn06fEOPt4=
-github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.3 h1:Ud4lb2QuxRClYAmRleF50KrbKIoM1TddXgBrneT5/Jo=
-github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:q6uFgbgZfEmQrfJfrCo90QcQOcXFMfbI/fO0NqRtvZo=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1 h1:Y2ltVl8J6izLYFs54BVcpXLv5msSW4o8eXwnzZLI32E=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:4LvZg7oxu6Q5VJwn7Mk/UwooNRnTHUpXBj2C4j3HNx0=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 h1:oAzP2fvZGQKWkvHa1/SAcFolBEca1oN+mQ7eooNBEYU=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1/go.mod h1:5ZHFbivi4xwXxhxY9XHDe2FHo6/Z7WWmtT7T5nBBp3I=
 github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0 h1:oK4mSFcQz7cTQIfqbe4MIj9gLW+mnanjyFtc6cdF0Y8=
 github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0/go.mod h1:N+vh8gMqimBzdKkSMVuydVDq+UV5QTWy5HSiZacSbPg=
-github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.33.0 h1:yTPSr8sJRbfeEYXyeN8VPVSlTlFjtMUwGDRniwaf/xQ=
-github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.33.0/go.mod h1:RIJFRQVUBKy82dnW7J5f1homqqv6NcsDJAl3e7CRGfE=
+github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3 h1:NHz30+G7D8Y8YmznrVZZla0ofVANrvBl2c+oARfMeDQ=
+github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.36.3/go.mod h1:4Y5vFyCUiJuluEPmpnKYf6WFx5ViKPUYs/ixe9ANFZ8=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 h1:6kaan5IFmwTNynnKKpDHe6FWHohJOHhCPchzK49dzMM=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Pz6AKMiUdngCLpeTL/RJY1M9rUuPMYujV5xJjtbRSN8=
 github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 h1:T/HDJBh4ZCPbU39/+c3rRvE0uKBQlU27+QI8LJ4t64o=
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 h1:pVx9xoSPqEIQG8o+UbAe7DNi51oej1NtK+aG
 github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Kj3tFY6zNr+ABYMqeUNeGvkIC/UYgtWibDcT0rExnbI=
 github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 h1:lFsAbNOGeKtuKozrtBsAkSVhv1p9D0/qedU9rQyccr0=
 github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qvnKE++v+2MWCfePClUEjE78Z7P2a1UV0xHgWc0hkp4=
-github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.12.2 h1:9G9sTY/wCYajKa9lyfWPmpZAwe6oV+Wb1zcmMS1HG24=
-github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.12.2/go.mod h1:GKyaTYjZRdcUhyOetrxTk9z0cW+jA/YrnqTOvKgi44M=
+github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0 h1:BCBzs61E3AGHcYYTv8dqRH43ZfyrqM8RXVPT8t13tLQ=
+github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0/go.mod h1:sBXrNzucqkFJhvKOiwwLyqamGa/P5EIXNPLovyhQCII=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0 h1:isdYCVLvksgWlMW9OZRYJEa9pZETFivncJHmHnnd87g=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0/go.mod h1:bFBZX4lKCA/2lyOFSAoKH5SS6oPyjtnzK/XTFDPkNuk=
 github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0 h1:pb/dlPnzee/Sxv/j4PmkDRxCOi3hXTz3IbPKOXWJkmg=
@@ -81,24 +81,25 @@ github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:JwIasOWyU6f++ZhiEuf87xNszmSA2myDM2
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
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 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.10/go.mod h1:Gos4lmkARVdJ6EkW0WaNv/tZAAMe9V7XWyB60NtXRu0=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0 h1:GDDkbFiaK8jsSDJfjId/PEGEShv6ugrt4kYsC5UIDaQ=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0/go.mod h1:x6AKhvSSexNrVSrViXSHUEbICjmGXhtgABaHIySUSGw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 h1:euUpcYgM8WcP71gNpTqQCn6rC2t6ULUPiOzfWaXVVfc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
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 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 h1:TPYlXGxvx1MGTn2GiZDhnjPA9wZzZeGKHHmKhHYvgaU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 h1:RI27ohtqKCnwULzJLqkv897zojh5/DwS/ENaMzUOaWI=
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 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190328211700-ab21143f2384/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.0 h1:mjIs9gYtt56AzC4ZaffQuh88TZurBGhIJMBZGSxNerQ=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.0/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
--- a/pkg/args/args.go
+++ b/pkg/args/args.go
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-// Package args provides the type that represents the Arguments passed to
-// a command within an invocation.Token as well as a convenient Add method
-// to incrementally build the underlying map.
-package args
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"iter"
-	"sort"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-)
-
-var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key not found in meta")
-
-// Args are the Command's arguments when an invocation Token is processed by the executor.
-// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations
-// and transformations, while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
-type Args struct {
-	// This type must be compatible with the IPLD type represented by the IPLD
-	// schema { String : Any }.
-
-	Keys   []string
-	Values map[string]ipld.Node
-}
-
-// New returns a pointer to an initialized Args value.
-func New() *Args {
-	return &Args{
-		Values: map[string]ipld.Node{},
-	}
-}
-
-// GetNode retrieves a value as a raw IPLD node.
-// Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
-func (a *Args) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	v, ok := a.Values[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return v, nil
-}
-
-// Add inserts a key/value pair in the Args set.
-//
-// Accepted types for val are any CBOR compatible type, or directly IPLD values.
-func (a *Args) Add(key string, val any) error {
-	if _, ok := a.Values[key]; ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("duplicate key %q", key)
-	}
-
-	node, err := literal.Any(val)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("value for key %q: %w", key, err)
-	}
-
-	a.Values[key] = node
-	a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-type Iterator interface {
-	Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node]
-}
-
-// Include merges the provided arguments into the existing arguments.
-//
-// If duplicate keys are encountered, the new value is silently dropped
-// without causing an error.
-func (a *Args) Include(other Iterator) {
-	for key, value := range other.Iter() {
-		if _, ok := a.Values[key]; ok {
-			// don't overwrite
-			continue
-		}
-		a.Values[key] = value
-		a.Keys = append(a.Keys, key)
-	}
-}
-
-// Len return the number of arguments.
-func (a *Args) Len() int {
-	return len(a.Keys)
-}
-
-// Iter iterates over the args key/values
-func (a *Args) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return func(yield func(string, ipld.Node) bool) {
-		for _, key := range a.Keys {
-			if !yield(key, a.Values[key]) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// ToIPLD wraps an instance of an Args with an ipld.Node.
-func (a *Args) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
-	sort.Strings(a.Keys)
-
-	return qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(a.Keys)), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-		for _, key := range a.Keys {
-			qp.MapEntry(ma, key, qp.Node(a.Values[key]))
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// Equals tells if two Args hold the same values.
-func (a *Args) Equals(other *Args) bool {
-	if len(a.Keys) != len(other.Keys) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if len(a.Values) != len(other.Values) {
-		return false
-	}
-	for _, key := range a.Keys {
-		if !ipld.DeepEqual(a.Values[key], other.Values[key]) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func (a *Args) String() string {
-	sort.Strings(a.Keys)
-
-	buf := strings.Builder{}
-	buf.WriteString("{")
-
-	for _, key := range a.Keys {
-		buf.WriteString("\n\t")
-		buf.WriteString(key)
-		buf.WriteString(": ")
-		buf.WriteString(strings.ReplaceAll(printer.Sprint(a.Values[key]), "\n", "\n\t"))
-		buf.WriteString(",")
-	}
-
-	if len(a.Keys) > 0 {
-		buf.WriteString("\n")
-	}
-	buf.WriteString("}")
-
-	return buf.String()
-}
-
-// ReadOnly returns a read-only version of Args.
-func (a *Args) ReadOnly() ReadOnly {
-	return ReadOnly{args: a}
-}
-
-// Clone makes a deep copy.
-func (a *Args) Clone() *Args {
-	res := &Args{
-		Keys:   make([]string, len(a.Keys)),
-		Values: make(map[string]ipld.Node, len(a.Values)),
-	}
-	copy(res.Keys, a.Keys)
-	for k, v := range a.Values {
-		res.Values[k] = v
-	}
-	return res
-}
-
-// Validate checks that all values in the Args are valid according to UCAN specs
-func (a *Args) Validate() error {
-	for key, value := range a.Values {
-		if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(value); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("value for key %q: %w", key, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/pkg/args/args_test.go
+++ b/pkg/args/args_test.go
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-package args_test
-
-import (
-	"maps"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/schema"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-)
-
-func TestArgs(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	const (
-		intKey    = "intKey"
-		mapKey    = "mapKey"
-		nilKey    = "nilKey"
-		boolKey   = "boolKey"
-		linkKey   = "linkKey"
-		listKey   = "listKey"
-		nodeKey   = "nodeKey"
-		uintKey   = "uintKey"
-		bytesKey  = "bytesKey"
-		floatKey  = "floatKey"
-		stringKey = "stringKey"
-	)
-
-	const (
-		expIntVal    = int64(-42)
-		expBoolVal   = true
-		expUintVal   = uint(42)
-		expStringVal = "stringVal"
-	)
-
-	var (
-		expMapVal = map[string]string{"keyOne": "valOne", "keyTwo": "valTwo"}
-		// expNilVal = (map[string]string)(nil)
-		expLinkVal  = cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")
-		expListVal  = []string{"elem1", "elem2", "elem3"}
-		expNodeVal  = literal.String("nodeVal")
-		expBytesVal = []byte{0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef}
-		expFloatVal = 42.0
-	)
-
-	argsIn := args.New()
-
-	for _, a := range []struct {
-		key string
-		val any
-	}{
-		{key: intKey, val: expIntVal},
-		{key: mapKey, val: expMapVal},
-		// {key:  nilKey, val: expNilVal},
-		{key: boolKey, val: expBoolVal},
-		{key: linkKey, val: expLinkVal},
-		{key: listKey, val: expListVal},
-		{key: uintKey, val: expUintVal},
-		{key: nodeKey, val: expNodeVal},
-		{key: bytesKey, val: expBytesVal},
-		{key: floatKey, val: expFloatVal},
-		{key: stringKey, val: expStringVal},
-	} {
-		require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add(a.key, a.val))
-	}
-
-	// Round-trip to DAG-CBOR
-	argsOut := roundTripThroughDAGCBOR(t, argsIn)
-	assert.ElementsMatch(t, argsIn.Keys, argsOut.Keys)
-	assert.Equal(t, argsIn.Values, argsOut.Values)
-
-	actMapVal := map[string]string{}
-	mit := argsOut.Values[mapKey].MapIterator()
-
-	for !mit.Done() {
-		k, v, err := mit.Next()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		ks := must(k.AsString())
-		vs := must(v.AsString())
-		actMapVal[ks] = vs
-	}
-
-	actListVal := []string{}
-	lit := argsOut.Values[listKey].ListIterator()
-
-	for !lit.Done() {
-		_, v, err := lit.Next()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		vs := must(v.AsString())
-
-		actListVal = append(actListVal, vs)
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, expIntVal, must(argsOut.Values[intKey].AsInt()))
-	assert.Equal(t, expMapVal, actMapVal) // TODO: special accessor
-	// TODO: the nil map comes back empty (but the right type)
-	// assert.Equal(t, expNilVal, actNilVal)
-	assert.Equal(t, expBoolVal, must(argsOut.Values[boolKey].AsBool()))
-	assert.Equal(t, expLinkVal.String(), must(argsOut.Values[linkKey].AsLink()).(datamodel.Link).String()) // TODO: special accessor
-	assert.Equal(t, expListVal, actListVal)                                                                // TODO: special accessor
-	assert.Equal(t, expNodeVal, argsOut.Values[nodeKey])
-	assert.Equal(t, expUintVal, uint(must(argsOut.Values[uintKey].AsInt())))
-	assert.Equal(t, expBytesVal, must(argsOut.Values[bytesKey].AsBytes()))
-	assert.Equal(t, expFloatVal, must(argsOut.Values[floatKey].AsFloat()))
-	assert.Equal(t, expStringVal, must(argsOut.Values[stringKey].AsString()))
-}
-
-func TestArgs_Include(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	argsIn := args.New()
-	require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add("key1", "val1"))
-	require.NoError(t, argsIn.Add("key2", "val2"))
-
-	argsOther := args.New()
-	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key2", "valOther")) // This should not overwrite key2 above
-	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key3", "val3"))
-	require.NoError(t, argsOther.Add("key4", "val4"))
-
-	argsIn.Include(argsOther)
-
-	assert.Len(t, argsIn.Values, 4)
-	assert.Equal(t, "val1", must(argsIn.Values["key1"].AsString()))
-	assert.Equal(t, "val2", must(argsIn.Values["key2"].AsString()))
-	assert.Equal(t, "val3", must(argsIn.Values["key3"].AsString()))
-	assert.Equal(t, "val4", must(argsIn.Values["key4"].AsString()))
-}
-
-func TestIterCloneEquals(t *testing.T) {
-	a := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("foo", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	expected := map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"foo": basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}
-
-	// args -> iter
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(a.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> iter
-	ro := a.ReadOnly()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(ro.Iter()))
-
-	// args -> clone -> iter
-	clone := a.Clone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(clone.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> WriteableClone -> iter
-	wclone := ro.WriteableClone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(wclone.Iter()))
-
-	require.True(t, a.Equals(wclone))
-	require.True(t, ro.Equals(wclone.ReadOnly()))
-}
-
-func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
-	a1 := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a1.Add("samekey", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, a1.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	a2 := args.New()
-
-	require.NoError(t, a2.Add("samekey", "othervalue")) // check no overwrite
-	require.NoError(t, a2.Add("otherkey", 1234))
-
-	a1.Include(a2)
-
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"samekey":  basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz":      basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-		"otherkey": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}, maps.Collect(a1.Iter()))
-}
-
-func TestArgsIntegerBounds(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		key     string
-		val     int64
-		wantErr string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "valid int",
-			key:  "valid",
-			val:  42,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "max safe integer",
-			key:  "max",
-			val:  limits.MaxInt53,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "min safe integer",
-			key:  "min",
-			val:  limits.MinInt53,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "exceeds max safe integer",
-			key:     "tooBig",
-			val:     limits.MaxInt53 + 1,
-			wantErr: "exceeds safe integer bounds",
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "below min safe integer",
-			key:     "tooSmall",
-			val:     limits.MinInt53 - 1,
-			wantErr: "exceeds safe integer bounds",
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "duplicate key",
-			key:     "duplicate",
-			val:     42,
-			wantErr: "duplicate key",
-		},
-	}
-
-	a := args.New()
-	require.NoError(t, a.Add("duplicate", 1)) // tests duplicate key
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := a.Add(tt.key, tt.val)
-			if tt.wantErr != "" {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				val, err := a.GetNode(tt.key)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				i, err := val.AsInt()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, tt.val, i)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-const (
-	argsSchema = "type Args { String : Any }"
-	argsName   = "Args"
-)
-
-var (
-	once      sync.Once
-	ts        *schema.TypeSystem
-	errSchema error
-)
-
-func argsType() schema.Type {
-	once.Do(func() {
-		ts, errSchema = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes([]byte(argsSchema))
-	})
-	if errSchema != nil {
-		panic(errSchema)
-	}
-
-	return ts.TypeByName(argsName)
-}
-
-func roundTripThroughDAGCBOR(t *testing.T, argsIn *args.Args) *args.Args {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	node, err := argsIn.ToIPLD()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	data, err := ipld.Encode(node, dagcbor.Encode)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	var argsOut args.Args
-	_, err = ipld.Unmarshal(data, dagcbor.Decode, &argsOut, argsType())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	return &argsOut
-}
-
-func must[T any](t T, err error) T {
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return t
-}
--- a/pkg/args/builder.go
+++ b/pkg/args/builder.go
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-package args
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-)
-
-// Builder allows the fluid construction of an Args.
-type Builder struct {
-	args *Args
-	errs error
-}
-
-// NewBuilder returns a Builder which will assemble the Args.
-func NewBuilder() *Builder {
-	return &Builder{
-		args: New(),
-	}
-}
-
-// Add inserts a new key/val into the Args being assembled while collecting
-// any errors caused by duplicate keys.
-func (b *Builder) Add(key string, val any) *Builder {
-	b.errs = errors.Join(b.errs, b.args.Add(key, val))
-
-	return b
-}
-
-// Build returns the assembled Args or an error containing a list of
-// errors encountered while trying to build the Args.
-func (b *Builder) Build() (*Args, error) {
-	if b.errs != nil {
-		return nil, b.errs
-	}
-
-	return b.args, nil
-}
-
-// BuildIPLD is the same as Build except it takes the additional step of
-// converting the Args to an ipld.Node.
-func (b *Builder) BuildIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
-	args, err := b.Build()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return args.ToIPLD()
-}
-
-// MustBuild is the same as Build except it panics if an error occurs.
-func (b *Builder) MustBuild() *Args {
-	args, err := b.Build()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(b.errs)
-	}
-
-	return args
-}
-
-// MustBuildIPLD is the same as BuildIPLD except it panics if an error
-// occurs.
-func (b *Builder) MustBuildIPLD() ipld.Node {
-	node, err := b.BuildIPLD()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return node
-}
--- a/pkg/args/builder_test.go
+++ b/pkg/args/builder_test.go
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-package args_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-)
-
-func TestBuilder_XXX(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	const (
-		keyOne = "key1"
-		valOne = "string"
-		keyTwo = "key2"
-		valTwo = 42
-	)
-
-	exp := args.New()
-	exp.Add(keyOne, valOne)
-	exp.Add(keyTwo, valTwo)
-
-	expNode, err := exp.ToIPLD()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	disjointKeys := args.NewBuilder().
-		Add(keyOne, valOne).
-		Add(keyTwo, valTwo)
-
-	duplicateKeys := args.NewBuilder().
-		Add(keyOne, valOne).
-		Add(keyTwo, valTwo).
-		Add(keyOne, "oh no!")
-
-	t.Run("MustBuild succeeds with disjoint keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act *args.Args
-
-		require.NotPanics(t, func() {
-			act = disjointKeys.MustBuild()
-		})
-		assert.Equal(t, exp, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuild fails with duplicate keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act *args.Args
-
-		require.Panics(t, func() {
-			act = duplicateKeys.MustBuild()
-		})
-		assert.Nil(t, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuildIPLD succeeds with disjoint keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act ipld.Node
-
-		require.NotPanics(t, func() {
-			act = disjointKeys.MustBuildIPLD()
-		})
-		assert.Equal(t, expNode, act)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("MustBuildIPLD fails with duplicate keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		var act ipld.Node
-
-		require.Panics(t, func() {
-			act = duplicateKeys.MustBuildIPLD()
-		})
-		assert.Nil(t, act)
-	})
-}
--- a/pkg/args/readonly.go
+++ b/pkg/args/readonly.go
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package args
-
-import (
-	"iter"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-)
-
-type ReadOnly struct {
-	args *Args
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	return r.args.GetNode(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Len() int {
-	return r.args.Len()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return r.args.Iter()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) ToIPLD() (ipld.Node, error) {
-	return r.args.ToIPLD()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other ReadOnly) bool {
-	return r.args.Equals(other.args)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
-	return r.args.String()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) WriteableClone() *Args {
-	return r.args.Clone()
-}
--- a/pkg/command/command.go
+++ b/pkg/command/command.go
@@ -98,34 +98,7 @@ func (c Command) Join(segments ...string) Command {
 // Segments returns the ordered segments that comprise the Command as a
 // slice of strings.
 func (c Command) Segments() []string {
-	if c == separator {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return strings.Split(string(c), separator)[1:]
-}
-
-// Covers returns true if the command is identical or a parent of the given other command.
-func (c Command) Covers(other Command) bool {
-	// fast-path, equivalent to the code below (verified with fuzzing)
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(string(other), string(c)) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return c == separator || len(c) == len(other) || other[len(c)] == separator[0]
-
-	/* -------
-
-	otherSegments := other.Segments()
-	if len(otherSegments) < len(c.Segments()) {
-		return false
-	}
-	for i, s := range c.Segments() {
-		if otherSegments[i] != s {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-
-	*/
+	return strings.Split(string(c), separator)
 }

 // String returns the composed representation the command.  This is also
--- a/pkg/command/command_test.go
+++ b/pkg/command/command_test.go
@@ -73,21 +73,6 @@ func TestJoin(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "/faz/boz/foo/bar", command.MustParse("/faz/boz").Join("foo", "bar").String())
 }

-func TestSegments(t *testing.T) {
-	require.Empty(t, command.Top().Segments())
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Segments())
-}
-
-func TestCovers(t *testing.T) {
-	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
-	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
-	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar")))
-	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo")))
-	require.True(t, command.MustParse("/").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar/baz")))
-	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo00")))
-	require.False(t, command.MustParse("/foo/bar").Covers(command.MustParse("/foo/bar00")))
-}
-
 type testcase struct {
 	name string
 	inp  string
--- a/pkg/container/SPEC.md
+++ b/pkg/container/SPEC.md
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-# UCAN container Specification v0.1.0
-
-## Editors
-
-* [Michael Muré], [Consensys]
-
-## Authors
-
-* [Michael Muré], [Consensys]
-* [Hugo Dias]
-
-## Language
-
-The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [BCP 14] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
-
-# 0 Abstract
-
-[User-Controlled Authorization Network (UCAN)][UCAN] is a trustless, secure, local-first, user-originated authorization and revocation scheme. This document describes a container format for transmitting one or more UCAN tokens as bytes, regardless of the transport.
-
-# 1 Introduction
-
-The UCAN spec itself is transport agnostic. This specification describes how to transfer one or more [UCAN] tokens bundled together, regardless of the transport.
-
-# 2 Container format
-
-## 2.1 Inner structure
-
-UCAN tokens, regardless of their kind ([Delegation], [Invocation], [Revocation], [Promise]) MUST be first signed and serialized into DAG-CBOR bytes according to their respective specification. As the token's CID is not part of the serialized container, any CID returned by this operation is to be ignored.
-
-All the tokens' bytes MUST be assembled in a [CBOR] array. The ordering of tokens in the array MUST NOT matter. This array SHOULD NOT have duplicate entries.
-
-That array is then inserted as the value under the `ctn-v1` string key, in a CBOR map. There MUST NOT be other keys.
-
-For clarity, the CBOR shape is given below:
-
-```json
-{
-  "ctn-v1": [
-    <token1 bytes>,
-    <token2 bytes>,
-    <token3 bytes>,
-  ]
-}
-```
-
-## 2.2 Serialisation
-
-To serialize the container into bytes, the inner CBOR structure MUST then be serialized into bytes according to the CBOR specification. The resulting bytes MAY be compressed by a supported algorithm, then MAY be encoded with a supported base encoding.
-
-The following compression algorithms are REQUIRED to be supported:
- [GZIP]
-
-The following base encoding combinations are REQUIRED to be supported:
- base64, standard alphabet, padding
- base64, URL alphabet, no padding
-
-The CBOR bytes MUST be prepended by a single byte header to indicate the selection combination of base encoding and compression. This header value MUST be set according to the following table:
-
-| Header as hex | Header as ASCII | Base encoding           | Compression    |
-|---------------|-----------------|-------------------------|----------------|
-| 0x40          | @               | raw bytes               | no compression | 
-| 0x42          | B               | base64 std padding      | no compression | 
-| 0x43          | C               | base64 url (no padding) | no compression | 
-| 0x4D          | M               | raw bytes               | gzip           | 
-| 0x4F          | O               | base64 std padding      | gzip           | 
-| 0x50          | P               | base64 url (no padding) | gzip           | 
-
-For clarity, the resulting serialisation is in the form of `<header byte><cbor bytes, optionally compressed, optionally encoded>`.
-
-# 3 FAQ
-
-## 3.1 Why not include the UCAN CIDs?
-
-Several attacks are possible if UCAN tokens aren't validated. If CIDs aren't validated, at least two attacks are possible: [privilege escalation] and [cache poisoning], as UCAN delegation proofs depends on a correct hash-linked structure.
-
-By not including the CID in the container, the recipient is forced to hash (and thus validate) the CIDs for each token. If presented with a claimed CID paired with the token bytes, implementers could ignore CID validation, breaking a core part of the proof chain security model. Hash functions are very fast on a couple kilobytes of data so the overhead is still very low. It also significantly reduces the size of the container.
-
-## 3.2 Why compress? Why not always compress?
-
-Compression is a relatively demanding operation. As such, using it is a tradeoff between size on the wire and CPU/memory usage, both when writing and reading a container. The transport itself can make compression worthwhile or not: for example, HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 headers are already compressed, but HTTP/1 headers are not. This being highly contextual, the choice is left to the final implementer.
-
-# 4 Implementation recommendations
-
-## 4.1 Dissociate reader and writer
-
-While it is tempting to write a single implementation to read and write a container, it is RECOMMENDED to separate the implementation into a reader and a writer. The writer can simply accept arbitrary tokens as bytes, while the reader provides a read-only view with convenient access functions.
-
-# 5 Acknowledgments
-
-Many thanks to all the [Fission] team and in particular to [Brooklyn Zelenka] for creating and pushing [UCAN] and other critical pieces like [WNFS], and generally being awesome and supportive people.
-
-<!-- External Links -->
-
-[BCP 14]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp14
-[Brooklyn Zelenka]: https://github.com/expede
-[CBOR]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949.html
-[Consensys]: https://consensys.io/
-[Delegation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld
-[Fission]: https://fission.codes
-[GZIP]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1952
-[Hugo Dias]: https://github.com/hugomrdias
-[Invocation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/invocation
-[Michael Muré]: https://github.com/MichaelMure/
-[Promise]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/promise/tree/v1-rc1
-[Revocation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/revocation/tree/first-draft
-[UCAN]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec
-[WNFS]: https://github.com/wnfs-wg
-[cache poisoning]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_poisoning
-[privilede escalation]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation
--- a/pkg/container/car_test.go
+++ b/pkg/container/car_test.go
@@ -40,13 +40,6 @@ func TestCarRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func FuzzCarRoundTrip(f *testing.F) {
-	// Note: this fuzzing is somewhat broken.
-	// After some time, the fuzzer discover that a varint can be serialized in different
-	// ways that lead to the same integer value. This means that the CAR format can have
-	// multiple legal binary representation for the exact same data, which is what we are
-	// trying to detect here. Ideally, the format would be stricter, but that's how things
-	// are.
-
 	example, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/sample-v1.car")
 	require.NoError(f, err)

--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPadding
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPadding
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPaddingGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64StdPaddingGzipped
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-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
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URL
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URL
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URLGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Base64URLGzipped
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-PH4sIAAAAAAAA_5zWa5cUxR3HcVcRiejmuCII3siKwgnubnd1dVW1eIS5rzM9w8zs3HZETFd19_T07PTcZ2cH1KMgoB41YgIo3nM0G1GCRhCRiILIEaIhIEo0Bi9c9ewaFfEazYMd8iCPdvIGvk8-p_71e1RnZaujyt_e2_LQLYk5Fbb1QefFR9-_5LzWO59-9PfWoWV_nN_f177z06eH31j13Je8-Wpk35bTccKjtV_22MRfnz9DufuSg8Ntn02KzZtw83sLxj-mGE441FIoVZhidal9qTl8J9fJdRRZJz_IlIpaI2pavTKjDVxZR_5MQXa4aFIFgr-gMCrrOTWUqWNajNZERzin0GLRz7IxsTcfAgnGsqrRpedyXVQpMq2Wn5K68dmLWLpU-p9msRbQ-usuHEsGorZK0BbwxWzxvCdrhDK2vL23UMCRTM0RlStVxPK5vpsXMaWvj3Vee90i5Wq9s6r0VbRTWalC__-smtXKyu8MERNOwJSZkCACeAFgzkC6xGkYAhOLqkJEiBXJkJAuCUBUTMIA4KEgAEWzchbT5DXHfxwc7LiqNnPmRwdHgBa8NO6jDQ9uvW6wa7DHYetfP3DxO4s7JhybLa1YcerUV-Yae7aDww_P2_zjvH9euWqOOW3yjBWtO2__bKzLvfnR_enEpmaBMtFuy4qEsgrlqRMpPm86mql6apjI4V63V_bFgl5WT-USpQhDowVK2amiFmM8tEUsiRJcCeowHM9AvVQreLGE83LMkcBBI99dAE0ANZNtAGFewJjwkilBJPG8TphoKEQhmihKpsgBXuIVhXEGRRQpRGAmhzkRqIpOaQNo4afuoTWTj60cfjw5fQQoxy98ZPGmF3YsWLJo8voJ587Y9-X38geyLBq_nHXZIy9fPun5m1pebqVzv7J-NuaM08XEzYl3v3kmtfuCr2Yc-VAa3vtxS7NAnpKSKsBEzVaMphWdFB0kgNSEgHpwiPe7a0qaxYtVG_SVq_7RAhkey-asYmfUZ1XKMbGSr-Vo1UZ60rZyNV6Uy8l8MY_iES1ic0abAGom2wCCEqcLVFRNpEKBaghAaCBJUYgKOVNVGMQCUyXRQBqFTJWwKQkIIoZFQW8AvZV64bRDez_6flYbbmu8oDa_euu2yJB9w1vX3uO-YrZvobj2yK07V7-1YebjrRcgbsvS4fiyJ9_gpx4KvT5n_A7PTz-cqF_asuuaoTFnn2N-bbU2CaSHi0bJlrEi3kyh6NFrgqOu59VKOJ2t9Xj4sllT4wXqJdFQfzI2aiBvIGSG_Zls2IsDSdKblRV3QlQz2X7Z2evudVBk16QIM1yiCZsBaiLbAOIEnROQppu8AjgKiKqIhgQVwDQCTCKJkqCIBIqGpoicCilvcoxDWJewcPLE3TD0fHzb0y_BrtRd2gjQN3fd--36ju_CYzuV8adcsOeA95UvVv-09N1t05_bN7DllouWTN-18r4nTm-9Y8uZ2L02fj1XLizHlzyfrZ-x65Pt503b0uyJs0oDhpWuSh4vwFpJjlcDciKRCbtQTzmvxkWrKIWCUQm51FomO1ogKyMLyXSPx0xHxKrixwFT7a9XgzUUTuedXgDi8XKmgGJmJOwMNQHUTLYBhERGkE6YCTXEYYAYxxuE5xGnCbopAkWjAtCgbhCMKAUQmQqkvA4wJaQBpNyhPfDyK9Ijs-yOv40ArTv_hoMtSbB12NjtzD1Ef35ow47k_D3frn41f-2LX6YmdTxzzba3t180_7XFV5m-fz304tj2Td-t7Nx_oblszv7ctI2Hmz1xhayl1myOkhEOxUt2S_S4shFvMI7dIbseyPa4AlalJ8q6g2KhGBktUJGVfQEaSsXtsK7EnXnC6zIP84ZHrYUyGR9vcxXj9lwuaIvG7E0ANZM9-QcBHkNCNFMFEKhYFTRiSBoUOV0RTE3DKmWMCJKhijzgeJWakgoIwyLUuAZQSlq-Y177mBOSHt49AjRF-PBAe9d1H3ffcvyZczrHLAhP9X3jC5y797YFa-mNxYl_evDqo4fu_8NZh3d88un1R1f_5cfBf8_76p3tv_psyooll_k-nj2mWaC6b8BCmVrCytYjIFZKF1wytmUFKdijVuoCLIdrBV8dk3AxbIwWqJRAkpyRMnkY9ReLcipX8PR3u6RcrheykFINGCCc7-lJ25LMpjUB1Ez25IljDHFYpCYUiUYR4yVkUMKYIEiSiTDBSFcRgAajPAOU6ibjmShBToOwAXRf-6V31zceuXHdjHV9I0D7Jn7wgXzr4TVX_-PYw_mpLatO69_qW7R1Q-m8o9OcsGP2rM_f3lM_3n0_-aL18zWHV-eHzkik9r4_LriMt16a98Tm889sdiTASDqRwFLW3evj6_mU6i96cqInGEY4Ea0F1brlsPUXJSlCrcpogfRCzGll1YKRsqXrWEuVajq21wK5buKv5FxOV7wQy4Wz5Wwg3NRIaCbbABKopoi6BkymSSrTRCpSQ8UqEEQBmkTTBQp0VcSGBgAvYaiZCgQMUiz89wXdVtm7cNtjqvLmb5ZtHAHq2vfX9Uem2q-ZXTzw3oub0ruemj52f29hwuWeZ2_6_qylidcO5d9p3310-_wptTV3Dv1WXZzbuLsNDU2-dzDy7Sf84MxxTQKZAxWi5wO0Agci0WTOnStHklUpbPaHSi7JcsV9UbvH6_IHzHTVNeqRwLtlj6rV_T3ZehxGex2KLA3EXX4XhNmaGZdj-VjCRgy37HA4mhkJTWQbQBImhOkcbyIeQA1oiOcNBVBEdBWYlOc0IgBAREPnBYoABSavUAI0RhFuAM22T_nzs8NTTyz94YFVI0Bze_9-4utz3dvfW5B7fXL7uJWvr-1rO-uG5evusY_jlk-ynvzheOfE5IFIt4ieunAfO3bK-CWuX2w-0HbQP_fDi-8Y2NPsitNYLCfr2YLGEhrwg7LNoL3ZWKLSAzwDxNvNV_OA1L0oFVdToz5xuURswBupyoo7Ggua8Vg8kIjV5TLvcyCUDJsV7PXKuglTehn5mwBqJnvyBSEd6qpKTV5HCEOeU4mBCJSwpImmIkBd4BRGoUEUHUlMQ6amQVVVJB2CBpBwxRsH-9-cvnYnOfvd_wQAAP__hMJ751MQAAA
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/Bytes
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/Bytes
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/BytesGzipped
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/BytesGzipped
--- a/pkg/container/containertest/containertest.go
+++ b/pkg/container/containertest/containertest.go
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-package containertest
-
-import _ "embed"
-
-//go:embed Base64StdPadding
-var Base64StdPadding string
-
-//go:embed Base64StdPaddingGzipped
-var Base64StdPaddingGzipped string
-
-//go:embed Base64URL
-var Base64URL string
-
-//go:embed Base64URLGzipped
-var Base64URLGzipped string
-
-//go:embed Bytes
-var Bytes []byte
-
-//go:embed BytesGzipped
-var BytesGzipped []byte
--- a/pkg/container/packaging.go
+++ b/pkg/container/packaging.go
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-)
-
-const containerVersionTag = "ctn-v1"
-
-type header byte
-
-const (
-	headerRawBytes             = header(0x40)
-	headerBase64StdPadding     = header(0x42)
-	headerBase64URL            = header(0x43)
-	headerRawBytesGzip         = header(0x4D)
-	headerBase64StdPaddingGzip = header(0x4F)
-	headerBase64URLGzip        = header(0x50)
-)
-
-func (h header) encoder(w io.Writer) *payloadWriter {
-	res := &payloadWriter{rawWriter: w, writer: w, header: h}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerBase64StdPadding, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip:
-		b64Writer := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, res.writer)
-		res.writer = b64Writer
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{b64Writer}, res.closers...)
-	case headerBase64URL, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		b64Writer := base64.NewEncoder(base64.RawURLEncoding, res.writer)
-		res.writer = b64Writer
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{b64Writer}, res.closers...)
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytesGzip, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		gzipWriter := gzip.NewWriter(res.writer)
-		res.writer = gzipWriter
-		res.closers = append([]io.Closer{gzipWriter}, res.closers...)
-	}
-
-	return res
-}
-
-func payloadDecoder(r io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
-	headerBuf := make([]byte, 1)
-	_, err := r.Read(headerBuf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	h := header(headerBuf[0])
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytes,
-		headerBase64StdPadding,
-		headerBase64URL,
-		headerRawBytesGzip,
-		headerBase64StdPaddingGzip,
-		headerBase64URLGzip:
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown container header")
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerBase64StdPadding, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip:
-		r = base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r)
-	case headerBase64URL, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		r = base64.NewDecoder(base64.RawURLEncoding, r)
-	}
-
-	switch h {
-	case headerRawBytesGzip, headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, headerBase64URLGzip:
-		gzipReader, err := gzip.NewReader(r)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		r = gzipReader
-	}
-
-	return r, nil
-}
-
-var _ io.WriteCloser = &payloadWriter{}
-
-// payloadWriter is tasked with two things:
-// - prepend the header byte
-// - call Close() on all the underlying io.Writer
-type payloadWriter struct {
-	rawWriter   io.Writer
-	writer      io.Writer
-	header      header
-	headerWrote bool
-	closers     []io.Closer
-}
-
-func (w *payloadWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	if !w.headerWrote {
-		_, err := w.rawWriter.Write([]byte{byte(w.header)})
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		w.headerWrote = true
-	}
-	return w.writer.Write(p)
-}
-
-func (w *payloadWriter) Close() error {
-	var errs error
-	for _, closer := range w.closers {
-		if err := closer.Close(); err != nil {
-			errs = errors.Join(errs, err)
-		}
-	}
-	return errs
-}
--- a/pkg/container/reader.go
+++ b/pkg/container/reader.go
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 package container

 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"iter"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/cbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token"
@@ -18,67 +17,96 @@ import (
 )

 var ErrNotFound = fmt.Errorf("not found")
-var ErrMultipleInvocations = fmt.Errorf("multiple invocations")

 // Reader is a token container reader. It exposes the tokens conveniently decoded.
-type Reader map[cid.Cid]bundle
+type Reader map[cid.Cid]token.Token

-type bundle struct {
-	sealed []byte
-	token  token.Token
+// GetToken returns an arbitrary decoded token, from its CID.
+// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetToken(cid cid.Cid) (token.Token, error) {
+	tkn, ok := ctn[cid]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	return tkn, nil
 }

-// FromBytes decodes a container from a []byte
-func FromBytes(data []byte) (Reader, error) {
-	return FromReader(bytes.NewReader(data))
+// GetDelegation is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Token, with the right type.
+func (ctn Reader) GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
+	tkn, err := ctn.GetToken(cid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tkn, ok := tkn.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+		return tkn, nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not a delegation token")
 }

-// FromString decodes a container from a string
-func FromString(s string) (Reader, error) {
-	return FromReader(strings.NewReader(s))
+// GetAllDelegations returns all the delegation.Token in the container.
+func (ctn Reader) GetAllDelegations() iter.Seq2[cid.Cid, *delegation.Token] {
+	return func(yield func(cid.Cid, *delegation.Token) bool) {
+		for c, t := range ctn {
+			if t, ok := t.(*delegation.Token); ok {
+				if !yield(c, t) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

-// FromReader decodes a container from an io.Reader.
-func FromReader(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
-	payload, err := payloadDecoder(r)
+// GetInvocation returns the first found invocation.Token.
+// If none are found, ErrNotFound is returned.
+func (ctn Reader) GetInvocation() (*invocation.Token, error) {
+	for _, t := range ctn {
+		if inv, ok := t.(*invocation.Token); ok {
+			return inv, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ErrNotFound
+}
+
+func FromCar(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	_, it, err := readCar(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	n, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(payload, cbor.Decode)
+	ctn := make(Reader)
+
+	for block, err := range it {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		err = ctn.addToken(block.data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctn, nil
+}
+
+func FromCarBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCar(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
+}
+
+func FromCbor(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	n, err := ipld.DecodeStreaming(r, dagcbor.Decode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if n.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_Map {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: expected map")
-	}
-	if n.Length() != 1 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: expected single version key")
+	if n.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_List {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("not a list")
 	}

-	// get the first (and only) key-value pair
-	it := n.MapIterator()
-	key, tokensNode, err := it.Next()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	ctn := make(Reader, n.Length())

-	version, err := key.AsString()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: version must be string")
-	}
-	if version != containerVersionTag {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported container version: %s", version)
-	}
-
-	if tokensNode.Kind() != datamodel.Kind_List {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid container format: tokens must be a list")
-	}
-
-	ctn := make(Reader, tokensNode.Length())
-	it2 := tokensNode.ListIterator()
-	for !it2.Done() {
-		_, val, err := it2.Next()
+	it := n.ListIterator()
+	for !it.Done() {
+		_, val, err := it.Next()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -94,105 +122,8 @@ func FromReader(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
 	return ctn, nil
 }

-// GetToken returns an arbitrary decoded token, from its CID.
-// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetToken(cid cid.Cid) (token.Token, error) {
-	bndl, ok := ctn[cid]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return bndl.token, nil
-}
-
-// GetSealed returns an arbitrary sealed token, from its CID.
-// If not found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetSealed(cid cid.Cid) ([]byte, error) {
-	bndl, ok := ctn[cid]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return bndl.sealed, nil
-}
-
-// GetAllTokens return all the tokens in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllTokens() iter.Seq[token.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(token.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if !yield(token.Bundle{
-				Cid:     c,
-				Decoded: bndl.token,
-				Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-			}) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// GetDelegation is the same as GetToken but only return a delegation.Token, with the right type.
-// If not found, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
-	tkn, err := ctn.GetToken(cid)
-	if err != nil { // only ErrNotFound expected
-		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-	}
-	if tkn, ok := tkn.(*delegation.Token); ok {
-		return tkn, nil
-	}
-	return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-}
-
-// GetAllDelegations returns all the delegation.Token in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllDelegations() iter.Seq[delegation.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(delegation.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if t, ok := bndl.token.(*delegation.Token); ok {
-				if !yield(delegation.Bundle{
-					Cid:     c,
-					Decoded: t,
-					Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-				}) {
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// GetInvocation returns a single invocation.Token.
-// If none are found, ErrNotFound is returned.
-// If more than one invocation exists, ErrMultipleInvocations is returned.
-func (ctn Reader) GetInvocation() (*invocation.Token, error) {
-	var res *invocation.Token
-	for _, bndl := range ctn {
-		if inv, ok := bndl.token.(*invocation.Token); ok {
-			if res != nil {
-				return nil, ErrMultipleInvocations
-			}
-			res = inv
-		}
-	}
-	if res == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNotFound
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}
-
-// GetAllInvocations returns all the invocation.Token in the container.
-func (ctn Reader) GetAllInvocations() iter.Seq[invocation.Bundle] {
-	return func(yield func(invocation.Bundle) bool) {
-		for c, bndl := range ctn {
-			if t, ok := bndl.token.(*invocation.Token); ok {
-				if !yield(invocation.Bundle{
-					Cid:     c,
-					Decoded: t,
-					Sealed:  bndl.sealed,
-				}) {
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+func FromCborBase64(r io.Reader) (Reader, error) {
+	return FromCbor(base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, r))
 }

 func (ctn Reader) addToken(data []byte) error {
@@ -200,19 +131,6 @@ func (ctn Reader) addToken(data []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctn[c] = bundle{
-		sealed: data,
-		token:  tkn,
-	}
+	ctn[c] = tkn
 	return nil
 }
-
-// ToWriter convert a container Reader into a Writer.
-// Most likely, you only want to use this in tests for convenience.
-func (ctn Reader) ToWriter() Writer {
-	writer := NewWriter()
-	for _, bndl := range ctn {
-		writer.AddSealed(bndl.sealed)
-	}
-	return writer
-}
--- a/pkg/container/serial_test.go
+++ b/pkg/container/serial_test.go
@@ -22,22 +22,14 @@ import (

 func TestContainerRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name           string
-		expectedHeader header
-		writer         any
+		name   string
+		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
+		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
 	}{
-		{"Bytes", headerRawBytes, Writer.ToBytes},
-		{"BytesWriter", headerRawBytes, Writer.ToBytesWriter},
-		{"BytesGzipped", headerRawBytesGzip, Writer.ToBytesGzipped},
-		{"BytesGzippedWriter", headerRawBytesGzip, Writer.ToBytesGzippedWriter},
-		{"Base64StdPadding", headerBase64StdPadding, Writer.ToBase64StdPadding},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingWriter", headerBase64StdPadding, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingWriter},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzipped", headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzippedWriter", headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter},
-		{"Base64URL", headerBase64URL, Writer.ToBase64URL},
-		{"Base64URLWriter", headerBase64URL, Writer.ToBase64URLWriter},
-		{"Base64URLGzipped", headerBase64URLGzip, Writer.ToBase64URLGzipped},
-		{"Base64URLGzipWriter", headerBase64URLGzip, Writer.ToBase64URLGzipWriter},
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			tokens := make(map[cid.Cid]*delegation.Token)
@@ -47,53 +39,21 @@ func TestContainerRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {

 			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				dlg, c, data := randToken()
-				writer.AddSealed(data)
+				writer.AddSealed(c, data)
 				tokens[c] = dlg
 				dataSize += len(data)
 			}

-			var reader Reader
-			var serialLen int
+			buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)

-			switch fn := tc.writer.(type) {
-			case func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error:
-				buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
-				err := fn(writer, buf)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = buf.Len()
+			err := tc.writer(writer, buf)
+			require.NoError(t, err)

-				h, err := buf.ReadByte()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), h)
-				err = buf.UnreadByte()
-				require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Logf("data size %d", dataSize)
+			t.Logf("container overhead: %d%%, %d bytes", int(float32(buf.Len()-dataSize)/float32(dataSize)*100.0), buf.Len()-dataSize)

-				reader, err = FromReader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			case func(ctn Writer) ([]byte, error):
-				b, err := fn(writer)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = len(b)
-
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), b[0])
-
-				reader, err = FromBytes(b)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			case func(ctn Writer) (string, error):
-				s, err := fn(writer)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				serialLen = len(s)
-
-				require.Equal(t, byte(tc.expectedHeader), s[0])
-
-				reader, err = FromString(s)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-
-			t.Logf("data size %d, container size %d, overhead: %d%%, %d bytes",
-				dataSize, serialLen, int(float32(serialLen-dataSize)/float32(dataSize)*100.0), serialLen-dataSize)
+			reader, err := tc.reader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
+			require.NoError(t, err)

 			for c, dlg := range tokens {
 				tknRead, err := reader.GetToken(c)
@@ -138,18 +98,16 @@ func BenchmarkContainerSerialisation(b *testing.B) {
 		writer func(ctn Writer, w io.Writer) error
 		reader func(io.Reader) (Reader, error)
 	}{
-		{"Bytes", Writer.ToBytesWriter, FromReader},
-		{"BytesGzipped", Writer.ToBytesGzippedWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64StdPadding", Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64StdPaddingGzipped", Writer.ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64URL", Writer.ToBase64URLWriter, FromReader},
-		{"Base64URLGzip", Writer.ToBase64URLGzipWriter, FromReader},
+		{"car", Writer.ToCar, FromCar},
+		{"carBase64", Writer.ToCarBase64, FromCarBase64},
+		{"cbor", Writer.ToCbor, FromCbor},
+		{"cborBase64", Writer.ToCborBase64, FromCborBase64},
 	} {
 		writer := NewWriter()

 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-			_, _, data := randToken()
-			writer.AddSealed(data)
+			_, c, data := randToken()
+			writer.AddSealed(c, data)
 		}

 		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
@@ -202,12 +160,13 @@ func randToken() (*delegation.Token, cid.Cid, []byte) {

 	opts := []delegation.Option{
 		delegation.WithExpiration(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)),
+		delegation.WithSubject(iss),
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		opts = append(opts, delegation.WithMeta(randomString(8), randomString(10)))
 	}

-	t, err := delegation.Root(iss, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
+	t, err := delegation.New(priv, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -217,29 +176,3 @@ func randToken() (*delegation.Token, cid.Cid, []byte) {
 	}
 	return t, c, b
 }
-
-func FuzzContainerRead(f *testing.F) {
-	// Generate a corpus
-	for tokenCount := 0; tokenCount < 10; tokenCount++ {
-		writer := NewWriter()
-		for i := 0; i < tokenCount; i++ {
-			_, _, data := randToken()
-			writer.AddSealed(data)
-		}
-		data, err := writer.ToBytes()
-		require.NoError(f, err)
-
-		f.Add(data)
-	}
-
-	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
-		start := time.Now()
-
-		// search for panics
-		_, _ = FromBytes(data)
-
-		if time.Since(start) > 100*time.Millisecond {
-			panic("too long")
-		}
-	})
-}
--- a/pkg/container/writer.go
+++ b/pkg/container/writer.go
@@ -1,139 +1,61 @@
 package container

 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"io"

+	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/cbor"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 )

+// TODO: should we have a multibase to wrap the cbor? but there is no reader/write in go-multibase :-(
+
 // Writer is a token container writer. It provides a convenient way to aggregate and serialize tokens together.
-type Writer map[string]struct{}
+type Writer map[cid.Cid][]byte

 func NewWriter() Writer {
 	return make(Writer)
 }

 // AddSealed includes a "sealed" token (serialized with a ToSealed* function) in the container.
-func (ctn Writer) AddSealed(data []byte) {
-	ctn[string(data)] = struct{}{}
+func (ctn Writer) AddSealed(cid cid.Cid, data []byte) {
+	ctn[cid] = data
 }

-// ToBytes encode the container into raw bytes.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return ctn.toBytes(headerRawBytes)
-}
-
-// ToBytesWriter is the same as ToBytes, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerRawBytes, w)
-}
-
-// ToBytesGzipped encode the container into gzipped bytes.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesGzipped() ([]byte, error) {
-	return ctn.toBytes(headerRawBytesGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBytesGzippedWriter is the same as ToBytesGzipped, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBytesGzippedWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerRawBytesGzip, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPadding encode the container into a base64 string, with standard encoding and padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPadding() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64StdPadding)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingWriter is the same as ToBase64StdPadding, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64StdPadding, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped encode the container into a pre-gzipped base64 string, with standard encoding and padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64StdPaddingGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter is the same as ToBase64StdPaddingGzipped, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64StdPaddingGzippedWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64StdPaddingGzip, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URL encode the container into base64 string, with URL-safe encoding and no padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URL() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64URL)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URLWriter is the same as ToBase64URL, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64URL, w)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URL encode the container into pre-gzipped base64 string, with URL-safe encoding and no padding.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLGzipped() (string, error) {
-	return ctn.toString(headerBase64URLGzip)
-}
-
-// ToBase64URLWriter is the same as ToBase64URL, but with an io.Writer.
-func (ctn Writer) ToBase64URLGzipWriter(w io.Writer) error {
-	return ctn.toWriter(headerBase64URLGzip, w)
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toBytes(header header) ([]byte, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := ctn.toWriter(header, &buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return buf.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toString(header header) (string, error) {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	err := ctn.toWriter(header, &buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return buf.String(), nil
-}
-
-func (ctn Writer) toWriter(header header, w io.Writer) (err error) {
-	encoder := header.encoder(w)
-
-	defer func() {
-		err = encoder.Close()
-	}()
-	node, err := qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, 1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-		qp.MapEntry(ma, containerVersionTag, qp.List(int64(len(ctn)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
-			for data, _ := range ctn {
-				qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Bytes([]byte(data)))
+func (ctn Writer) ToCar(w io.Writer) error {
+	return writeCar(w, nil, func(yield func(carBlock, error) bool) {
+		for c, bytes := range ctn {
+			if !yield(carBlock{c: c, data: bytes}, nil) {
+				return
 			}
-		}))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCarBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCar(w2)
+}
+
+func (ctn Writer) ToCbor(w io.Writer) error {
+	node, err := qp.BuildList(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(ctn)), func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
+		for _, bytes := range ctn {
+			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Bytes(bytes))
+		}
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(encoder, node, cbor.Encode)
+	return ipld.EncodeStreaming(w, node, dagcbor.Encode)
 }

-// ToReader convert a container Writer into a Reader.
-// Most likely, you only want to use this in tests for convenience.
-// This is not optimized and can panic.
-func (ctn Writer) ToReader() Reader {
-	data, err := ctn.ToBytes()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	reader, err := FromBytes(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return reader
+func (ctn Writer) ToCborBase64(w io.Writer) error {
+	w2 := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, w)
+	defer w2.Close()
+	return ctn.ToCbor(w2)
 }
--- a/pkg/container/writer_test.go
+++ b/pkg/container/writer_test.go
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestWriterDedup(t *testing.T) {
-	ctn := NewWriter()
-
-	_, _, sealed := randToken()
-	ctn.AddSealed(sealed)
-	require.Len(t, ctn, 1)
-
-	ctn.AddSealed(sealed)
-	require.Len(t, ctn, 1)
-}
--- a/pkg/meta/meta.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/meta.go
@@ -1,30 +1,24 @@
 package meta

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"iter"
-	"sort"
+	"reflect"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/secretbox"
 )

-var ErrNotFound = errors.New("key not found in meta")
+var ErrUnsupported = fmt.Errorf("failure adding unsupported type to meta")

-var ErrNotEncryptable = errors.New("value of this type cannot be encrypted")
+var ErrNotFound = fmt.Errorf("key-value not found in meta")

 // Meta is a container for meta key-value pairs in a UCAN token.
-// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations
-// and transformations, while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
+// This also serves as a way to construct the underlying IPLD data with minimum allocations and transformations,
+// while hiding the IPLD complexity from the caller.
 type Meta struct {
-	// This type must be compatible with the IPLD type represented by the IPLD
-	// schema { String : Any }.
-
 	Keys   []string
 	Values map[string]ipld.Node
 }
@@ -56,21 +50,6 @@ func (m *Meta) GetString(key string) (string, error) {
 	return v.AsString()
 }

-// GetEncryptedString decorates GetString and decrypt its output with the given symmetric encryption key.
-func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, error) {
-	v, err := m.GetBytes(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	decrypted, err := secretbox.DecryptStringWithKey(v, encryptionKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return string(decrypted), nil
-}
-
 // GetInt64 retrieves a value as an int64.
 // Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
 // Returns datamodel.ErrWrongKind if the value has the wrong type.
@@ -104,23 +83,9 @@ func (m *Meta) GetBytes(key string) ([]byte, error) {
 	return v.AsBytes()
 }

-// GetEncryptedBytes decorates GetBytes and decrypt its output with the given symmetric encryption key.
-func (m *Meta) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	v, err := m.GetBytes(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	decrypted, err := secretbox.DecryptStringWithKey(v, encryptionKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return decrypted, nil
-}
-
 // GetNode retrieves a value as a raw IPLD node.
 // Returns ErrNotFound if the given key is missing.
+// Returns datamodel.ErrWrongKind if the value has the wrong type.
 func (m *Meta) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	v, ok := m.Values[key]
 	if !ok {
@@ -130,82 +95,33 @@ func (m *Meta) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
 }

 // Add adds a key/value pair in the meta set.
-// Accepted types for val are any CBOR compatible type, or directly IPLD values.
+// Accepted types for the value are: bool, string, int, int32, int64, []byte,
+// and ipld.Node.
 func (m *Meta) Add(key string, val any) error {
-	if _, ok := m.Values[key]; ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("duplicate key %q", key)
-	}
-
-	node, err := literal.Any(val)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	m.Keys = append(m.Keys, key)
-	m.Values[key] = node
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// AddEncrypted adds a key/value pair in the meta set.
-// The value is encrypted with the given encryptionKey.
-// Accepted types for the value are: string, []byte.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
-func (m *Meta) AddEncrypted(key string, val any, encryptionKey []byte) error {
-	var encrypted []byte
-	var err error
-
 	switch val := val.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewBool(val)
 	case string:
-		encrypted, err = secretbox.EncryptWithKey([]byte(val), encryptionKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewString(val)
+	case int:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(int64(val))
+	case int32:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(int64(val))
+	case int64:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewInt(val)
+	case float32:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewFloat(float64(val))
+	case float64:
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewFloat(val)
 	case []byte:
-		encrypted, err = secretbox.EncryptWithKey(val, encryptionKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+		m.Values[key] = basicnode.NewBytes(val)
+	case datamodel.Node:
+		m.Values[key] = val
 	default:
-		return ErrNotEncryptable
-	}
-
-	return m.Add(key, encrypted)
-}
-
-type Iterator interface {
-	Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node]
-}
-
-// Include merges the provided meta into the existing one.
-//
-// If duplicate keys are encountered, the new value is silently dropped
-// without causing an error.
-func (m *Meta) Include(other Iterator) {
-	for key, value := range other.Iter() {
-		if _, ok := m.Values[key]; ok {
-			// don't overwrite
-			continue
-		}
-		m.Values[key] = value
-		m.Keys = append(m.Keys, key)
-	}
-}
-
-// Len returns the number of key/values.
-func (m *Meta) Len() int {
-	return len(m.Values)
-}
-
-// Iter iterates over the meta key/values
-func (m *Meta) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return func(yield func(string, ipld.Node) bool) {
-		for _, key := range m.Keys {
-			if !yield(key, m.Values[key]) {
-				return
-			}
-		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupported, fqtn(val))
 	}
+	m.Keys = append(m.Keys, key)
+	return nil
 }

 // Equals tells if two Meta hold the same key/values.
@@ -225,41 +141,37 @@ func (m *Meta) Equals(other *Meta) bool {
 }

 func (m *Meta) String() string {
-	sort.Strings(m.Keys)
-
 	buf := strings.Builder{}
 	buf.WriteString("{")

+	var i int
 	for key, node := range m.Values {
-		buf.WriteString("\n\t")
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf.WriteString(", ")
+		}
+		i++
 		buf.WriteString(key)
-		buf.WriteString(": ")
-		buf.WriteString(strings.ReplaceAll(printer.Sprint(node), "\n", "\n\t"))
-		buf.WriteString(",")
+		buf.WriteString(":")
+		buf.WriteString(printer.Sprint(node))
 	}

-	if len(m.Values) > 0 {
-		buf.WriteString("\n")
-	}
 	buf.WriteString("}")
-
 	return buf.String()
 }

 // ReadOnly returns a read-only version of Meta.
 func (m *Meta) ReadOnly() ReadOnly {
-	return ReadOnly{meta: m}
+	return ReadOnly{m: m}
 }

-// Clone makes a deep copy.
-func (m *Meta) Clone() *Meta {
-	res := &Meta{
-		Keys:   make([]string, len(m.Keys)),
-		Values: make(map[string]ipld.Node, len(m.Values)),
+func fqtn(val any) string {
+	var name string
+
+	t := reflect.TypeOf(val)
+	for t.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		name += "*"
+		t = t.Elem()
 	}
-	copy(res.Keys, m.Keys)
-	for k, v := range m.Values {
-		res.Values[k] = v
-	}
-	return res
+
+	return name + t.PkgPath() + "." + t.Name()
 }
--- a/pkg/meta/meta_test.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/meta_test.go
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package meta_test

 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"maps"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gotest.tools/v3/assert"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
 )
@@ -17,114 +14,11 @@ func TestMeta_Add(t *testing.T) {

 	type Unsupported struct{}

-	t.Run("error if not primitive or Node", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("error if not primative or Node", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

 		err := (&meta.Meta{}).Add("invalid", &Unsupported{})
-		require.Error(t, err)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("encrypted meta", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		key := make([]byte, 32)
-		_, err := rand.Read(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		m := meta.NewMeta()
-
-		// string encryption
-		err = m.AddEncrypted("secret", "hello world", key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		_, err = m.GetString("secret")
-		require.Error(t, err) // the ciphertext is saved as []byte instead of string
-
-		decrypted, err := m.GetEncryptedString("secret", key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, "hello world", decrypted)
-
-		// bytes encryption
-		originalBytes := make([]byte, 128)
-		_, err = rand.Read(originalBytes)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		err = m.AddEncrypted("secret-bytes", originalBytes, key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		encryptedBytes, err := m.GetBytes("secret-bytes")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NotEqual(t, originalBytes, encryptedBytes)
-
-		decryptedBytes, err := m.GetEncryptedBytes("secret-bytes", key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, originalBytes, decryptedBytes)
-
-		// error cases
-		t.Run("error on unsupported type", func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", 123, key)
-			require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrNotEncryptable)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("error on invalid key size", func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", "test", []byte("short-key"))
-			require.Error(t, err)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid key size")
-		})
-
-		t.Run("error on nil key", func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := m.AddEncrypted("invalid", "test", nil)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "encryption key is required")
-		})
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, meta.ErrUnsupported)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "*github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta_test.Unsupported")
 	})
 }
-
-func TestIterCloneEquals(t *testing.T) {
-	m := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m.Add("foo", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, m.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	expected := map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"foo": basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}
-
-	// meta -> iter
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(m.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> iter
-	ro := m.ReadOnly()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(ro.Iter()))
-
-	// meta -> clone -> iter
-	clone := m.Clone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(clone.Iter()))
-
-	// readonly -> WriteableClone -> iter
-	wclone := ro.WriteableClone()
-	require.Equal(t, expected, maps.Collect(wclone.Iter()))
-
-	require.True(t, m.Equals(wclone))
-	require.True(t, ro.Equals(wclone.ReadOnly()))
-}
-
-func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
-	m1 := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m1.Add("samekey", "bar"))
-	require.NoError(t, m1.Add("baz", 1234))
-
-	m2 := meta.NewMeta()
-
-	require.NoError(t, m2.Add("samekey", "othervalue")) // check no overwrite
-	require.NoError(t, m2.Add("otherkey", 1234))
-
-	m1.Include(m2)
-
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]ipld.Node{
-		"samekey":  basicnode.NewString("bar"),
-		"baz":      basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-		"otherkey": basicnode.NewInt(1234),
-	}, maps.Collect(m1.Iter()))
-}
--- a/pkg/meta/readonly.go
+++ b/pkg/meta/readonly.go
@@ -1,64 +1,42 @@
 package meta

 import (
-	"iter"
-
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 )

 // ReadOnly wraps a Meta into a read-only facade.
 type ReadOnly struct {
-	meta *Meta
+	m *Meta
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetBool(key string) (bool, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetBool(key)
+	return r.m.GetBool(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetString(key string) (string, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetString(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedString(key string, encryptionKey []byte) (string, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetEncryptedString(key, encryptionKey)
+	return r.m.GetString(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetInt64(key string) (int64, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetInt64(key)
+	return r.m.GetInt64(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetFloat64(key string) (float64, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetFloat64(key)
+	return r.m.GetFloat64(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetBytes(key string) ([]byte, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetBytes(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) GetEncryptedBytes(key string, encryptionKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetEncryptedBytes(key, encryptionKey)
+	return r.m.GetBytes(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) GetNode(key string) (ipld.Node, error) {
-	return r.meta.GetNode(key)
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Len() int {
-	return r.meta.Len()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) Iter() iter.Seq2[string, ipld.Node] {
-	return r.meta.Iter()
+	return r.m.GetNode(key)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) Equals(other ReadOnly) bool {
-	return r.meta.Equals(other.meta)
+	return r.m.Equals(other.m)
 }

 func (r ReadOnly) String() string {
-	return r.meta.String()
-}
-
-func (r ReadOnly) WriteableClone() *Meta {
-	return r.meta.Clone()
+	return r.m.String()
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/ipld.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/ipld.go
@@ -9,15 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
 )

 func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (Policy, error) {
-	if err := limits.ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("policy contains integer values outside safe bounds: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return statementsFromIPLD("/", node)
 }

@@ -81,7 +76,7 @@ func statementFromIPLD(path string, node datamodel.Node) (Statement, error) {
 		}
 	case 3:
 		switch op {
-		case KindEqual, KindNotEqual, KindLessThan, KindLessThanOrEqual, KindGreaterThan, KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
+		case KindEqual, KindLessThan, KindLessThanOrEqual, KindGreaterThan, KindGreaterThanOrEqual:
 			sel, err := arg2AsSelector(op)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
--- a/pkg/policy/ipld_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/ipld_test.go
@@ -21,31 +21,10 @@ func TestIpldRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
  ]
 ]`

-	// must contain all the operators
-	const allOps = `
-[
-  ["and", [
-    ["==", ".foo1", ".bar1"],
-    ["!=", ".foo2", ".bar2"]
-  ]],
-  ["or", [
-    [">", ".foo5", 5.2],
-    [">=", ".foo6", 6.2]
-  ]],
-  ["not", ["like", ".foo7", "*@example.com"]],
-  ["all", ".foo8",
-    ["<", ".foo3", 3]
-  ],
-  ["any", ".foo9",
-    ["<=", ".foo4", 4]
-  ]
-]`
-
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		name, dagJsonStr string
 	}{
 		{"illustrativeExample", illustrativeExample},
-		{"allOps", allOps},
 	} {
 		nodes, err := ipld.Decode([]byte(tc.dagJsonStr), dagjson.Decode)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/pkg/policy/limits/int.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/limits/int.go
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package limits
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
-)
-
-const (
-	// MaxInt53 represents the maximum safe integer in JavaScript (2^53 - 1)
-	MaxInt53 int64 = 9007199254740991
-	// MinInt53 represents the minimum safe integer in JavaScript (-2^53 + 1)
-	MinInt53 int64 = -9007199254740991
-)
-
-func ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(node ipld.Node) error {
-	switch node.Kind() {
-	case ipld.Kind_Int:
-		val := must.Int(node)
-		if val > MaxInt53 || val < MinInt53 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe bounds", val)
-		}
-	case ipld.Kind_List:
-		it := node.ListIterator()
-		for !it.Done() {
-			_, v, err := it.Next()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(v); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	case ipld.Kind_Map:
-		it := node.MapIterator()
-		for !it.Done() {
-			_, v, err := it.Next()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(v); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/limits/int_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/limits/int_test.go
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-package limits
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(t *testing.T) {
-	buildMap := func() datamodel.Node {
-		nb := basicnode.Prototype.Any.NewBuilder()
-		qp.Map(1, func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-			qp.MapEntry(ma, "foo", qp.Int(MaxInt53+1))
-		})(nb)
-		return nb.Build()
-	}
-
-	buildList := func() datamodel.Node {
-		nb := basicnode.Prototype.Any.NewBuilder()
-		qp.List(1, func(la datamodel.ListAssembler) {
-			qp.ListEntry(la, qp.Int(MinInt53-1))
-		})(nb)
-		return nb.Build()
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		input   datamodel.Node
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "valid int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(42),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "max safe int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MaxInt53),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "min safe int",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MinInt53),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "above MaxInt53",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MaxInt53 + 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "below MinInt53",
-			input:   basicnode.NewInt(MinInt53 - 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "nested map with invalid int",
-			input:   buildMap(),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "nested list with invalid int",
-			input:   buildList(),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := ValidateIntegerBoundsIPLD(tt.input)
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "exceeds safe bounds")
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/literal/literal.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/literal/literal.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ package literal
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
-	"sort"

 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
@@ -12,8 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/fluent/qp"
 	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 var Bool = basicnode.NewBool
@@ -36,14 +33,8 @@ func Null() ipld.Node {
 // Map creates an IPLD node from a map[string]any
 func Map[T any](m map[string]T) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	return qp.BuildMap(basicnode.Prototype.Any, int64(len(m)), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-		// deterministic iteration
-		keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
-		for key := range m {
-			keys = append(keys, key)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(keys)
-		for _, key := range keys {
-			qp.MapEntry(ma, key, anyAssemble(m[key]))
+		for k, v := range m {
+			qp.MapEntry(ma, k, anyAssemble(v))
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -57,72 +48,6 @@ func List[T any](l []T) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	})
 }

-// Any creates an IPLD node from any value
-// If possible, use another dedicated function for your type for performance.
-func Any(v any) (res ipld.Node, err error) {
-	// some fast path
-	switch val := v.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return basicnode.NewBool(val), nil
-	case string:
-		return basicnode.NewString(val), nil
-	case int:
-		i := int64(val)
-		if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i)
-		}
-		return basicnode.NewInt(i), nil
-	case int8:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case int16:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case int32:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case int64:
-		if val > limits.MaxInt53 || val < limits.MinInt53 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", val)
-		}
-		return basicnode.NewInt(val), nil
-	case uint:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case uint8:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case uint16:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case uint32:
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case uint64:
-		if val > uint64(limits.MaxInt53) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsigned integer value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", val)
-		}
-		return basicnode.NewInt(int64(val)), nil
-	case float32:
-		return basicnode.NewFloat(float64(val)), nil
-	case float64:
-		return basicnode.NewFloat(val), nil
-	case []byte:
-		return basicnode.NewBytes(val), nil
-	case datamodel.Node:
-		return val, nil
-	case cid.Cid:
-		return LinkCid(val), nil
-	default:
-	}
-
-	builder := basicnode.Prototype__Any{}.NewBuilder()
-
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r != nil {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%v", r)
-			res = nil
-		}
-	}()
-
-	anyAssemble(v)(builder)
-
-	return builder.Build(), nil
-}
-
 func anyAssemble(val any) qp.Assemble {
 	var rt reflect.Type
 	var rv reflect.Value
@@ -165,39 +90,22 @@ func anyAssemble(val any) qp.Assemble {
 		if rt.Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
 			break
 		}
-		// deterministic iteration
-		keys := rv.MapKeys()
-		sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
-			return keys[i].String() < keys[j].String()
-		})
+		it := rv.MapRange()
 		return qp.Map(int64(rv.Len()), func(ma datamodel.MapAssembler) {
-			for _, key := range keys {
-				qp.MapEntry(ma, key.String(), anyAssemble(rv.MapIndex(key)))
+			for it.Next() {
+				qp.MapEntry(ma, it.Key().String(), anyAssemble(it.Value()))
 			}
 		})
 	case reflect.Bool:
 		return qp.Bool(rv.Bool())
 	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
-		i := rv.Int()
-		if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("integer %d exceeds safe bounds", i))
-		}
-		return qp.Int(i)
+		return qp.Int(rv.Int())
 	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
-		u := rv.Uint()
-		if u > uint64(limits.MaxInt53) {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsigned integer %d exceeds safe bounds", u))
-		}
-		return qp.Int(int64(u))
+		return qp.Int(int64(rv.Uint()))
 	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
 		return qp.Float(rv.Float())
 	case reflect.String:
 		return qp.String(rv.String())
-	case reflect.Struct:
-		if rt == reflect.TypeOf(cid.Cid{}) {
-			c := rv.Interface().(cid.Cid)
-			return qp.Link(cidlink.Link{Cid: c})
-		}
 	default:
 	}

--- a/pkg/policy/literal/literal_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/literal/literal_test.go
@@ -3,13 +3,9 @@ package literal
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
-	cidlink "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/linking/cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 func TestList(t *testing.T) {
@@ -57,7 +53,6 @@ func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 				"barbar": "foo",
 			},
 		},
-		"link": cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm"),
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -120,190 +115,6 @@ func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 		string{"barbar"}: string{"foo"}
 	}
 }`, printer.Sprint(v))
-
-	v, err = n.LookupByString("link")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Link, v.Kind())
-	asLink, err := v.AsLink()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.True(t, asLink.(cidlink.Link).Equals(cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")))
-}
-
-func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
-	data := map[string]any{
-		"bool":   true,
-		"string": "foobar",
-		"bytes":  []byte{1, 2, 3, 4},
-		"int":    1234,
-		"uint":   uint(12345),
-		"float":  1.45,
-		"slice":  []int{1, 2, 3},
-		"array":  [2]int{1, 2},
-		"map": map[string]any{
-			"foo": "bar",
-			"foofoo": map[string]string{
-				"barbar": "foo",
-			},
-		},
-		"link": cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm"),
-		"func": func() {},
-	}
-
-	v, err := Any(data["bool"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bool, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, true, must(v.AsBool()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["string"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_String, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, "foobar", must(v.AsString()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["bytes"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Bytes, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}, must(v.AsBytes()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["int"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, int64(1234), must(v.AsInt()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["uint"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Int, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, int64(12345), must(v.AsInt()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["float"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Float, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, 1.45, must(v.AsFloat()))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["slice"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, int64(3), v.Length())
-	require.Equal(t, `list{
-	0: int{1}
-	1: int{2}
-	2: int{3}
-}`, printer.Sprint(v))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["array"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_List, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
-	require.Equal(t, `list{
-	0: int{1}
-	1: int{2}
-}`, printer.Sprint(v))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["map"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Map, v.Kind())
-	require.Equal(t, int64(2), v.Length())
-	require.Equal(t, `map{
-	string{"foo"}: string{"bar"}
-	string{"foofoo"}: map{
-		string{"barbar"}: string{"foo"}
-	}
-}`, printer.Sprint(v))
-
-	v, err = Any(data["link"])
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, datamodel.Kind_Link, v.Kind())
-	asLink, err := v.AsLink()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.True(t, asLink.(cidlink.Link).Equals(cid.MustParse("bafzbeigai3eoy2ccc7ybwjfz5r3rdxqrinwi4rwytly24tdbh6yk7zslrm")))
-
-	_, err = Any(data["func"])
-	require.Error(t, err)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkAny(b *testing.B) {
-	b.Run("bool", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ReportAllocs()
-
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			_, _ = Any(true)
-		}
-	})
-
-	b.Run("string", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			_, _ = Any("foobar")
-		}
-	})
-
-	b.Run("bytes", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			_, _ = Any([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4})
-		}
-	})
-
-	b.Run("map", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			_, _ = Any(map[string]any{
-				"foo": "bar",
-				"foofoo": map[string]string{
-					"barbar": "foo",
-				},
-			})
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestAnyAssembleIntegerOverflow(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		input     interface{}
-		shouldErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "valid int",
-			input:     42,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "max safe int",
-			input:     limits.MaxInt53,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "min safe int",
-			input:     limits.MinInt53,
-			shouldErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow int",
-			input:     int64(limits.MaxInt53 + 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "underflow int",
-			input:     int64(limits.MinInt53 - 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow uint",
-			input:     uint64(limits.MaxInt53 + 1),
-			shouldErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := Any(tt.input)
-			if tt.shouldErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
 }

 func must[T any](t T, err error) T {
--- a/pkg/policy/match.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/match.go
@@ -3,26 +3,27 @@ package policy
 import (
 	"cmp"
 	"fmt"
-	"math"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
 )

+// MatchTrace, if set, will print tracing statements to stdout of the policy matching resolution.
+var MatchTrace = false
+
 // Match determines if the IPLD node satisfies the policy.
-// The first Statement failing to match is returned as well.
-func (p Policy) Match(node datamodel.Node) (bool, Statement) {
+func (p Policy) Match(node datamodel.Node) bool {
 	for _, stmt := range p {
-		res, leaf := matchStatement(stmt, node)
+		res, _ := matchStatement(stmt, node)
 		switch res {
 		case matchResultNoData, matchResultFalse:
-			return false, leaf
+			return false
 		case matchResultOptionalNoData, matchResultTrue:
 			// continue
 		}
 	}
-	return true, nil
+	return true
 }

 // PartialMatch returns false IIF one non-optional Statement has the corresponding data and doesn't match.
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ const (
 // - matchResultNoData: if the selector didn't match the expected data.
 // For matchResultTrue and matchResultNoData, the leaf-most (innermost) statement failing to be true is returned,
 // as well as the corresponding root-most encompassing statement.
-func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Statement) {
+func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (output matchResult, leafMost Statement) {
 	var boolToRes = func(v bool) (matchResult, Statement) {
 		if v {
 			return matchResultTrue, nil
@@ -69,6 +70,11 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 			return matchResultFalse, cur
 		}
 	}
+	if MatchTrace {
+		defer func() {
+			fmt.Printf("match %v --> %v\n", cur, matchResToStr(output))
+		}()
+	}

 	switch cur.Kind() {
 	case KindEqual:
@@ -82,17 +88,6 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 			}
 			return boolToRes(datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, res))
 		}
-	case KindNotEqual:
-		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
-			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
-			if err != nil {
-				return matchResultNoData, cur
-			}
-			if res == nil { // optional selector didn't match
-				return matchResultOptionalNoData, nil
-			}
-			return boolToRes(!datamodel.DeepEqual(s.value, res))
-		}
 	case KindGreaterThan:
 		if s, ok := cur.(equality); ok {
 			res, err := s.selector.Select(node)
@@ -144,9 +139,9 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 			case matchResultNoData, matchResultOptionalNoData:
 				return res, leaf
 			case matchResultTrue:
-				return matchResultFalse, cur
+				return matchResultFalse, leaf
 			case matchResultFalse:
-				return matchResultTrue, nil
+				return matchResultTrue, leaf
 			}
 		}
 	case KindAnd:
@@ -261,22 +256,10 @@ func matchStatement(cur Statement, node ipld.Node) (_ matchResult, leafMost Stat
 	panic(fmt.Errorf("unimplemented statement kind: %s", cur.Kind()))
 }

-// isOrdered compares two IPLD nodes and returns true if they satisfy the given ordering function.
-// It supports comparison of integers and floats, returning false for:
-//   - Nodes of different or unsupported kinds
-//   - Integer values outside JavaScript's safe integer bounds (±2^53-1)
-//   - Non-finite floating point values (NaN or ±Inf)
-//
-// The satisfies parameter is a function that interprets the comparison result:
-//   - For ">" it returns true when order is 1
-//   - For ">=" it returns true when order is 0 or 1
-//   - For "<" it returns true when order is -1
-//   - For "<=" it returns true when order is -1 or 0
 func isOrdered(expected ipld.Node, actual ipld.Node, satisfies func(order int) bool) bool {
 	if expected.Kind() == ipld.Kind_Int && actual.Kind() == ipld.Kind_Int {
 		a := must.Int(actual)
 		b := must.Int(expected)
-
 		return satisfies(cmp.Compare(a, b))
 	}

@@ -289,11 +272,6 @@ func isOrdered(expected ipld.Node, actual ipld.Node, satisfies func(order int) b
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("extracting selector float: %w", err))
 		}
-
-		if math.IsInf(a, 0) || math.IsNaN(a) || math.IsInf(b, 0) || math.IsNaN(b) {
-			return false
-		}
-
 		return satisfies(cmp.Compare(a, b))
 	}

@@ -304,3 +282,18 @@ func gt(order int) bool  { return order == 1 }
 func gte(order int) bool { return order == 0 || order == 1 }
 func lt(order int) bool  { return order == -1 }
 func lte(order int) bool { return order == 0 || order == -1 }
+
+func matchResToStr(res matchResult) string {
+	switch res {
+	case matchResultTrue:
+		return "True"
+	case matchResultFalse:
+		return "False"
+	case matchResultNoData:
+		return "NoData"
+	case matchResultOptionalNoData:
+		return "OptionalNoData"
+	default:
+		panic("invalid matchResult")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/policy/match_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/match_test.go
@@ -16,420 +16,229 @@ import (

 func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("equality", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("eq string", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.String("test")
+		t.Run("string", func(t *testing.T) {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.String
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignString("test")
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("test")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("test2")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
+		t.Run("int", func(t *testing.T) {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignInt(138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Int(1138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.138)
+		t.Run("float", func(t *testing.T) {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Float
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignFloat(1.138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Float(1.138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Float(11.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
 			l0 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")}
 			l1 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafkreifau35r7vi37tvbvfy3hdwvgb4tlflqf7zcdzeujqcjk3rsphiwte")}

-			nd := literal.Link(l0)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Link
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignLink(l0)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Link(l0)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Link(l1)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.String("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
-				"foo": "bar",
-			})
+		t.Run("string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Map
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			ma, _ := nb.BeginMap(1)
+			ma.AssembleKey().AssignString("foo")
+			ma.AssembleValue().AssignString("bar")
+			ma.Finish()
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".foo", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".[\"foo\"]", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".foo", literal.String("baz")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".foobar", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

-		t.Run("eq string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{"foo"})
+		t.Run("string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.List
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			la, _ := nb.BeginList(1)
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignString("foo")
+			la.Finish()
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Equal(".[0]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Equal(".[1]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.String("test")
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("test")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("test2")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Int(1138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.138)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Float(1.138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Float(11.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("138")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq IPLD Link", func(t *testing.T) {
-			l0 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")}
-			l1 := cidlink.Link{Cid: cid.MustParse("bafkreifau35r7vi37tvbvfy3hdwvgb4tlflqf7zcdzeujqcjk3rsphiwte")}
-
-			nd := literal.Link(l0)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Link(l0)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.Link(l1)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".", literal.String("bafybeif4owy5gno5lwnixqm52rwqfodklf76hsetxdhffuxnplvijskzqq")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string in map", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
-				"foo": "bar",
-			})
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foo", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[\"foo\"]", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foo", literal.String("baz")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			// missing data will fail, as not optional
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".foobar", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("neq string in list", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{"foo"})
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[0]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[0]", literal.String("bar")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			// missing data will fail, as not optional
-			pol = MustConstruct(NotEqual(".[1]", literal.String("foo")))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})
 	})

 	t.Run("inequality", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("gt int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignInt(138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".", literal.Int(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".", literal.Int(140)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("gte int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignInt(138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(140)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("gt float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Float
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignFloat(1.38)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("gte float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Float
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignFloat(1.38)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("lt int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignInt(138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Int(1138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Int(100)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("lte int", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Int(138)
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			nb.AssignInt(138)
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(1138)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(138)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Int(100)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("lt float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThan(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-		})
-
-		t.Run("lte float", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd := literal.Float(1.38)
-
-			pol := MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1)))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
-			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(GreaterThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(1.38)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
-
-			pol = MustConstruct(LessThanOrEqual(".", literal.Float(2)))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)
 		})
 	})

 	t.Run("negation", func(t *testing.T) {
-		nd, _ := literal.Map(map[string]any{
-			"foo": false,
-		})
+		np := basicnode.Prototype.Bool
+		nb := np.NewBuilder()
+		nb.AssignBool(false)
+		nd := nb.Build()

-		pol := MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foo", literal.Bool(true))))
-		ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+		pol := MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".", literal.Bool(true))))
+		ok := pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Nil(t, leaf)

-		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foo", literal.Bool(false))))
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".", literal.Bool(false))))
+		ok = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.False(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
-
-		// missing data will fail, as not optional
-		pol = MustConstruct(Not(Equal(".foobar", literal.Bool(true))))
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
-		require.False(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, MustConstruct(Equal(".foobar", literal.Bool(true)))[0], leaf)
 	})

 	t.Run("conjunction", func(t *testing.T) {
-		nd := literal.Int(138)
+		np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+		nb := np.NewBuilder()
+		nb.AssignInt(138)
+		nd := nb.Build()

 		pol := MustConstruct(
 			And(
@@ -437,9 +246,8 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 				LessThan(".", literal.Int(1138)),
 			),
 		)
-		ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+		ok := pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Nil(t, leaf)

 		pol = MustConstruct(
 			And(
@@ -447,18 +255,19 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 				Equal(".", literal.Int(1138)),
 			),
 		)
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+		ok = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.False(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, MustConstruct(Equal(".", literal.Int(1138)))[0], leaf)

 		pol = MustConstruct(And())
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+		ok = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Nil(t, leaf)
 	})

 	t.Run("disjunction", func(t *testing.T) {
-		nd := literal.Int(138)
+		np := basicnode.Prototype.Int
+		nb := np.NewBuilder()
+		nb.AssignInt(138)
+		nd := nb.Build()

 		pol := MustConstruct(
 			Or(
@@ -466,9 +275,8 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 				LessThan(".", literal.Int(1138)),
 			),
 		)
-		ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+		ok := pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Nil(t, leaf)

 		pol = MustConstruct(
 			Or(
@@ -476,14 +284,12 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 				Equal(".", literal.Int(1138)),
 			),
 		)
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+		ok = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.False(t, ok)
-		require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)

 		pol = MustConstruct(Or())
-		ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+		ok = pol.Match(nd)
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		require.Nil(t, leaf)
 	})

 	t.Run("wildcard", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -497,12 +303,14 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		} {
 			func(s string) {
 				t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("pass %s", s), func(t *testing.T) {
-					nd := literal.String(s)
+					np := basicnode.Prototype.String
+					nb := np.NewBuilder()
+					nb.AssignString(s)
+					nd := nb.Build()

 					pol := MustConstruct(Like(".", pattern))
-					ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+					ok := pol.Match(nd)
 					require.True(t, ok)
-					require.Nil(t, leaf)
 				})
 			}(s)
 		}
@@ -516,56 +324,70 @@ func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		} {
 			func(s string) {
 				t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("fail %s", s), func(t *testing.T) {
-					nd := literal.String(s)
+					np := basicnode.Prototype.String
+					nb := np.NewBuilder()
+					nb.AssignString(s)
+					nd := nb.Build()

 					pol := MustConstruct(Like(".", pattern))
-					ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+					ok := pol.Match(nd)
 					require.False(t, ok)
-					require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 				})
 			}(s)
 		}
 	})

 	t.Run("quantification", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buildValueNode := func(v int64) ipld.Node {
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.Map
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			ma, _ := nb.BeginMap(1)
+			ma.AssembleKey().AssignString("value")
+			ma.AssembleValue().AssignInt(v)
+			ma.Finish()
+			return nb.Build()
+		}
+
 		t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{
-				map[string]int{"value": 5},
-				map[string]int{"value": 10},
-				map[string]int{"value": 20},
-				map[string]int{"value": 50},
-				map[string]int{"value": 100},
-			})
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.List
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			la, _ := nb.BeginList(5)
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(5))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(10))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(20))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(50))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(100))
+			la.Finish()
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(All(".[]", GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(2))))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(All(".[]", GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(20))))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, MustConstruct(GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(20)))[0], leaf)
 		})

 		t.Run("any", func(t *testing.T) {
-			nd, _ := literal.List([]any{
-				map[string]int{"value": 5},
-				map[string]int{"value": 10},
-				map[string]int{"value": 20},
-				map[string]int{"value": 50},
-				map[string]int{"value": 100},
-			})
+			np := basicnode.Prototype.List
+			nb := np.NewBuilder()
+			la, _ := nb.BeginList(5)
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(5))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(10))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(20))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(50))
+			la.AssembleValue().AssignNode(buildValueNode(100))
+			la.Finish()
+			nd := nb.Build()

 			pol := MustConstruct(Any(".[]", GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(60))))
-			ok, leaf := pol.Match(nd)
+			ok := pol.Match(nd)
 			require.True(t, ok)
-			require.Nil(t, leaf)

 			pol = MustConstruct(Any(".[]", GreaterThan(".value", literal.Int(100))))
-			ok, leaf = pol.Match(nd)
+			ok = pol.Match(nd)
 			require.False(t, ok)
-			require.Equal(t, pol[0], leaf)
 		})
 	})
 }
@@ -583,8 +405,7 @@ func TestPolicyExamples(t *testing.T) {

 		pol, err := FromDagJson(policy)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		res, _ := pol.Match(data)
-		return res
+		return pol.Match(data)
 	}

 	t.Run("And", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -649,7 +470,6 @@ func FuzzMatch(f *testing.F) {
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["all", ".reviewer", ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]]]`), []byte(`{"reviewer": [{"email": "alice@example.com"}, {"email": "bob@example.com"}]}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["any", ".tags", ["or", [["==", ".", "news"], ["==", ".", "press"]]]]]`), []byte(`{"tags": ["news", "press"]}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["==", ".name", "Alice"]]`), []byte(`{"name": "Alice"}`))
-	f.Add([]byte(`[["!=", ".name", "Alice"]]`), []byte(`{"name": "Alice"}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[[">", ".age", 30]]`), []byte(`{"age": 31}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["<=", ".height", 180]]`), []byte(`{"height": 170}`))
 	f.Add([]byte(`[["not", ["==", ".status", "inactive"]]]`), []byte(`{"status": "active"}`))
@@ -689,7 +509,7 @@ func FuzzMatch(f *testing.F) {
 			t.Skip()
 		}

-		_, _ = policy.Match(dataNode)
+		policy.Match(dataNode)
 	})
 }

@@ -764,7 +584,7 @@ func TestOptionalSelectors(t *testing.T) {
 			err = nb.AssignNode(n)
 			require.NoError(t, err)

-			result, _ := tt.policy.Match(nb.Build())
+			result := tt.policy.Match(nb.Build())
 			require.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
 		})
 	}
--- a/pkg/policy/policy.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policy.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (

 const (
 	KindEqual              = "=="   // implemented by equality
-	KindNotEqual           = "!="   // implemented by equality
 	KindGreaterThan        = ">"    // implemented by equality
 	KindGreaterThanOrEqual = ">="   // implemented by equality
 	KindLessThan           = "<"    // implemented by equality
@@ -88,13 +87,6 @@ func Equal(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
 	}
 }

-func NotEqual(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
-	return func() (Statement, error) {
-		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
-		return equality{kind: KindNotEqual, selector: sel, value: value}, err
-	}
-}
-
 func GreaterThan(selector string, value ipld.Node) Constructor {
 	return func() (Statement, error) {
 		sel, err := selpkg.Parse(selector)
@@ -133,7 +125,7 @@ func (n negation) Kind() string {

 func (n negation) String() string {
 	child := n.statement.String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", %s]`, n.Kind(), strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`["%s", "%s"]`, n.Kind(), strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
 }

 func Not(cstor Constructor) Constructor {
@@ -157,7 +149,7 @@ func (c connective) String() string {
 	for i, statement := range c.statements {
 		childs[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(statement.String(), "\n", "\n  ")
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", [\n  %s\n]]", c.kind, strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", [\n  %s]]\n", c.kind, strings.Join(childs, ",\n  "))
 }

 func And(cstors ...Constructor) Constructor {
@@ -216,7 +208,7 @@ func (n quantifier) Kind() string {

 func (n quantifier) String() string {
 	child := n.statement.String()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", \"%s\",\n  %s\n]", n.Kind(), n.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[\"%s\", \"%s\",\n  %s]", n.Kind(), n.selector, strings.ReplaceAll(child, "\n", "\n  "))
 }

 func All(selector string, cstor Constructor) Constructor {
--- a/pkg/policy/policy_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policy_test.go
@@ -28,47 +28,12 @@ func ExamplePolicy() {
 	// [
 	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
 	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
 	//   ["any", ".tags",
 	//     ["or", [
 	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
-	// ]
-}
-
-func ExamplePolicy_accumulate() {
-	var statements []policy.Constructor
-
-	statements = append(statements, policy.Equal(".status", literal.String("draft")))
-
-	statements = append(statements, policy.All(".reviewer",
-		policy.Like(".email", "*@example.com"),
-	))
-
-	statements = append(statements, policy.Any(".tags", policy.Or(
-		policy.Equal(".", literal.String("news")),
-		policy.Equal(".", literal.String("press")),
-	)))
-
-	pol := policy.MustConstruct(statements...)
-
-	fmt.Println(pol)
-
-	// Output:
-	// [
-	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
-	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
-	//   ["any", ".tags",
-	//     ["or", [
-	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
 	// ]
 }

--- a/pkg/policy/policytest/spec.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policytest/spec.go
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-package policytest
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/args"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
-)
-
-// EmptyPolicy provides a Policy with no statements.
-var EmptyPolicy = policy.Policy{}
-
-// SpecPolicy provides a  valid Policy containing the statements that are included
-// in the second code block of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecPolicy = policy.MustConstruct(
-	policy.Equal(".from", literal.String("alice@example.com")),
-	policy.Any(".to", policy.Like(".", "*@example.com")),
-)
-
-// TODO: Replace the URL for [Validation] above when the delegation
-//       specification has been finished/merged.
-
-// SpecValidArguments provides valid, instantiated Arguments containing
-// the key/value pairs that are included in portion of the second code block
-// of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecValidArguments = args.NewBuilder().
-	Add("from", "alice@example.com").
-	Add("to", []string{
-		"bob@example.com",
-		"carol@not.example.com",
-	}).
-	Add("title", "Coffee").
-	Add("body", "Still on for coffee").
-	MustBuild()
-
-var specValidArgumentsIPLD = mustIPLD(SpecValidArguments)
-
-// SpecInvalidArguments provides invalid, instantiated Arguments containing
-// the key/value pairs that are included in portion of the second code block
-// of the [Validation] section of the delegation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-var SpecInvalidArguments = args.NewBuilder().
-	Add("from", "alice@example.com").
-	Add("to", []string{
-		"bob@null.com",
-		"carol@elsewhere.example.com",
-	}).
-	Add("title", "Coffee").
-	Add("body", "Still on for coffee").
-	MustBuild()
-
-var specInvalidArgumentsIPLD = mustIPLD(SpecInvalidArguments)
-
-func mustIPLD(args *args.Args) ipld.Node {
-	node, err := args.ToIPLD()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return node
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/policytest/spec_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/policytest/spec_test.go
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package policytest
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-// TestInvocationValidation applies the example policy to the second
-// example arguments as defined in the [Validation] section of the
-// invocation specification.
-//
-// [Validation]: https://github.com/ucan-wg/delegation/tree/v1_ipld#validation
-func TestInvocationValidationSpecExamples(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	t.Run("with passing args", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		exec, stmt := SpecPolicy.Match(specValidArgumentsIPLD)
-		assert.True(t, exec)
-		assert.Nil(t, stmt)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("fails on recipients (second statement)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		exec, stmt := SpecPolicy.Match(specInvalidArgumentsIPLD)
-		assert.False(t, exec)
-		assert.NotNil(t, stmt)
-	})
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/parsing.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/parsing.go
@@ -6,24 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 var (
 	indexRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?\d+$`)
 	sliceRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^((\-?\d+:\-?\d*)|(\-?\d*:\-?\d+))$`)
-
-	// Field name requirements:
-	// - Must start with ASCII letter, Unicode letter, or underscore
-	// - Can contain:
-	//   - ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z)
-	//   - ASCII digits (0-9)
-	//   - Unicode letters (\p{L})
-	//   - Dollar sign ($)
-	//   - Underscore (_)
-	//   - Hyphen (-)
-	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_\p{L}][a-zA-Z0-9$_\p{L}\-]*$`)
+	fieldRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^\.[a-zA-Z_]*?$`)
 )

 func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
@@ -68,9 +56,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, newParseError("invalid index", str, col, tok)
 				}
-				if int64(idx) > limits.MaxInt53 || int64(idx) < limits.MinInt53 {
-					return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", idx), str, col, tok)
-				}
 				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, index: idx})

 			// explicit field, ["abcd"]
@@ -92,9 +77,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
 					}
-					if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-						return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("slice index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i), str, col, tok)
-					}
 					rng[0] = i
 				}
 				if splt[1] == "" {
@@ -104,9 +86,6 @@ func Parse(str string) (Selector, error) {
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, newParseError("invalid slice index", str, col, tok)
 					}
-					if i > limits.MaxInt53 || i < limits.MinInt53 {
-						return nil, newParseError(fmt.Sprintf("slice index %d exceeds safe integer bounds", i), str, col, tok)
-					}
 					rng[1] = i
 				}
 				sel = append(sel, segment{str: tok, optional: opt, slice: rng[:]})
@@ -173,37 +152,37 @@ func tokenize(str string) []string {
 	return toks
 }

-type parseErr struct {
+type parseerr struct {
 	msg string
 	src string
 	col int
 	tok string
 }

-func (p parseErr) Name() string {
+func (p parseerr) Name() string {
 	return "ParseError"
 }

-func (p parseErr) Message() string {
+func (p parseerr) Message() string {
 	return p.msg
 }

-func (p parseErr) Column() int {
+func (p parseerr) Column() int {
 	return p.col
 }

-func (p parseErr) Error() string {
+func (p parseerr) Error() string {
 	return p.msg
 }

-func (p parseErr) Source() string {
+func (p parseerr) Source() string {
 	return p.src
 }

-func (p parseErr) Token() string {
+func (p parseerr) Token() string {
 	return p.tok
 }

 func newParseError(message string, source string, column int, token string) error {
-	return parseErr{message, source, column, token}
+	return parseerr{message, source, column, token}
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/parsing_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/parsing_test.go
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
 )

 func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
@@ -33,29 +31,6 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
 		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo")
 		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo_bar")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo_bar")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo-bar")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, 1, len(sel))
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Optional())
-		require.False(t, sel[0].Iterator())
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Slice())
-		require.Equal(t, sel[0].Field(), "foo-bar")
-		require.Empty(t, sel[0].Index())
-
-		sel, err = Parse(".foo*bar")
-		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid segment")
 	})

 	t.Run("explicit field", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -379,6 +354,7 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		str := `.foo.["bar"].[138]?.baz[1:]`
 		sel, err := Parse(str)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
+		printSegments(sel)
 		require.Equal(t, str, sel.String())
 		require.Equal(t, 7, len(sel))
 		require.False(t, sel[0].Identity())
@@ -428,11 +404,13 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("non dotted", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := Parse("foo")
 		require.NotNil(t, err)
+		fmt.Println(err)
 	})

 	t.Run("non quoted", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
 		require.NotNil(t, err)
+		fmt.Println(err)
 	})

 	t.Run("slice with negative start and positive end", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -575,67 +553,10 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := Parse(".[foo]")
 		require.Error(t, err)
 	})
-
-	t.Run("extended field names", func(t *testing.T) {
-		validFields := []string{
-			".basic",
-			".user_name",
-			".user-name",
-			".userName$special",
-			".αβγ",        // Greek letters
-			".użytkownik", // Polish characters
-			".用户",         // Chinese characters
-			".사용자",        // Korean characters
-			"._private",
-			".number123",
-			".camelCase",
-			".snake_case",
-			".kebab-case",
-			".mixed_kebab-case",
-			".with$dollar",
-			".MIXED_Case_123",
-			".unicodeø",
-		}
-
-		for _, field := range validFields {
-			sel, err := Parse(field)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "field: %s", field)
-			require.NotNil(t, sel)
-		}
-
-		invalidFields := []string{
-			".123number",         // Can't start with digit
-			".@special",          // @ not allowed
-			".space name",        // No spaces
-			".#hashtag",          // No #
-			".name!",             // No !
-			".{brackets}",        // No brackets
-			".name/with/slashes", // No slashes
-		}
-
-		for _, field := range invalidFields {
-			sel, err := Parse(field)
-			require.Error(t, err, "field: %s", field)
-			require.Nil(t, sel)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("integer overflow", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sel, err := Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d]", limits.MinInt53-1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		// Test slice overflow
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[%d:42]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-
-		sel, err = Parse(fmt.Sprintf(".[1:%d]", limits.MaxInt53+1))
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Nil(t, sel)
-	})
+}
+
+func printSegments(s Selector) {
+	for i, seg := range s {
+		fmt.Printf("%d: %s\n", i, seg.String())
+	}
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/selector.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/selector.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type Selector []segment
 // Select perform the selection described by the selector on the input IPLD DAG.
 // Select can return:
 //   - exactly one matched IPLD node
-//   - a resolutionErr error if not being able to resolve to a node
+//   - a resolutionerr error if not being able to resolve to a node
 //   - nil and no errors, if the selector couldn't match on an optional segment (with ?).
 func (s Selector) Select(subject ipld.Node) (ipld.Node, error) {
 	return resolve(s, subject, nil)
@@ -266,32 +266,19 @@ func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int64, length int64) (start int64, end int64) {
 	case slice[0] == math.MinInt:
 		start = 0
 	case slice[0] < 0:
-		// Check for potential overflow before adding
-		if -slice[0] > length {
-			start = 0
-		} else {
-			start = length + slice[0]
-		}
+		start = length + slice[0]
 	}
-
 	switch {
 	case slice[1] == math.MaxInt:
 		end = length
 	case slice[1] < 0:
-		// Check for potential overflow before adding
-		if -slice[1] > length {
-			end = 0
-		} else {
-			end = length + slice[1]
-		}
+		end = length + slice[1]
 	}

 	// backward iteration is not allowed, shortcut to an empty result
 	if start >= end {
 		start, end = 0, 0
-		return
 	}
-
 	// clamp out of bound
 	if start < 0 {
 		start = 0
@@ -299,14 +286,11 @@ func resolveSliceIndices(slice []int64, length int64) (start int64, end int64) {
 	if start > length {
 		start = length
 	}
-	if end < 0 {
-		end = 0
-	}
 	if end > length {
 		end = length
 	}

-	return
+	return start, end
 }

 func kindString(n datamodel.Node) string {
@@ -316,27 +300,27 @@ func kindString(n datamodel.Node) string {
 	return n.Kind().String()
 }

-type resolutionErr struct {
+type resolutionerr struct {
 	msg string
 	at  []string
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Name() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Name() string {
 	return "ResolutionError"
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Message() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Message() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("can not resolve path: .%s", strings.Join(r.at, "."))
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) At() []string {
+func (r resolutionerr) At() []string {
 	return r.at
 }

-func (r resolutionErr) Error() string {
+func (r resolutionerr) Error() string {
 	return r.Message()
 }

 func newResolutionError(message string, at []string) error {
-	return resolutionErr{message, at}
+	return resolutionerr{message, at}
 }
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/selector_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/selector_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package selector

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"math"
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/must"
 	basicnode "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basic"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/bindnode"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/printer"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

@@ -86,6 +87,8 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, res)

+		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(res))
+
 		age := must.Int(must.Node(res.LookupByString("age")))
 		require.Equal(t, int64(alice.Age), age)
 	})
@@ -98,6 +101,8 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, res)

+		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(res))
+
 		name := must.String(res)
 		require.Equal(t, alice.Name.First, name)

@@ -105,6 +110,8 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, res)

+		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(res))
+
 		name = must.String(res)
 		require.Equal(t, bob.Name.First, name)
 	})
@@ -117,6 +124,8 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, res)

+		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(res))
+
 		name := must.String(res)
 		require.Equal(t, *alice.Name.Middle, name)

@@ -133,7 +142,9 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Empty(t, res)

-		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionErr{}, "error should be a resolution error")
+		fmt.Println(err)
+
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &resolutionerr{}, "error should be a resolution error")
 	})

 	t.Run("optional not exists", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -153,6 +164,8 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEmpty(t, res)

+		fmt.Println(printer.Sprint(res))
+
 		iname := must.String(must.Node(must.Node(res.LookupByIndex(0)).LookupByString("name")))
 		require.Equal(t, alice.Interests[0].Name, iname)

@@ -351,63 +364,9 @@ func FuzzParseAndSelect(f *testing.F) {

 		// look for panic()
 		_, err = sel.Select(node)
-		if err != nil && !errors.As(err, &resolutionErr{}) {
+		if err != nil && !errors.As(err, &resolutionerr{}) {
 			// not normal, we should only have resolution errors
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	})
 }
-
-func TestResolveSliceIndices(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		slice     []int64
-		length    int64
-		wantStart int64
-		wantEnd   int64
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "normal case",
-			slice:     []int64{1, 3},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 1,
-			wantEnd:   3,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "negative indices",
-			slice:     []int64{-2, -1},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 3,
-			wantEnd:   4,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow protection negative start",
-			slice:     []int64{math.MinInt64, 3},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   3,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "overflow protection negative end",
-			slice:     []int64{0, math.MinInt64},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "max bounds",
-			slice:     []int64{0, math.MaxInt64},
-			length:    5,
-			wantStart: 0,
-			wantEnd:   5,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			start, end := resolveSliceIndices(tt.slice, tt.length)
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantStart, start)
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantEnd, end)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/pkg/policy/selector/supported_test.go
+++ b/pkg/policy/selector/supported_test.go
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package selector_test

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/datamodel"
 	basicnode "github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basic"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/selector"
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NotNil(t, res)

 			exp := makeNode(t, tc.Output)
-			require.True(t, ipld.DeepEqual(exp, res))
+			equalIPLD(t, exp, res)
 		})
 	}

@@ -103,6 +106,23 @@ func TestSupportedForms(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func equalIPLD(t *testing.T, expected datamodel.Node, actual datamodel.Node) bool {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	exp, act := &bytes.Buffer{}, &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if err := dagjson.Encode(expected, exp); err != nil {
+		return assert.Fail(t, "Failed to encode json for expected IPLD node")
+	}
+
+	if err := dagjson.Encode(actual, act); err != nil {
+		return assert.Fail(t, "Failed to encode JSON for actual IPLD node")
+	}
+
+	require.JSONEq(t, exp.String(), act.String())
+
+	return true
+}
+
 func makeNode(t *testing.T, dagJsonInput string) ipld.Node {
 	t.Helper()

--- a/pkg/secretbox/secretbox.go
+++ b/pkg/secretbox/secretbox.go
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-package secretbox
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox"
-)
-
-const keySize = 32 // secretbox allows only 32-byte keys
-
-var ErrShortCipherText = errors.New("ciphertext too short")
-var ErrNoEncryptionKey = errors.New("encryption key is required")
-var ErrInvalidKeySize = errors.New("invalid key size: must be 32 bytes")
-var ErrZeroKey = errors.New("encryption key cannot be all zeros")
-
-// GenerateKey generates a random 32-byte key to be used by EncryptWithKey and DecryptWithKey
-func GenerateKey() ([]byte, error) {
-	key := make([]byte, keySize)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, key); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate key: %w", err)
-	}
-	return key, nil
-}
-
-// EncryptWithKey encrypts data using NaCl's secretbox with the provided key.
-// 40 bytes of overhead (24-byte nonce + 16-byte MAC) are added to the plaintext size.
-func EncryptWithKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	if err := validateKey(key); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var secretKey [keySize]byte
-	copy(secretKey[:], key)
-
-	// Generate 24 bytes of random data as nonce
-	var nonce [24]byte
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce[:]); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Encrypt and authenticate data
-	encrypted := secretbox.Seal(nonce[:], data, &nonce, &secretKey)
-	return encrypted, nil
-}
-
-// DecryptStringWithKey decrypts data using secretbox with the provided key
-func DecryptStringWithKey(data, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	if err := validateKey(key); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if len(data) < 24 {
-		return nil, ErrShortCipherText
-	}
-
-	var secretKey [keySize]byte
-	copy(secretKey[:], key)
-
-	var nonce [24]byte
-	copy(nonce[:], data[:24])
-
-	decrypted, ok := secretbox.Open(nil, data[24:], &nonce, &secretKey)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, errors.New("decryption failed")
-	}
-
-	return decrypted, nil
-}
-
-func validateKey(key []byte) error {
-	if key == nil {
-		return ErrNoEncryptionKey
-	}
-
-	if len(key) != keySize {
-		return ErrInvalidKeySize
-	}
-
-	// check if key is all zeros
-	for _, b := range key {
-		if b != 0 {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return ErrZeroKey
-}
--- a/pkg/secretbox/secretbox_test.go
+++ b/pkg/secretbox/secretbox_test.go
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-package secretbox
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestSecretBoxEncryption(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	key := make([]byte, keySize) // generate random 32-byte key
-	_, errKey := rand.Read(key)
-	require.NoError(t, errKey)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		data    []byte
-		key     []byte
-		wantErr error
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "valid encryption/decryption",
-			data: []byte("hello world"),
-			key:  key,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "nil key returns error",
-			data:    []byte("hello world"),
-			key:     nil,
-			wantErr: ErrNoEncryptionKey,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "empty data",
-			data: []byte{},
-			key:  key,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "invalid key size",
-			data:    []byte("hello world"),
-			key:     make([]byte, 16), // Only 32 bytes allowed now
-			wantErr: ErrInvalidKeySize,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "zero key returns error",
-			data:    []byte("hello world"),
-			key:     make([]byte, keySize),
-			wantErr: ErrZeroKey,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		tt := tt
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			encrypted, err := EncryptWithKey(tt.data, tt.key)
-			if tt.wantErr != nil {
-				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr)
-				return
-			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Verify encrypted data is different and includes nonce
-			require.Greater(t, len(encrypted), 24) // At least nonce size
-			if len(tt.data) > 0 {
-				require.NotEqual(t, tt.data, encrypted[24:]) // Ignore nonce prefix
-			}
-
-			decrypted, err := DecryptStringWithKey(encrypted, tt.key)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.True(t, bytes.Equal(tt.data, decrypted))
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDecryptionErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	key := make([]byte, keySize)
-	_, err := rand.Read(key)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Create valid encrypted data for tampering tests
-	validData := []byte("test message")
-	encrypted, err := EncryptWithKey(validData, key)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name   string
-		data   []byte
-		key    []byte
-		errMsg string
-	}{
-		{
-			name:   "short ciphertext",
-			data:   make([]byte, 23), // Less than nonce size
-			key:    key,
-			errMsg: "ciphertext too short",
-		},
-		{
-			name:   "invalid ciphertext",
-			data:   make([]byte, 24), // Just nonce size
-			key:    key,
-			errMsg: "decryption failed",
-		},
-		{
-			name:   "tampered ciphertext",
-			data:   tamperWithBytes(encrypted),
-			key:    key,
-			errMsg: "decryption failed",
-		},
-		{
-			name:   "missing key",
-			data:   encrypted,
-			key:    nil,
-			errMsg: "encryption key is required",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		tt := tt
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			_, err := DecryptStringWithKey(tt.data, tt.key)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// tamperWithBytes modifies a byte in the encrypted data to simulate tampering
-func tamperWithBytes(data []byte) []byte {
-	if len(data) < 25 { // Need at least nonce + 1 byte
-		return data
-	}
-	tampered := make([]byte, len(data))
-	copy(tampered, data)
-	tampered[24] ^= 0x01 // Modify first byte after nonce
-	return tampered
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegation.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegation.go
@@ -10,18 +10,17 @@ package delegation
 // TODO: change the "delegation" link above when the specification is merged

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/nonce"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/parse"
 )

 // Token is an immutable type that holds the fields of a UCAN delegation.
@@ -46,15 +45,21 @@ type Token struct {
 	expiration *time.Time
 }

-// New creates a validated delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-// This is typically used to delegate a given power to another agent.
+// New creates a validated Token from the provided parameters and options.
 //
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on (subject)".
-func New(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, sub did.DID, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+// When creating a delegated token, the Issuer's (iss) DID is assembed
+// using the public key associated with the private key sent as the first
+// parameter.
+func New(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+	iss, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	tkn := &Token{
 		issuer:   iss,
 		audience: aud,
-		subject:  sub,
+		subject:  did.Undef,
 		command:  cmd,
 		policy:   pol,
 		meta:     meta.NewMeta(),
@@ -67,9 +72,8 @@ func New(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, sub d
 		}
 	}

-	var err error
 	if len(tkn.nonce) == 0 {
-		tkn.nonce, err = nonce.Generate()
+		tkn.nonce, err = generateNonce()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -82,27 +86,21 @@ func New(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, sub d
 	return tkn, nil
 }

-// Root creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-// This is typically used to create and give power to an agent.
+// Root creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided
+// parameters and options.
 //
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on itself".
-func Root(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, iss, opts...)
-}
+// When creating a root token, both the Issuer's (iss) and Subject's
+// (sub) DIDs are assembled from the public key associated with the
+// private key passed as the first argument.
+func Root(privKey crypto.PrivKey, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
+	sub, err := did.FromPrivKey(privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}

-// Powerline creates a validated UCAN delegation Token from the provided parameters and options.
-//
-// Powerline is a pattern for automatically delegating all future delegations to another agent regardless of Subject.
-// This is a very powerful pattern, use it only if you understand it.
-// Powerline delegations MUST NOT be used as the root delegation to a resource
-//
-// A very common use case for Powerline is providing a stable DID across multiple agents (e.g. representing a user with
-// multiple devices). This enables the automatic sharing of authority across their devices without needing to share keys
-// or set up a threshold scheme. It is also flexible, since a Powerline delegation MAY be revoked.
-//
-// You can read it as "(issuer) allows (audience) to perform (cmd+pol) on anything".
-func Powerline(iss did.DID, aud did.DID, cmd command.Command, pol policy.Policy, opts ...Option) (*Token, error) {
-	return New(iss, aud, cmd, pol, did.Undef, opts...)
+	opts = append(opts, WithSubject(sub))
+
+	return New(privKey, aud, cmd, pol, opts...)
 }

 // Issuer returns the did.DID representing the Token's issuer.
@@ -154,60 +152,6 @@ func (t *Token) Expiration() *time.Time {
 	return t.expiration
 }

-// IsRoot tells if the token is a root delegation.
-func (t *Token) IsRoot() bool {
-	return t.issuer == t.subject
-}
-
-// IsPowerline tells if the token is a powerline delegation.
-func (t *Token) IsPowerline() bool {
-	return t.subject == did.Undef
-}
-
-// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the current time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
-// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
-func (t *Token) IsValidNow() bool {
-	return t.IsValidAt(time.Now())
-}
-
-// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the given time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
-// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
-func (t *Token) IsValidAt(ti time.Time) bool {
-	if t.expiration != nil && ti.After(*t.expiration) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if t.notBefore != nil && ti.Before(*t.notBefore) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func (t *Token) String() string {
-	var res strings.Builder
-
-	var kind string
-	switch {
-	case t.issuer == t.subject:
-		kind = " (root delegation)"
-	case t.subject == did.Undef:
-		kind = " (powerline delegation)"
-	default:
-		kind = " (normal delegation)"
-	}
-
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Issuer: %s\n", t.Issuer()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Audience: %s\n", t.Audience()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Subject: %s%s\n", t.Subject(), kind))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Command: %s\n", t.Command()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Policy: %s\n", t.Policy()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Nonce: %s\n", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(t.Nonce())))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Meta: %s\n", t.Meta()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("NotBefore: %v\n", t.NotBefore()))
-	res.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Expiration: %v", t.Expiration()))
-
-	return res.String()
-}
-
 func (t *Token) validate() error {
 	var errs error

@@ -240,19 +184,27 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse iss: %w", err)
 	}

-	if tkn.audience, err = did.Parse(m.Aud); err != nil {
+	tkn.audience, err = did.Parse(m.Aud)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse audience: %w", err)
 	}

-	if tkn.subject, err = parse.OptionalDID(m.Sub); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse subject: %w", err)
+	if m.Sub != nil {
+		tkn.subject, err = did.Parse(*m.Sub)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse subject: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		tkn.subject = did.Undef
 	}

-	if tkn.command, err = command.Parse(m.Cmd); err != nil {
+	tkn.command, err = command.Parse(m.Cmd)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse command: %w", err)
 	}

-	if tkn.policy, err = policy.FromIPLD(m.Pol); err != nil {
+	tkn.policy, err = policy.FromIPLD(m.Pol)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse policy: %w", err)
 	}

@@ -262,18 +214,15 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {
 	tkn.nonce = m.Nonce

 	tkn.meta = m.Meta
-	if tkn.meta == nil {
-		tkn.meta = meta.NewMeta()
+
+	if m.Nbf != nil {
+		t := time.Unix(*m.Nbf, 0)
+		tkn.notBefore = &t
 	}

-	tkn.notBefore, err = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Nbf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse notBefore: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	tkn.expiration, err = parse.OptionalTimestamp(m.Exp)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse expiration: %w", err)
+	if m.Exp != nil {
+		t := time.Unix(*m.Exp, 0)
+		tkn.expiration = &t
 	}

 	if err := tkn.validate(); err != nil {
@@ -282,3 +231,14 @@ func tokenFromModel(m tokenPayloadModel) (*Token, error) {

 	return &tkn, nil
 }
+
+// generateNonce creates a 12-byte random nonce.
+// TODO: some crypto scheme require more, is that our case?
+func generateNonce() ([]byte, error) {
+	res := make([]byte, 12)
+	_, err := rand.Read(res)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
--- a/token/delegation/delegation_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegation_test.go
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 package delegation_test

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
@@ -17,28 +17,67 @@ import (
 const (
 	nonce = "6roDhGi0kiNriQAz7J3d+bOeoI/tj8ENikmQNbtjnD0"

-	subJectCmd = "/foo/bar"
-	subjectPol = `
+	AudiencePrivKeyCfg = "CAESQL1hvbXpiuk2pWr/XFbfHJcZNpJ7S90iTA3wSCTc/BPRneCwPnCZb6c0vlD6ytDWqaOt0HEOPYnqEpnzoBDprSM="
+	AudienceDID        = "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv"
+
+	issuerPrivKeyCfg = "CAESQLSql38oDmQXIihFFaYIjb73mwbPsc7MIqn4o8PN4kRNnKfHkw5gRP1IV9b6d0estqkZayGZ2vqMAbhRixjgkDU="
+	issuerDID        = "did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2"
+
+	subjectPrivKeyCfg = "CAESQL9RtjZ4dQBeXtvDe53UyvslSd64kSGevjdNiA1IP+hey5i/3PfRXSuDr71UeJUo1fLzZ7mGldZCOZL3gsIQz5c="
+	subjectDID        = "did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"
+	subJectCmd        = "/foo/bar"
+	subjectPol        = `
 [
-  ["==", ".status", "draft"],
-  ["all", ".reviewer",
-    ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-  ],
-  ["any", ".tags",
-    ["or", [
-      ["==", ".", "news"],
-      ["==", ".", "press"]
-    ]]
-  ]
+	[
+		"==",
+		".status",
+		"draft"
+	],
+	[
+		"all",
+		".reviewer",
+		[
+			"like",
+			".email",
+			"*@example.com"
+		]
+	],
+	[
+		"any",
+		".tags",
+		[
+			"or",
+			[
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"news"
+				],
+				[
+					"==",
+					".",
+					"press"
+				]
+			]
+		]
+	]
 ]
 `

-	aesKey = "xQklMmNTnVrmaPBq/0pwV5fEwuv/iClF5HWak9MsgI8="
+	newCID  = "zdpuAn9JgGPvnt2WCmTaKktZdbuvcVGTg9bUT5kQaufwUtZ6e"
+	rootCID = "zdpuAkgGmUp5JrXvehGuuw9JA8DLQKDaxtK3R8brDQQVC2i5X"
 )

 func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

+	privKey := privKey(t, issuerPrivKeyCfg)
+
+	aud, err := did.Parse(AudienceDID)
+
+	sub, err := did.Parse(subjectDID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	cmd, err := command.Parse(subJectCmd)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -49,27 +88,27 @@ func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	t.Run("New", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(),
+		tkn, err := delegation.New(privKey, aud, cmd, pol,
 			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
+			delegation.WithSubject(sub),
 			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
 			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
 			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
 		)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.False(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
-		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

+		t.Log(string(data))
+
 		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "new.dagjson")
 	})

 	t.Run("Root", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

-		tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+		tkn, err := delegation.Root(privKey, aud, cmd, pol,
 			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
 			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
 			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
@@ -77,132 +116,21 @@ func TestConstructors(t *testing.T) {
 		)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.True(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
-		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

+		t.Log(string(data))
+
 		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "root.dagjson")
 	})
-
-	t.Run("Powerline", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		tkn, err := delegation.Powerline(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
-			delegation.WithNonce([]byte(nonce)),
-			delegation.WithExpiration(exp),
-			delegation.WithMeta("foo", "fooo"),
-			delegation.WithMeta("bar", "barr"),
-		)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		require.False(t, tkn.IsRoot())
-		require.True(t, tkn.IsPowerline())
-
-		data, err := tkn.ToDagJson(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		golden.Assert(t, string(data), "powerline.dagjson")
-	})
 }

-func TestEncryptedMeta(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cmd, err := command.Parse(subJectCmd)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	pol, err := policy.FromDagJson(subjectPol)
+func privKey(t require.TestingT, privKeyCfg string) crypto.PrivKey {
+	privKeyMar, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(privKeyCfg)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	encryptionKey, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(aesKey)
+	privKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(privKeyMar)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, encryptionKey, 32)

-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		key         string
-		value       string
-		expectError bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:  "simple string",
-			key:   "secret1",
-			value: "hello world",
-		},
-		{
-			name:  "empty string",
-			key:   "secret2",
-			value: "",
-		},
-		{
-			name:  "special characters",
-			key:   "secret3",
-			value: "!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:,.<>?",
-		},
-		{
-			name:  "unicode characters",
-			key:   "secret4",
-			value: "Hello, 世界! 👋",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		tt := tt
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
-				delegation.WithEncryptedMetaString(tt.key, tt.value, encryptionKey),
-			)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			data, err := tkn.ToDagCbor(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			decodedTkn, _, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			_, err = decodedTkn.Meta().GetString(tt.key)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-
-			decrypted, err := decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(tt.key, encryptionKey)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			// Verify the decrypted value is equal to the original
-			require.Equal(t, tt.value, decrypted)
-
-			// Try to decrypt with wrong key
-			wrongKey := make([]byte, 32)
-			_, err = decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(tt.key, wrongKey)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-		})
-	}
-
-	t.Run("multiple encrypted values in the same token", func(t *testing.T) {
-		values := map[string]string{
-			"secret1": "value1",
-			"secret2": "value2",
-			"secret3": "value3",
-		}
-		var opts []delegation.Option
-		for k, v := range values {
-			opts = append(opts, delegation.WithEncryptedMetaString(k, v, encryptionKey))
-		}
-
-		// Create token with multiple encrypted values
-		tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol, opts...)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		data, err := tkn.ToDagCbor(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		decodedTkn, _, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		for k, v := range values {
-			decrypted, err := decodedTkn.Meta().GetEncryptedString(k, encryptionKey)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, v, decrypted)
-		}
-	})
+	return privKey
 }
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/README.md
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/README.md
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# delegationtest
-
-See the package documentation for instructions on how to use the generated
-tokens as well as information on how to regenerate the code if changes have
-been made.
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceBob.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenAliceBob.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobCarol.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenBobCarol.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/data/TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy.dagcbor
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/doc.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/doc.go
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Package delegationtest provides a set of pre-built delegation tokens
-// for a variety of test cases.
-//
-// For all delegation tokens, the name of the delegation token is the
-// Issuer appended with the Audience.  The tokens are generated so that
-// an invocation can be created for any didtest.Persona.
-//
-// Delegation proof-chain names contain each didtest.Persona name in
-// order starting with the root delegation (which will always be generated
-// by Alice). This is the opposite of the list of cic.Cids that represent the
-// proof chain.
-//
-// For both the generated delegation tokens granted to Carol's Persona and
-// the proof chains containing Carol's delegations to Dan, if there is no
-// suffix, the proof chain will be deemed valid.  If there is a suffix, it
-// will consist of either the word "Valid" or "Invalid" and the name of the
-// field that has been altered. Only optional fields will generate proof
-// chains with Valid suffixes.
-//
-// If changes are made to the list of Personas included in the chain, or
-// in the variants that are specified, the generated Go file and delegation
-// tokens stored in the data/ directory should be regenerated by running
-// the following command in this directory:
-//
-//	cd generator && go run .
-//
-// Generated delegation Tokens are stored in the data/ directory and loaded
-// into the delegation.Loader.
-// Generated references to these tokens and the tokens themselves are
-// created in the token_gen.go file. See /token/invocation/invocation_test.go
-// for an example of how these delegation tokens and proof-chains can
-// be used during testing.
-package delegationtest
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/generator.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/generator.go
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
-	"go/format"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"slices"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/policytest"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation/delegationtest"
-)
-
-const (
-	tokenNamePrefix      = "Token"
-	proorChainNamePrefix = "Proof"
-	tokenExt             = ".dagcbor"
-)
-
-var constantNonce = []byte{0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b}
-
-type newDelegationParams struct {
-	privKey crypto.PrivKey // iss
-	aud     did.DID
-	cmd     command.Command
-	pol     policy.Policy
-	sub     did.DID
-	opts    []delegation.Option
-}
-
-type token struct {
-	name string
-	id   cid.Cid
-}
-
-type proof struct {
-	name string
-	prf  []cid.Cid
-}
-
-type acc struct {
-	name  string
-	chain []cid.Cid
-}
-
-type variant struct {
-	name    string
-	variant func(*newDelegationParams)
-}
-
-func noopVariant() variant {
-	return variant{
-		name:    "",
-		variant: func(_ *newDelegationParams) {},
-	}
-}
-
-type generator struct {
-	dlgs   []token
-	chains []proof
-}
-
-func (g *generator) chainPersonas(personas []didtest.Persona, acc acc, vari variant) error {
-	acc.name += personas[0].Name()
-
-	proofName := acc.name
-	if len(vari.name) > 0 {
-		proofName += "_" + vari.name
-	}
-	g.createProofChain(proofName, acc.chain)
-
-	if len(personas) < 2 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	name := personas[0].Name() + personas[1].Name()
-
-	params := newDelegationParams{
-		privKey: personas[0].PrivKey(),
-		aud:     personas[1].DID(),
-		cmd:     delegationtest.NominalCommand,
-		pol:     policytest.EmptyPolicy,
-		sub:     didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(),
-		opts: []delegation.Option{
-			delegation.WithNonce(constantNonce),
-		},
-	}
-
-	// Create each nominal token and continue the chain
-	id, err := g.createDelegation(params, name, vari)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	acc.chain = append(acc.chain, id)
-	err = g.chainPersonas(personas[1:], acc, vari)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// If the user is Carol, create variants for each invalid and/or optional
-	// parameter and also continue the chain
-	if personas[0] == didtest.PersonaCarol {
-		variants := []variant{
-			{name: "InvalidExpandedCommand", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.cmd = delegationtest.ExpandedCommand
-			}},
-			{name: "ValidAttenuatedCommand", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.cmd = delegationtest.AttenuatedCommand
-			}},
-			{name: "InvalidSubject", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.sub = didtest.PersonaBob.DID()
-			}},
-			{name: "InvalidExpired", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				// Note: this makes the generator not deterministic
-				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithExpiration(time.Now().Add(time.Second)))
-			}},
-			{name: "InvalidInactive", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				nbf, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2070-01-01T00:00:00Z")
-				if err != nil {
-					panic(err)
-				}
-				p.opts = append(p.opts, delegation.WithNotBefore(nbf))
-			}},
-			{name: "ValidExamplePolicy", variant: func(p *newDelegationParams) {
-				p.pol = policytest.SpecPolicy
-			}},
-		}
-
-		// Start a branch in the recursion for each of the variants
-		for _, v := range variants {
-			id, err := g.createDelegation(params, name, v)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			// replace the previous Carol token id with the one from the variant
-			acc.chain[len(acc.chain)-1] = id
-			err = g.chainPersonas(personas[1:], acc, v)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (g *generator) createDelegation(params newDelegationParams, name string, vari variant) (cid.Cid, error) {
-	vari.variant(&params)
-
-	issDID, err := did.FromPrivKey(params.privKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return cid.Undef, err
-	}
-
-	tkn, err := delegation.New(issDID, params.aud, params.cmd, params.pol, params.sub, params.opts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return cid.Undef, err
-	}
-
-	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(params.privKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return cid.Undef, err
-	}
-
-	dlgName := tokenNamePrefix + name
-	if len(vari.name) > 0 {
-		dlgName += "_" + vari.name
-	}
-
-	err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join("..", delegationtest.TokenDir, dlgName+tokenExt), data, 0o644)
-	if err != nil {
-		return cid.Undef, err
-	}
-
-	g.dlgs = append(g.dlgs, token{
-		name: dlgName,
-		id:   id,
-	})
-
-	return id, nil
-}
-
-func (g *generator) createProofChain(name string, prf []cid.Cid) {
-	if len(prf) < 1 {
-		return
-	}
-
-	clone := make([]cid.Cid, len(prf))
-	copy(clone, prf)
-
-	g.chains = append(g.chains, proof{
-		name: proorChainNamePrefix + name,
-		prf:  clone,
-	})
-}
-
-func (g *generator) writeGoFile() error {
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
-
-	Println := func(a ...any) { _, _ = fmt.Fprintln(buf, a...) }
-	Printf := func(format string, a ...any) { _, _ = fmt.Fprintf(buf, format, a...) }
-
-	Println("// Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.")
-	Println()
-	Println("package delegationtest")
-	Println()
-	Println("import (")
-	Println("\t\"github.com/ipfs/go-cid\"")
-	Println()
-	Println("\t\"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation\"")
-	Println(")")
-
-	refs := make(map[cid.Cid]string, len(g.dlgs))
-
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		refs[d.id] = d.name + "CID"
-
-		Println()
-		Println("var (")
-		Printf("\t%sCID    = cid.MustParse(\"%s\")\n", d.name, d.id.String())
-		Printf("\t%sSealed = mustGetBundle(%s).Sealed\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Printf("\t%sBundle = mustGetBundle(%s)\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Printf("\t%s       = mustGetBundle(%s).Decoded\n", d.name, d.name+"CID")
-		Println(")")
-	}
-
-	Println()
-	Println("var AllTokens = []*delegation.Token{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%s,\n", d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
-	Println()
-	Println("var AllBundles = []delegation.Bundle{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%sBundle,\n", d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
-	Println()
-	Println("var cidToName = map[cid.Cid]string{")
-	for _, d := range g.dlgs {
-		Printf("\t%sCID: \"%s\",\n", d.name, d.name)
-	}
-	Println("}")
-
-	for _, c := range g.chains {
-		Println()
-		Printf("var %s = []cid.Cid{\n", c.name)
-
-		for _, d := range slices.Backward(c.prf) {
-			Printf("\t%s,\n", refs[d])
-		}
-
-		Println("}")
-	}
-
-	out, err := format.Source(buf.Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return os.WriteFile("../token_gen.go", out, 0666)
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/main.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/generator/main.go
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	gen := &generator{}
-	err := gen.chainPersonas(didtest.Personas(), acc{}, noopVariant())
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	err = gen.writeGoFile()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/token.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/token.go
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-package delegationtest
-
-import (
-	"embed"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
-)
-
-var (
-	// ExpandedCommand is the parent of the NominalCommand and represents
-	// the cases where the delegation proof-chain or invocation token tries
-	// to increase the privileges granted by the root delegation token.
-	// Execution of this command is generally prohibited in tests.
-	ExpandedCommand = command.MustParse("/expanded")
-
-	// NominalCommand is the command used for most test tokens and proof-chains.
-	// Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
-	NominalCommand = ExpandedCommand.Join("nominal")
-
-	// AttenuatedCommand is a sub-command of the NominalCommand.
-	// Execution of this command is generally allowed in tests.
-	AttenuatedCommand = NominalCommand.Join("attenuated")
-)
-
-// ProofEmpty provides an empty proof chain for testing purposes.
-var ProofEmpty = []cid.Cid{}
-
-const TokenDir = "data"
-
-//go:embed data
-var fs embed.FS
-
-var _ delegation.Loader = (*DelegationLoader)(nil)
-
-type DelegationLoader struct {
-	bundles map[cid.Cid]delegation.Bundle
-}
-
-var (
-	once sync.Once
-	ldr  *DelegationLoader
-)
-
-// GetDelegationLoader returns a singleton instance of a test
-// DelegationLoader containing all the tokens present in the data/
-// directory.
-func GetDelegationLoader() *DelegationLoader {
-	once.Do(func() {
-		var err error
-		ldr, err = loadDelegations()
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-	})
-	return ldr
-}
-
-// GetDelegation implements invocation.DelegationLoader.
-func (l *DelegationLoader) GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
-	bundle, ok := l.bundles[id]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound
-	}
-	return bundle.Decoded, nil
-}
-
-func loadDelegations() (*DelegationLoader, error) {
-	dirEntries, err := fs.ReadDir(TokenDir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	bundles := make(map[cid.Cid]delegation.Bundle, len(dirEntries))
-
-	for _, dirEntry := range dirEntries {
-		data, err := fs.ReadFile(filepath.Join(TokenDir, dirEntry.Name()))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		tkn, id, err := delegation.FromSealed(data)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		bundles[id] = delegation.Bundle{Cid: id, Decoded: tkn, Sealed: data}
-	}
-
-	return &DelegationLoader{
-		bundles: bundles,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-// GetDelegation is a shortcut that gets (or creates) the DelegationLoader
-// and attempts to return the token referenced by the provided CID.
-func GetDelegation(id cid.Cid) (*delegation.Token, error) {
-	return GetDelegationLoader().GetDelegation(id)
-}
-
-func CidToName(id cid.Cid) string {
-	return cidToName[id]
-}
-
-func mustGetBundle(id cid.Cid) delegation.Bundle {
-	bundle, ok := GetDelegationLoader().bundles[id]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound)
-	}
-	return bundle
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_gen.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_gen.go
@@ -1,404 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by delegationtest - DO NOT EDIT.
-
-package delegationtest
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenAliceBobCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicidrwvmac5lvjypucgityrtjsknojraio7ujjli4r5eyby66wjzm")
-	TokenAliceBobSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID).Sealed
-	TokenAliceBobBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID)
-	TokenAliceBob       = mustGetBundle(TokenAliceBobCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenBobCarolCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreihxv2uhq43oxllzs2xfvxst7wtvvvl7pohb2chcz6hjvfv2ntea5u")
-	TokenBobCarolSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID).Sealed
-	TokenBobCarolBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID)
-	TokenBobCarol       = mustGetBundle(TokenBobCarolCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDanCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreihclsgiroazq3heqdswvj2cafwqbpboicq7immo65scl7ahktpsdq")
-	TokenCarolDanSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDanBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID)
-	TokenCarolDan       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDanCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErinCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicja6ihewy64p3ake56xukotafjlkh4uqep2qhj52en46zzfwby3e")
-	TokenDanErinSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErinBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID)
-	TokenDanErin       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErinCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrankCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicjlx3lobxm6hl5s4htd4ydwkkqeiou6rft4rnvulfdyoew565vka")
-	TokenErinFrankSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrankBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID)
-	TokenErinFrank       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrankCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreid3m3pk53gqgp5rlzqhvpedbwsqbidqlp4yz64vknwbzj7bxrmsr4")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifn4sy5onwajx3kqvot5mib6m6xarzrqjozqbzgmzpmc5ox3g2uzm")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreidmpgd36jznmq42bs34o4qi3fcbrsh4idkg6ejahudejzwb76fwxe")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiekhtm237vyapk3c6voeb5lnz54crebqdqi3x4wn4u4cbrrhzsqfe")
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicrvzqferyy7rgo75l5rn6r2nl7zyeexxjmu3dm4ff7rn2coblj4y")
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreie6fhspk53kplcc2phla3e7z7fzldlbmmpuwk6nbow5q6s2zjmw2q")
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifgksz6756if42tnc6rqsnbaa2u3fdrveo7ek44lnj2d64d5sw26u")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreibdwew5nypsxrm4fq73wu6hw3lgwwiolj3bi33xdrbgcf3ogm6fty")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicr364mj3n7x4iyhcksxypelktcqkkw3ptg7ggxtqegw3p3mr6zc4")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifyzm5jkx2sfu5awyndg3dn5zlg7sq5hssgfatafk62kiiilapnqe")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreihhnisabmkofuk3qaw37leijxqjaz5or6v2cufjxwzdkvuvv2dzbq")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreigeokaziviwm5kzmkpwesj3gta5k7zrd62x4a746fnrnkhvatwbna")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreicea5y2nvlitvxijkupeavtg23i7ktjk3uejnaquguurzptiabk4u")
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifsgqzkmxj2vexuts3z766mwcjreiisjg2jykyzf7tbj5sclutpvq")
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreifbfegon24c6dndiqyktahzs65vhyasrygbw7nhsvojn6distsdre")
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveSealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreibtfrp2njnkjrcuhxd4ebaecmpcql5knek2h2j2fjzu2sij2tv6ei")
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreidxfwbkzujpu7ivulkc7b6ff4cpbzrkeklmxqvyhhmkmym5b45e2e")
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var (
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID    = cid.MustParse("bafyreiatkvtvgakqcrdk6vgrv7tbq5rbeiqct52ep4plcftp2agffjyvp4")
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicySealed = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Sealed
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyBundle = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID)
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy       = mustGetBundle(TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID).Decoded
-)
-
-var AllTokens = []*delegation.Token{
-	TokenAliceBob,
-	TokenBobCarol,
-	TokenCarolDan,
-	TokenDanErin,
-	TokenErinFrank,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy,
-}
-
-var AllBundles = []delegation.Bundle{
-	TokenAliceBobBundle,
-	TokenBobCarolBundle,
-	TokenCarolDanBundle,
-	TokenDanErinBundle,
-	TokenErinFrankBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveBundle,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyBundle,
-}
-
-var cidToName = map[cid.Cid]string{
-	TokenAliceBobCID:                         "TokenAliceBob",
-	TokenBobCarolCID:                         "TokenBobCarol",
-	TokenCarolDanCID:                         "TokenCarolDan",
-	TokenDanErinCID:                          "TokenDanErin",
-	TokenErinFrankCID:                        "TokenErinFrank",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID:  "TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID:   "TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID: "TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand",
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID:  "TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID:   "TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID: "TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID:          "TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID:           "TokenDanErin_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID:         "TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubject",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID:          "TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID:           "TokenDanErin_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID:         "TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpired",
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID:         "TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID:          "TokenDanErin_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID:        "TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactive",
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID:      "TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy",
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID:       "TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy",
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID:     "TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy",
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBob = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarol = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDanCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErinCID,
-	TokenCarolDanCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrankCID,
-	TokenDanErinCID,
-	TokenCarolDanCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpandedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommand = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidAttenuatedCommandCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidSubject = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidSubjectCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidExpired = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidExpiredCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_InvalidInactive = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenDanErin_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_InvalidInactiveCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErin_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
-
-var ProofAliceBobCarolDanErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicy = []cid.Cid{
-	TokenErinFrank_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenDanErin_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenCarolDan_ValidExamplePolicyCID,
-	TokenBobCarolCID,
-	TokenAliceBobCID,
-}
--- a/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/delegationtest/token_test.go
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-package delegationtest_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation/delegationtest"
-)
-
-func TestGetDelegation(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("passes with valid CID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		tkn, err := delegationtest.GetDelegation(delegationtest.TokenAliceBobCID)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.NotZero(t, tkn)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("fails with unknown CID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		tkn, err := delegationtest.GetDelegation(cid.Undef)
-		require.ErrorIs(t, err, delegation.ErrDelegationNotFound)
-		assert.Nil(t, tkn)
-	})
-}
--- a/token/delegation/examples_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/examples_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package delegation_test

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -12,8 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/literal"
@@ -24,7 +26,15 @@ import (
 // The following example shows how to create a delegation.Token with
 // distinct DIDs for issuer (iss), audience (aud) and subject (sub).
 func ExampleNew() {
-	fmt.Println("issDid:", didtest.PersonaBob.DID().String())
+	issPriv, issPub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	issDid, err := did.FromPubKey(issPub)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+	fmt.Println("issDid:", issDid)
+
+	audDid := did.MustParse(AudienceDID)
+	subDid := did.MustParse(subjectDID)

 	// The command defines the shape of the arguments that will be evaluated against the policy
 	cmd := command.MustParse("/foo/bar")
@@ -41,7 +51,8 @@ func ExampleNew() {
 		)),
 	)

-	tkn, err := delegation.New(didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), didtest.PersonaCarol.DID(), cmd, pol, didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(),
+	tkn, err := delegation.New(issPriv, audDid, cmd, pol,
+		delegation.WithSubject(subDid),
 		delegation.WithExpirationIn(time.Hour),
 		delegation.WithNotBeforeIn(time.Minute),
 		delegation.WithMeta("foo", "bar"),
@@ -50,91 +61,101 @@ func ExampleNew() {
 	printThenPanicOnErr(err)

 	// "Seal", meaning encode and wrap into a signed envelope.
-	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaBob.PrivKey())
+	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(issPriv)
 	printThenPanicOnErr(err)

 	printCIDAndSealed(id, data)

 	// Example output:
 	//
-	// issDid: did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU
+	// issDid: did:key:z6MkhVFznPeR572rTK51UjoTNpnF8cxuWfPm9oBMPr7y8ABe
 	//
-	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAsqfZkgg2jgZyob23sq1J9xwtf9PHgt1PsskVCMq7Vvxk
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAv6g2eJSc4RJwEpmooGLVK4wJ4CZpnM92tPVYt5jtMoLW
+	//
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
 	//
-	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
 	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
-	//	[
-	//		{
+	// [
+	//	{
+	//		"/": {
+	//			"bytes": "5rvl8uKmDVGvAVSt4m/0MGiXl9dZwljJJ9m2qHCoIB617l26UvMxyH5uvN9hM7ozfVATiq4mLhoGgm9IGnEEAg"
+	//		}
+	//	},
+	//	{
+	//		"h": {
 	//			"/": {
-	//				"bytes": "5rvl8uKmDVGvAVSt4m/0MGiXl9dZwljJJ9m2qHCoIB617l26UvMxyH5uvN9hM7ozfVATiq4mLhoGgm9IGnEEAg"
+	//				"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
 	//			}
 	//		},
-	//		{
-	//			"h": {
+	//		"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
+	//			"aud": "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv",
+	//			"cmd": "/foo/bar",
+	//			"exp": 1728933098,
+	//			"iss": "did:key:z6MkhVFznPeR572rTK51UjoTNpnF8cxuWfPm9oBMPr7y8ABe",
+	//			"meta": {
+	//				"baz": 123,
+	//				"foo": "bar"
+	//			},
+	//			"nbf": 1728929558,
+	//			"nonce": {
 	//				"/": {
-	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
+	//					"bytes": "u0HMgJ5Y+M84I/66"
 	//				}
 	//			},
-	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
-	//				"aud": "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv",
-	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
-	//				"exp": 1728933098,
-	//				"iss": "did:key:z6MkhVFznPeR572rTK51UjoTNpnF8cxuWfPm9oBMPr7y8ABe",
-	//				"meta": {
-	//					"baz": 123,
-	//					"foo": "bar"
-	//				},
-	//				"nbf": 1728929558,
-	//				"nonce": {
-	//					"/": {
-	//						"bytes": "u0HMgJ5Y+M84I/66"
-	//					}
-	//				},
-	//				"pol": [
+	//			"pol": [
+	//				[
+	//					"==",
+	//					".status",
+	//					"draft"
+	//				],
+	//				[
+	//					"all",
+	//					".reviewer",
 	//					[
-	//						"==",
-	//						".status",
-	//						"draft"
-	//					],
+	//						"like",
+	//						".email",
+	//						"*@example.com"
+	//					]
+	//				],
+	//				[
+	//					"any",
+	//					".tags",
 	//					[
-	//						"all",
-	//						".reviewer",
+	//						"or",
 	//						[
-	//							"like",
-	//							".email",
-	//							"*@example.com"
-	//						]
-	//					],
-	//					[
-	//						"any",
-	//						".tags",
-	//						[
-	//							"or",
 	//							[
-	//								[
-	//									"==",
-	//									".",
-	//									"news"
-	//								],
-	//								[
-	//									"==",
-	//									".",
-	//									"press"
-	//								]
+	//								"==",
+	//								".",
+	//								"news"
+	//							],
+	//							[
+	//								"==",
+	//								".",
+	//								"press"
 	//							]
 	//						]
 	//					]
-	//				],
-	//				"sub": "did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"
-	//			}
+	//				]
+	//			],
+	//			"sub": "did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"
 	//		}
-	//	]
+	//	}
+	// ]
 }

 // The following example shows how to create a UCAN root delegation.Token
 // - a delegation.Token with the subject (sub) set to the value of issuer
 // (iss).
 func ExampleRoot() {
+	issPriv, issPub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+
+	issDid, err := did.FromPubKey(issPub)
+	printThenPanicOnErr(err)
+	fmt.Println("issDid:", issDid)
+
+	audDid := did.MustParse(AudienceDID)
+
 	// The command defines the shape of the arguments that will be evaluated against the policy
 	cmd := command.MustParse("/foo/bar")

@@ -150,7 +171,7 @@ func ExampleRoot() {
 		)),
 	)

-	tkn, err := delegation.Root(didtest.PersonaAlice.DID(), didtest.PersonaBob.DID(), cmd, pol,
+	tkn, err := delegation.Root(issPriv, audDid, cmd, pol,
 		delegation.WithExpirationIn(time.Hour),
 		delegation.WithNotBeforeIn(time.Minute),
 		delegation.WithMeta("foo", "bar"),
@@ -159,7 +180,7 @@ func ExampleRoot() {
 	printThenPanicOnErr(err)

 	// "Seal", meaning encode and wrap into a signed envelope.
-	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey())
+	data, id, err := tkn.ToSealed(issPriv)
 	printThenPanicOnErr(err)

 	printCIDAndSealed(id, data)
@@ -168,82 +189,82 @@ func ExampleRoot() {
 	//
 	// issDid: did:key:z6MknWJqz17Y4AfsXSJUFKomuBR4GTkViM7kJYutzTMkCyFF
 	//
-	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAkwYz8nY7uU8j3F6wVTfFY1VEoExwvUAYBEwRWfTozddE
+	// CID (base58BTC): zdpuAwLojgfvFCbjz2FsKrvN1khDQ9mFGT6b6pxjMfz73Roed
 	//
-	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
+	// DAG-CBOR (base64) out: 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
 	//
 	// Converted to DAG-JSON out:
-	//	[
-	//		{
+	// [
+	//	{
+	//		"/": {
+	//			"bytes": "6dBhbhhGE36CW22OxjOEIAqdDmBqCNsAhCRljnBdXd7YrVOUG+bnXGCIwd4dTGgpEdmY06PFIl7IXKXCh/ESBg"
+	//		}
+	//	},
+	//	{
+	//		"h": {
 	//			"/": {
-	//				"bytes": "VpW67FJ+myNi+azvnw2jivuiqXTuMrDZI2Qdaa8jE1Oi3mkjnm7DyqSQGADcomcuDslMWKmJ+OIyvbPG5PtSAw"
+	//				"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
 	//			}
 	//		},
-	//		{
-	//			"h": {
+	//		"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
+	//			"aud": "did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv",
+	//			"cmd": "/foo/bar",
+	//			"exp": 1728933168,
+	//			"iss": "did:key:z6MknWJqz17Y4AfsXSJUFKomuBR4GTkViM7kJYutzTMkCyFF",
+	//			"meta": {
+	//				"baz": 123,
+	//				"foo": "bar"
+	//			},
+	//			"nbf": 1728929628,
+	//			"nonce": {
 	//				"/": {
-	//					"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
+	//					"bytes": "JOsjYi1Pq3OIB0La"
 	//				}
 	//			},
-	//			"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1": {
-	//				"aud": "did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU",
-	//				"cmd": "/foo/bar",
-	//				"exp": 1732568424,
-	//				"iss": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p",
-	//				"meta": {
-	//					"baz": 123,
-	//					"foo": "bar"
-	//				},
-	//				"nbf": 1732564884,
-	//				"nonce": {
-	//					"/": {
-	//						"bytes": "wzDc03WBciJIGPWG"
-	//					}
-	//				},
-	//				"pol": [
+	//			"pol": [
+	//				[
+	//					"==",
+	//					".status",
+	//					"draft"
+	//				],
+	//				[
+	//					"all",
+	//					".reviewer",
 	//					[
-	//						"==",
-	//						".status",
-	//						"draft"
-	//					],
+	//						"like",
+	//						".email",
+	//						"*@example.com"
+	//					]
+	//				],
+	//				[
+	//					"any",
+	//					".tags",
 	//					[
-	//						"all",
-	//						".reviewer",
+	//						"or",
 	//						[
-	//							"like",
-	//							".email",
-	//							"*@example.com"
-	//						]
-	//					],
-	//					[
-	//						"any",
-	//						".tags",
-	//						[
-	//							"or",
 	//							[
-	//								[
-	//									"==",
-	//									".",
-	//									"news"
-	//								],
-	//								[
-	//									"==",
-	//									".",
-	//									"press"
-	//								]
+	//								"==",
+	//								".",
+	//								"news"
+	//							],
+	//							[
+	//								"==",
+	//								".",
+	//								"press"
 	//							]
 	//						]
 	//					]
-	//				],
-	//				"sub": "did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"
-	//			}
+	//				]
+	//			],
+	//			"sub": "did:key:z6MknWJqz17Y4AfsXSJUFKomuBR4GTkViM7kJYutzTMkCyFF"
 	//		}
-	//	]
+	//	}
+	// ]
 }

 // The following example demonstrates how to get a delegation.Token from
 // a DAG-CBOR []byte.
-func ExampleFromSealed() {
+func ExampleToken_FromSealed() {
 	const cborBase64 = "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"

 	cborBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(cborBase64)
@@ -272,14 +293,12 @@ func ExampleFromSealed() {
 	// Policy (pol): [
 	//   ["==", ".status", "draft"],
 	//   ["all", ".reviewer",
-	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]
-	//   ],
+	//     ["like", ".email", "*@example.com"]],
 	//   ["any", ".tags",
 	//     ["or", [
 	//       ["==", ".", "news"],
-	//       ["==", ".", "press"]
-	//     ]]
-	//   ]
+	//       ["==", ".", "press"]]]
+	//     ]
 	// ]
 	// Nonce (nonce): 000102030405060708090a0b
 	// Meta (meta): {}
--- a/token/delegation/ipld.go
+++ b/token/delegation/ipld.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package delegation

 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"io"

 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
@@ -194,16 +193,8 @@ func FromIPLD(node datamodel.Node) (*Token, error) {
 }

 func (t *Token) toIPLD(privKey crypto.PrivKey) (datamodel.Node, error) {
-	// sanity check that privKey and issuer are matching
-	issPub, err := t.issuer.PubKey()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if !issPub.Equals(privKey.GetPublic()) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("private key doesn't match the issuer")
-	}
-
 	var sub *string
+
 	if t.subject != did.Undef {
 		s := t.subject.String()
 		sub = &s
--- a/token/delegation/options.go
+++ b/token/delegation/options.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package delegation
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
 )

 // Option is a type that allows optional fields to be set during the
@@ -42,24 +44,6 @@ func WithMeta(key string, val any) Option {
 	}
 }

-// WithEncryptedMetaString adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
-// The string value is encrypted with the given key.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
-func WithEncryptedMetaString(key, val string, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
-	return func(t *Token) error {
-		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
-	}
-}
-
-// WithEncryptedMetaBytes adds a key/value pair in the "meta" field.
-// The []byte value is encrypted with the given key.
-// The ciphertext will be 40 bytes larger than the plaintext due to encryption overhead.
-func WithEncryptedMetaBytes(key string, val, encryptionKey []byte) Option {
-	return func(t *Token) error {
-		return t.meta.AddEncrypted(key, val, encryptionKey)
-	}
-}
-
 // WithNotBefore set's the Token's optional "notBefore" field to the value
 // of the provided time.Time.
 func WithNotBefore(nbf time.Time) Option {
@@ -83,6 +67,20 @@ func WithNotBeforeIn(nbf time.Duration) Option {
 	}
 }

+// WithSubject sets the Tokens's optional "subject" field to the value of
+// provided did.DID.
+//
+// This Option should only be used with the New constructor - since
+// Subject is a required parameter when creating a Token via the Root
+// constructor, any value provided via this Option will be silently
+// overwritten.
+func WithSubject(sub did.DID) Option {
+	return func(t *Token) error {
+		t.subject = sub
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // WithNonce sets the Token's nonce with the given value.
 // If this option is not used, a random 12-byte nonce is generated for this required field.
 func WithNonce(nonce []byte) Option {
--- a/token/delegation/schema.go
+++ b/token/delegation/schema.go
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ const Tag = "ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1"
 var schemaBytes []byte

 var (
-	once      sync.Once
-	ts        *schema.TypeSystem
-	errSchema error
+	once sync.Once
+	ts   *schema.TypeSystem
+	err  error
 )

 func mustLoadSchema() *schema.TypeSystem {
 	once.Do(func() {
-		ts, errSchema = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
+		ts, err = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
 	})
-	if errSchema != nil {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", errSchema))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", err))
 	}
 	return ts
 }
--- a/token/delegation/schema_test.go
+++ b/token/delegation/schema_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package delegation_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/golden"

-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did/didtest"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/delegation"
 	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/internal/envelope"
 )
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	delegationJson := golden.Get(t, "new.dagjson")
-	privKey := didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey()
+	privKey := privKey(t, issuerPrivKeyCfg)

 	t.Run("via buffers", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -33,19 +33,21 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 		p1, err := delegation.FromDagJson(delegationJson)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		_, newCID, err := p1.ToSealed(privKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
 		cborBytes, id, err := p1.ToSealed(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(newCID), envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
+		assert.Equal(t, newCID, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
+		fmt.Println("cborBytes length", len(cborBytes))
+		fmt.Println("cbor", string(cborBytes))

 		p2, c2, err := delegation.FromSealed(cborBytes)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, id, c2)
+		fmt.Println("read Cbor", p2)

 		readJson, err := p2.ToDagJson(privKey)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
+		fmt.Println("readJson length", len(readJson))
+		fmt.Println("json: ", string(readJson))

 		assert.JSONEq(t, string(delegationJson), string(readJson))
 	})
@@ -61,13 +63,11 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 		p1, err := delegation.FromDagJsonReader(buf)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		_, newCID, err := p1.ToSealed(privKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
 		cborBytes := &bytes.Buffer{}
 		id, err := p1.ToSealedWriter(cborBytes, privKey)
+		t.Log(len(id.Bytes()), id.Bytes())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(newCID), envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))
+		assert.Equal(t, newCID, envelope.CIDToBase58BTC(id))

 		// buf = bytes.NewBuffer(cborBytes.Bytes())
 		p2, c2, err := delegation.FromSealedReader(cborBytes)
@@ -79,16 +79,6 @@ func TestSchemaRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {

 		assert.JSONEq(t, string(delegationJson), readJson.String())
 	})
-
-	t.Run("fails with wrong PrivKey", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		p1, err := delegation.FromDagJson(delegationJson)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		_, _, err = p1.ToSealed(didtest.PersonaBob.PrivKey())
-		require.EqualError(t, err, "private key doesn't match the issuer")
-	})
 }

 func BenchmarkSchemaLoad(b *testing.B) {
@@ -100,7 +90,7 @@ func BenchmarkSchemaLoad(b *testing.B) {

 func BenchmarkRoundTrip(b *testing.B) {
 	delegationJson := golden.Get(b, "new.dagjson")
-	privKey := didtest.PersonaAlice.PrivKey()
+	privKey := privKey(b, issuerPrivKeyCfg)

 	b.Run("via buffers", func(b *testing.B) {
 		p1, _ := delegation.FromDagJson(delegationJson)
--- a/token/delegation/testdata/new.dagjson
+++ b/token/delegation/testdata/new.dagjson
@@ -1 +1 @@
-[{"/":{"bytes":"YJsl8EMLnXSFE/nKKjMxz9bHHo+Y7QeLEzukEzW1TB+m53TTiY1aOt+qUO8JaTcOKsOHt/a4Vn+YiOd5CkLdAQ"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6Mkgupchh5HwuHahS7YsyE8bLua1Mr8p2iKNRhyvSvRAs9n"}}]
+[{"/":{"bytes":"FM6otj0r/noJWiGAC5WV86xAazxrF173IihuHJgEt35CtSzjeaelrR3UwaSr8xbE9sLpo5xJhUbo0QLI273hDA"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6MktA1uBdCpq4uJBqE9jjMiLyxZBg9a6xgPPKJjMqss6Zc2"}}]
--- a/token/delegation/testdata/powerline.dagjson
+++ b/token/delegation/testdata/powerline.dagjson
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-[{"/":{"bytes":"i3YkPDvNSU4V8XYEluZhLH0b+NDcW/6+PtPSUHC17cmXXqgelG0K4EzWQQkS9UsYCHfkZSCn9NjGSXYMMFhaAQ"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]]}}]
--- a/token/delegation/testdata/root.dagjson
+++ b/token/delegation/testdata/root.dagjson
@@ -1 +1 @@
-[{"/":{"bytes":"BBabgnWqd+cjwG1td0w9BudNocmUwoR89RMZTqZHk3osCXEI/bOkko0zTvlusaE4EMBBeSzZDKzjvunLBfdiBg"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6MkvJPmEZZYbgiw1ouT1oouTsTFBHJSts9ophVsNgcRmYxU","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6Mkuukk2skDXLQn7NK3Eh9jMndYfvDBxxktgpidJAqb7M3p"}}]
+[{"/":{"bytes":"aYBq08tfm0zQZnPg/5tB9kM5mklRU9PPIkV7CK68jEgbd76JbCGuu75vfLyBu3WTqKzLSJ583pbwu668m/7MBQ"}},{"h":{"/":{"bytes":"NO0BcQ"}},"ucan/dlg@1.0.0-rc.1":{"aud":"did:key:z6Mkq5YmbJcTrPExNDi26imrTCpKhepjBFBSHqrBDN2ArPkv","cmd":"/foo/bar","exp":7258118400,"iss":"did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2","meta":{"bar":"barr","foo":"fooo"},"nonce":{"/":{"bytes":"NnJvRGhHaTBraU5yaVFBejdKM2QrYk9lb0kvdGo4RU5pa21RTmJ0am5EMA"}},"pol":[["==",".status","draft"],["all",".reviewer",["like",".email","*@example.com"]],["any",".tags",["or",[["==",".","news"],["==",".","press"]]]]],"sub":"did:key:z6Mkpzn2n3ZGT2VaqMGSQC3tzmzV4TS9S71iFsDXE1WnoNH2"}}]
--- a/token/delegation/utilities.go
+++ b/token/delegation/utilities.go
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package delegation
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-)
-
-// ErrDelegationNotFound is returned if a delegation token is not found
-var ErrDelegationNotFound = fmt.Errorf("delegation not found")
-
-// Loader is a delegation token loader.
-type Loader interface {
-	// GetDelegation returns the delegation.Token matching the given CID.
-	// If not found, ErrDelegationNotFound is returned.
-	GetDelegation(cid cid.Cid) (*Token, error)
-}
-
-// Bundle carries together a decoded token with its Cid and raw signed data.
-type Bundle struct {
-	Cid     cid.Cid
-	Decoded *Token
-	Sealed  []byte
-}
--- a/token/interface.go
+++ b/token/interface.go
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ package token

 import (
 	"io"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
 	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec"
 	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
+	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/meta"
 )

 type Token interface {
 	Marshaller

-	// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the current time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
-	// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
-	IsValidNow() bool
-	// IsValidNow verifies that the token can be used at the given time, based on expiration or "not before" fields.
-	// This does NOT do any other kind of verifications.
-	IsValidAt(t time.Time) bool
+	// Issuer returns the did.DID representing the Token's issuer.
+	Issuer() did.DID
+	// Meta returns the Token's metadata.
+	Meta() meta.ReadOnly
 }

 type Marshaller interface {
@@ -39,10 +39,3 @@ type Marshaller interface {
 	// ToDagJsonWriter is the same as ToDagJson, but it accepts an io.Writer.
 	ToDagJsonWriter(w io.Writer, privKey crypto.PrivKey) error
 }
-
-// Bundle carries together a decoded token with its Cid and raw signed data.
-type Bundle struct {
-	Cid     cid.Cid
-	Decoded Token
-	Sealed  []byte
-}
--- a/token/internal/envelope/example_test.go
+++ b/token/internal/envelope/example_test.go
@@ -41,18 +41,18 @@ const (
 var schemaBytes []byte

 var (
-	once      sync.Once
-	ts        *schema.TypeSystem
-	errSchema error
+	once sync.Once
+	ts   *schema.TypeSystem
+	err  error
 )

 func mustLoadSchema() *schema.TypeSystem {
 	once.Do(func() {
-		ts, errSchema = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
+		ts, err = ipld.LoadSchemaBytes(schemaBytes)
 	})

-	if errSchema != nil {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", errSchema))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load IPLD schema: %s", err))
 	}

 	return ts
--- a/token/internal/envelope/ipld.go
+++ b/token/internal/envelope/ipld.go
@@ -187,7 +187,6 @@ func FromIPLD[T Tokener](node datamodel.Node) (T, error) {
 		return zero, errors.New("the VarsigHeader key type doesn't match the issuer's key type")
 	}

-	// TODO: can we use the already serialized CBOR data here, instead of encoding again the payload?
 	data, err := ipld.Encode(info.sigPayloadNode, dagcbor.Encode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return zero, err
--- a/token/internal/nonce/nonce.go
+++ b/token/internal/nonce/nonce.go
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package nonce
-
-import "crypto/rand"
-
-// TODO: some crypto scheme require more, is that our case?
-//
-// The spec mention:
-// The REQUIRED nonce parameter nonce MAY be any value.
-// A randomly generated string is RECOMMENDED to provide a unique UCAN, though it MAY
-// also be a monotonically increasing count of the number of links in the hash chain.
-// This field helps prevent replay attacks and ensures a unique CID per delegation.
-// The iss, aud, and exp fields together will often ensure that UCANs are unique,
-// but adding the nonce ensures uniqueness.
-//
-// The recommended size of the nonce differs by key type. In many cases, a random
-// 12-byte nonce is sufficient. If uncertain, check the nonce in your DID's crypto suite.
-//
-// 12 bytes is 10^28, 16 bytes is 10^38. Both sounds like a lot of random to achieve
-// those goals, but maybe the crypto voodoo require more.
-//
-// The rust implementation use 16 bytes nonce.
-
-// Generate creates a 12-byte random nonce.
-func Generate() ([]byte, error) {
-	res := make([]byte, 12)
-	_, err := rand.Read(res)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}
--- a/token/internal/parse/parse.go
+++ b/token/internal/parse/parse.go
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-package parse
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
-)
-
-func OptionalDID(s *string) (did.DID, error) {
-	if s == nil {
-		return did.Undef, nil
-	}
-	return did.Parse(*s)
-}
-
-func OptionalTimestamp(sec *int64) (*time.Time, error) {
-	if sec == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	if *sec > limits.MaxInt53 || *sec < limits.MinInt53 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("timestamp value %d exceeds safe integer bounds", *sec)
-	}
-
-	t := time.Unix(*sec, 0)
-	return &t, nil
-}
--- a/token/internal/parse/parse_test.go
+++ b/token/internal/parse/parse_test.go
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package parse
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/policy/limits"
-)
-
-func TestOptionalTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		input   *int64
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "nil timestamp",
-			input:   nil,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "valid timestamp",
-			input:   int64Ptr(1625097600),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "max safe integer",
-			input:   int64Ptr(limits.MaxInt53),
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "exceeds max safe integer",
-			input:   int64Ptr(limits.MaxInt53 + 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "below min safe integer",
-			input:   int64Ptr(limits.MinInt53 - 1),
-			wantErr: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result, err := OptionalTimestamp(tt.input)
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "exceeds safe integer bounds")
-				require.Nil(t, result)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				if tt.input == nil {
-					require.Nil(t, result)
-				} else {
-					require.NotNil(t, result)
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func int64Ptr(i int64) *int64 {
-	return &i
-}
--- a/token/invocation/errors.go
+++ b/token/invocation/errors.go
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package invocation
-
-import "errors"
-
-// Loading errors
-var (
-	// ErrMissingDelegation
-	ErrMissingDelegation = errors.New("loader missing delegation for proof chain")
-)
-
-// Time bound errors
-var (
-	// ErrTokenExpired is returned if a token is invalid at execution time
-	ErrTokenInvalidNow = errors.New("token has expired")
-)
-
-// Principal alignment errors
-var (
-	// ErrNoProof is returned when no delegations were provided to prove
-	// that the invocation should be executed.
-	ErrNoProof = errors.New("at least one delegation must be provided to validate the invocation")
-
-	// ErrLastNotRoot is returned if the last delegation token in the proof
-	// chain is not a root delegation token.
-	ErrLastNotRoot = errors.New("the last delegation token in proof chain must be a root token")
-
-	// ErrBrokenChain is returned when the Audience of a delegation is
-	// not the Issuer of the previous one.
-	ErrBrokenChain = errors.New("delegation proof chain doesn't connect the invocation to the subject")
-
-	// ErrWrongSub is returned when the Subject of a delegation is not the invocation audience.
-	ErrWrongSub = errors.New("delegation subject need to match the invocation audience")
-
-	// ErrCommandNotCovered is returned when a delegation command doesn't cover (identical or parent of) the
-	// next delegation or invocation's command.
-	ErrCommandNotCovered = errors.New("allowed command doesn't cover the next delegation or invocation")
-)
-
-// ErrPolicyNotSatisfied is returned when the provided Arguments don't
-// satisfy one or more of the aggregated Policy Statements
-var ErrPolicyNotSatisfied = errors.New("the following UCAN policy is not satisfied")
--- a/token/invocation/examples_test.go
+++ b/token/invocation/examples_test.go
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-package invocation_test
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagcbor"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/codec/dagjson"
-	"github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime/node/basicnode"
-	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
-
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/did"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/pkg/command"
-	"github.com/ucan-wg/go-ucan/token/invocation"
-)
-
-func ExampleNew() {
-	privKey, iss, sub, cmd, args, prf, meta, err := setupExampleNew()
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println("failed to create setup:", err.Error())
-
-		return
-	}
-
-	inv, err := invocation.New(iss, cmd, sub, prf,
-		invocation.WithArgument("uri", args["uri"]),
-		invocation.WithArgument("headers", args["headers"]),
-		invocation.WithArgument("payload", args["payload"]),
-		invocation.WithMeta("env", "development"),
-		invocation.WithMeta("tags", meta["tags"]),
-		invocation.WithExpirationIn(time.Minute),
-		invocation.WithoutInvokedAt())
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println("failed to create invocation:", err.Error())
-
-		return
-	}
-
-	data, cid, err := inv.ToSealed(privKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println("failed to seal invocation:", err.Error())
-
-		return
-	}
-
-	json, err := prettyDAGJSON(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println("failed to pretty DAG-JSON:", err.Error())
-
-		return
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("CID:", cid)
-	fmt.Println("Token (pretty DAG-JSON):")
-	fmt.Println(json)
-
-	// Expected CID and DAG-JSON output:
-	// CID: bafyreid2n5q45vk4osned7k5huocbe3mxbisonh5vujepqftc5ftr543ae
-	// Token (pretty DAG-JSON):
-	// [
-	//   {
-	// 	"/": {
-	// 	  "bytes": "gvyL7kdSkgmaDpDU/Qj9ohRwxYLCHER52HFMSFEqQqEcQC9qr4JCPP1f/WybvGGuVzYiA0Hx4JO+ohNz8BxUAA"
-	// 	}
-	//   },
-	//   {
-	// 	"h": {
-	// 	  "/": {
-	// 		"bytes": "NO0BcQ"
-	// 	  }
-	// 	},
-	// 	"ucan/inv@1.0.0-rc.1": {
-	// 	  "args": {
-	// 		"headers": {
-	// 		  "Content-Type": "application/json"
-	// 		},
-	// 		"payload": {
-	// 		  "body": "UCAN is great",
-	// 		  "draft": true,
-	// 		  "title": "UCAN for Fun and Profit",
-	// 		  "topics": [
-	// 			"authz",
-	// 			"journal"
-	// 		  ]
-	// 		},
-	// 		"uri": "https://example.com/blog/posts"
-	// 	  },
-	// 	  "cmd": "/crud/create",
-	// 	  "exp": 1729788921,
-	// 	  "iss": "did:key:z6MkhniGGyP88eZrq2dpMvUPdS2RQMhTUAWzcu6kVGUvEtCJ",
-	// 	  "meta": {
-	// 		"env": "development",
-	// 		"tags": [
-	// 		  "blog",
-	// 		  "post",
-	// 		  "pr#123"
-	// 		]
-	// 	  },
-	// 	  "nonce": {
-	// 		"/": {
-	// 		  "bytes": "2xXPoZwWln1TfXIp"
-	// 		}
-	// 	  },
-	// 	  "prf": [
-	// 		{
-	// 		  "/": "bafyreigx3qxd2cndpe66j2mdssj773ecv7tqd7wovcnz5raguw6lj7sjoe"
-	// 		},
-	// 		{
-	// 		  "/": "bafyreib34ira254zdqgehz6f2bhwme2ja2re3ltcalejv4x4tkcveujvpa"
-	// 		},
-	// 		{
-	// 		  "/": "bafyreibkb66tpo2ixqx3fe5hmekkbuasrod6olt5bwm5u5pi726mduuwlq"
-	// 		}
-	// 	  ],
-	// 	  "sub": "did:key:z6MktWuvPvBe5UyHnDGuEdw8aJ5qrhhwLG6jy7cQYM6ckP6P"
-	// 	}
-	//   }
-	// ]
-}
-
-func prettyDAGJSON(data []byte) (string, error) {
-	var node ipld.Node
-
-	node, err := ipld.Decode(data, dagcbor.Decode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	jsonData, err := ipld.Encode(node, dagjson.Encode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	var out bytes.Buffer
-	if err := json.Indent(&out, jsonData, "", "  "); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return out.String(), nil
-}
-
-func setupExampleNew() (privKey crypto.PrivKey, iss, sub did.DID, cmd command.Command, args map[string]any, prf []cid.Cid, meta map[string]any, errs error) {
-	var err error
-
-	privKey, iss, err = did.GenerateEd25519()
-	if err != nil {
-		errs = errors.Join(errs, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate Issuer identity: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	_, sub, err = did.GenerateEd25519()
-	if err != nil {
-		errs = errors.Join(errs, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate Subject identity: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	cmd, err = command.Parse("/crud/create")
-	if err != nil {
-		errs = errors.Join(errs, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse command: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	headers := map[string]string{
-		"Content-Type": "application/json",
-	}
-
-	payload := map[string]any{
-		"body":   "UCAN is great",
-		"draft":  true,
-		"title":  "UCAN for Fun and Profit",
-		"topics": []string{"authz", "journal"},
-	}
-
-	args = map[string]any{
-		// you can also directly pass IPLD values
-		"uri":     basicnode.NewString("https://example.com/blog/posts"),
-		"headers": headers,
-		"payload": payload,
-	}
-
-	prf = make([]cid.Cid, 3)
-	for i, v := range []string{
-		"zdpuAzx4sBrBCabrZZqXgvK3NDzh7Mf5mKbG11aBkkMCdLtCp",
-		"zdpuApTCXfoKh2sB1KaUaVSGofCBNPUnXoBb6WiCeitXEibZy",
-		"zdpuAoFdXRPw4n6TLcncoDhq1Mr6FGbpjAiEtqSBrTSaYMKkf",
-	} {
-		prf[i], err = cid.Parse(v)
-		if err != nil {
-			errs = errors.Join(errs, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse proof cid: %w", err))
-		}
-	}
-
-	meta = map[string]any{
-		"env":  basicnode.NewString("development"),
-		"tags": []string{"blog", "post", "pr#123"},
-	}
-
-	return // WARNING: named return values
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
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				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
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